Depoimento especial, testemunho judicial, diretrizes internacionais: dissonâncias / Special testimony, judicial testimony, international guidelines: dissonances / Declaración especial, testimonio judicial, directrices internacionales: disonancias

Resumo O depoimento especial de crianças e adolescentes e a Lei 13.431/2017 questionam a interface entre a psicologia e a justiça. Essa lei tem em suas fontes a Resolução 20/2005, do Conselho Econômico e Social das Nações Unidas, que traça diretrizes para a justiça em casos de crianças vítimas ou testemunhas de crime. Realizou-se pesquisa qualitativa, baseada em levantamento bibliográfico e documental, tendo por eixo as legislações mencionadas e os procedimentos e papéis profissionais nelas previstos. Avalia-se a dissonância entre os dois documentos e suas consequências, bem como as definições de vitimização secundária, revitimização, pessoa de apoio e intermediário, não adotadas na Lei 13.431/2017. Algumas práticas estrangeiras alinhadas à Resolução 20/2005 são descritas e comentadas, mostrando diferenças significativas em relação ao que é realizado no Brasil. Conclui-se que uma dessas diferenças entre um e outro documento é o aspecto da proteção, que perde sua força e revela o limite do funcionamento do judiciário no acolhimento daquele que demanda cuidado.(AU)

Abstract The special testimony of children and adolescents and the Law 13431/17 question the interface between psychology and justice. This law results from the Resolution 20/2005 of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations, which outlines guidelines for justice in matters involving child victims or witnesses of crime. Considering the aforementioned legislation and their provisions for procedures and professional roles, a qualitative research based on bibliographic and documentary surveys was conducted to evaluate the dissonances between the two documents and their consequences, as well as the definitions of secondary victimization, revictimization, support person, and mediator - not provided in the Law 13431/17. This paper describes and comments some foreign practices aligned with the Resolution 20/2005, showing significant differences with the practices employed in the Brazilian scenario. The results indicate that the protection aspect loses its strength between one document and the other, revealing the limit of the judiciary functioning in hosting those who demand care.(AU)

Resumen La declaración especial de niños y adolescentes y la Ley 13.431/2017 cuestionan la relación entre psicología y justicia. Esta ley tiene en sus fuentes la Resolución 20/2005, del Consejo Económico y Social de las Naciones Unidas, relativa a directrices sobre la justicia para los niños víctimas o testigos de delitos. Se realizó una investigación cualitativa, basada en levantamiento bibliográfico y documental, cuyos ejes fueron las mencionadas legislaciones y los procedimientos y roles profesionales previstos en ellas. Se evalúa la disonancia entre los dos documentos y sus consecuencias, así como las definiciones de victimización secundaria, re-victimización, persona de apoyo e intermediario, no adoptadas en la Ley 13.431/2017. Algunas prácticas extranjeras acorde a la Resolución 20/2005 se describen y comentan, subrayando diferencias significativas con lo que se realiza en Brasil. Se concluye que una de estas diferencias es la protección que pierde su fuerza y evidencia el límite del funcionamiento del sistema judicial en la protección de quien demanda cuidado.(AU)

Gross Negligence Manslaughter in Healthcare: Time for a Restorative Justice Approach?

This article explores the merits of employing a restorative justice approach in cases of gross negligence manslaughter involving healthcare professionals, in line with the recent policy turn towards developing a just culture in addressing episodes of healthcare malpractice within the National Health Service in England. It is argued that redress for victims and rehabilitation of offenders should operate as key values, underpinning the adoption of a restorative justice approach in such cases. It would also be vital that a structured pathway was designed that established suitable protocols and safeguards for both victims and offenders taking account of problematic issues such as the informality of the process, power asymmetries between parties, and the context in which the offence took place. Taking all such matters into account, we propose that consideration be given to establishing a pilot involving the use of restorative justice in cases of gross negligence manslaughter involving healthcare professionals, which would be subject to judicial and stakeholder oversight to ensure transparency and accountability, which in turn could inform future policy options.

Characterisation of Victims Of Violence in the A & E Department and Analysis of the Acceptance of a Medico-Legal Expertise Centre After its Implementation vs. Multi-Year Consolidation. / Charakterisierung unfallchirurgischer Gewaltopfer und Erfassung der Inanspruchnahme nach Implementierung und mehrjähriger Etablierung einer rechtsmedizinischen Gewaltopferambulanz.

BACKGROUND: People who have become victims of domestic or public violence often suffer long-term physical, psychological and social impairment. Due to physical injury, the first contact with the health care system is frequently an A & E Department. Thus, physicians and especially surgeons play a key role in detecting victims of domestic or public violence. The specific needs of victims are adequate medical treatment of injuries, forensic documentation, as well as interdisciplinary medical support to prevent further morbidity and violence. To take this into account, so-called expertise centres for victims of violence have been established at several locations in Germany in recent years. In this study: I. We tried to define the characteristics of victims of domestic and public violence to ensure better identification by physicians/surgeons. II. We elucidate the acceptance and effectiveness of such an expertise centre one year after its implementation and for a period of three years (2007 - 2009) and for a follow-up period of three years (2014 - 2016) after establishment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients were prospectively classified as victims of violence by the attending physician at the A & E Department and further treatment was initiated by the expertise centre for victims of violence. Medical reports from the A & E Department were analysed anonymously and compared with the number of patients of the expertise centre for victims of violence who had been referred from A & E Department. RESULTS: Orthopaedic and trauma surgery is the main referring discipline for the expertise centre for victims of violence. 0.9% of patients (2007 - 2009) and in the follow-up period (2014 - 2016) even 1.6% of patients were identified as victims of violence. However, the acceptance of such a centre fell from 22.2% (2007 - 2009) to 17.2% (2014 - 2016). CONCLUSION: Physicians and especially trauma surgeons are responsible for identifying victims of domestic or public violence and ensuring further treatment. Accordingly, it is crucial that the expertise centre should characterise the victims of violence and be aware of their different needs, if the expertise centre is to be accepted. The results of this study indicate that interdisciplinary training and close cooperation between traumatology and legal medicine are the main prerequisites for continuous improvement in the treatment of victims of violence.

Rape Messaging.

When feminists began advocating for rape reform in the 1970s, the rape message was clear: rape was not a crime to be taken seriously because women lie. After decades of criminal law reform, the legal requirement that a woman vigorously resist a man's sexual advances to prove that she was raped has largely disappeared from the statute books, and, in theory, rape shield laws make a woman's prior sexual history irrelevant. Yet, despite what the law dictates, rape law reforms have not had a "trickle-down" effect, where changes in law lead to changes in attitude. Women are still believed to be vindictive shrews so police continue to code rape allegations as "unfounded," and prosecutors continue to elect not to prosecute many rape cases. To many, "no" can sometimes still mean "yes." In short, criminal law reforms have only marginally succeeded at deterring rape and increasing conviction rates for rape. At the same time, criminal law reforms have entrenched gender norms and endorsed the message that acquaintance rapes are less worthy of harsh punishment. This Article argues against further ex post criminal law reforms and posits that efforts should shift to ex ante public health interventions. This Article draws from recent successful experiences with public health interventions in destigmatizing AIDS and denormalizing tobacco and advocates for a robust public health campaign to denormalize rape. It presents a detailed proposal for changing rape messaging, denormalizing rape, and ensuring better outcomes for victims.

Tested at Last: How DNA Evidence in Untested Rape Kits Can Identify Offenders and Serial Sexual Assaults.

An increasing number of U.S. law enforcement agencies have disclosed that they have large numbers of untested sexual assault kits (SAKs; also called "rape kits") in police property storage. Whether previously untested SAKs should be tested for DNA evidence has been the subject of considerable public debate. To inform policy and practice regarding rape kit testing, the current study tested a sample of 900 previously unsubmitted SAKs from Detroit, Michigan, and documented the DNA forensic testing outcomes associated with those kits. We assessed how many SAKs yielded DNA profiles eligible for upload into CODIS (Combined DNA Index System), the federal DNA criminal database; how many resulted in a DNA match (termed a "CODIS hit"); and how many of those hits were associated to other sexual assault crimes (i.e., serial sexual assault hits). Overall, there were 259 CODIS hits, 69 of which had DNA matches to another sexual assault case. The potential utility of a DNA profile and CODIS hit may vary depending on whether offender was known or unknown to the victim, so we examined these outcomes separately for SAKs associated with stranger- and non-stranger-perpetrated sexual assaults. We also present six case study examples of how DNA testing and CODIS hits helped identify serial sexual assaults in both stranger and non-stranger sexual assault cases. Implications for rape kit testing policies are discussed.

Políticas públicas de proteção à mulher: avaliação do atendimento em saúde de vítimas de violência sexual / Women´s protection public policies: evaluation of health care for victims of sexual violence

Resumo A violência contra mulheres tem crescido, constituindo-se grave violação dos direitos humanos. Objetivou-se avaliar as políticas públicas, a legislação de proteção à mulher e os atendimentos de saúde às vítimas de violência sexual. Realizou-se estudo exploratório e descritivo, com entrevistas a profissionais do Serviço de Atendimento à Mulher Vítima de Violência de Teresina-PI, além de coleta de dados de prontuários das vítimas. Os dados foram analisados à luz da legislação e das diretrizes preconizadas pelo Ministério da Saúde, consoante com as políticas públicas instituídas. Observou-se evolução da legislação brasileira e crescente intervenção do poder público no intuito de controlar a violência. O serviço avaliado preconiza a humanização do atendimento, os princípios da dignidade, não discriminação, do sigilo e da privacidade, evitando a exposição e o desgaste das vítimas. São realizados exames físico e ginecológico, outros complementares como testes sorológicos e coleta de vestígios em busca da identificação do agressor, além de assistência farmacêutica e acompanhamento multiprofissional. Pode-se concluir que a legislação vigente, bem como as diretrizes e os procedimentos preconizados pelas políticas públicas de proteção à mulher são eficazes no serviço de referência estudado.

Abstract Violence against women has increased over the years and is a serious violation of human rights. This study aimed to evaluate public policies, women’s rights legislation and health care for victims of sexual violence. This is an exploratory and descriptive study, with interviews to professionals of the Care Center for Women Victims of Violence of Teresina-PI, and collection of medical records data of victims. We analyzed data in the light of legislation and guidelines recommended by the Ministry of Health, according to the established public policies. We noted an improvement of the Brazilian legislation and increasing intervention of government in order to control the violence. The evaluated service calls for the humanization of care, the principles of dignity, non-discrimination, confidentiality and privacy, avoiding exposure and distress of victims. Physical and gynecological examination are conducted, besides laboratory tests such as serological tests and collecting traces aiming at identifying the offender, as well as pharmaceutical care and multi-professional support. We can conclude that the current legislation and the guidelines and procedures recommended by public policies to protect women are effective in the referral service studied.

From sanctioning culture to safety culture: Let's stop making errors on error.

The punitive culture continues to prevail in health care organizations that rely primarily on functional systems hierarchies based on conformity. This type of culture is recognized as a major source of an unacceptable number of medical errors. The safety culture has emerged as an imperative to improve the quality and safety of patient care, but also as a shield against the judgments targeted towards the caregivers (doctor and / or nurse) involved in an undesirable event. The safety culture allows a broader view of the error by analyzing both system failures and staff incompetence. Therefore, it places caregivers in their workplace with mutual interactions and protects them from "second victim" status. It is imperative to have a reflection on the safety culture that constitutes a proof of transparency and openness towards society about the mistake that remains taboo. This attitude will avoid the risk of "judicialization of health".

Transgender Inmates in Prisons.

Transgender inmates provide a conundrum for correctional staff, particularly when it comes to classification, victimization, and medical and health issues. Using LexisNexis and WestLaw and state Department of Corrections (DOC) information, we collected state statutes and DOC policies concerning transgender inmates. We utilized academic legal research with content analysis to determine whether a statute or policy addressed issues concerning classification procedures, access to counseling services, the initiation and continuation of hormone therapy, and sex reassignment surgery. We found that while more states are providing either statutory or policy guidelines for transgender inmates, a number of states are lagging behind and there is a shortage of guidance dealing with the medical issues related to being transgender.

The National Problem of Untested Sexual Assault Kits (SAKs): Scope, Causes, and Future Directions for Research, Policy, and Practice.

Victims of sexual assault are often advised to have a medical forensic exam and sexual assault kit (SAK; also termed a "rape kit") to preserve physical evidence (e.g., semen, blood, and/or saliva samples) to aid in the investigation and prosecution of the crime. Law enforcement are tasked with submitting the rape kit to a forensic laboratory for DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) analysis, which can be instrumental in identifying offenders in previously unsolved crimes, confirming identify in known-offender assaults, discovering serial rapists, and exonerating individuals wrongly accused. However, a growing number of media stories, investigative advocacy projects, and social science studies indicate that police are not routinely submitting SAKs for forensic testing, and instead rape kits are placed in evidence storage, sometimes for decades. This review article examines the growing national problem of untested rape kits by summarizing current research on the number of untested SAKs in the United States and exploring the underlying reasons why police do not submit this evidence for DNA testing. Recommendations for future research that can guide policy and practice are discussed.

Alternativas de seguridad de una población víctima de desplazamiento forzado: el caso de la comuna 8 de Medellín / Security choices of a population, victim of forced displacement: the case of the 8th commune in medellin

¿Es posible que poblaciones que viven en condiciones socioeconómicas precarias y en contextos violentos, puedan proveer se una seguridad diferente a la ofrecida por el Estado y por actores armados ilegales? Es la pregunta que responde este artículo, con base en la investigación realizada en Medellín, con población víctima de desplazamiento forzado de la comuna 8, que trabaja con enfoque de seguridad humana y metodología desde abajo. Analiza las políticas de seguridad del Estado, contrastándo las con las iniciativas comunitarias para enfrentar sus inseguridades mediante estrategias de acción y agendas comunitarias para proveer seguridad humana y conformarse como ciudadanos y colectivos sociales empoderados políticamente. Seña la limitaciones y potencialidades de una propuesta de seguridad aplicada por un grupo poblacional altamente vulnerado y vulnerable.

Is it possible that populations living in precarious socio-economic conditions and in violent contexts, can provide a different security from that offered by the State and illegal armed actors? It is the question that this article answers, based on a research carried out inMedellin, with victims of forced displacement of the Commune 8, which works with a focus on human security and methodology from the bottom. It analyzes the policies of the State security, contrasting them against the community initiatives in order to address their insecurities through action strategies and community agendas and thus provide human security and settle as citizens and social collectives empowered politically. It points out limitations and potentialities of a proposal of security applied by a highly violated and vulnerable population group.

Reparación a las víctimas de dictaduras, conflictos armados y violencia política en sus componente de compensación, satisfacción, rehabilitación y no repetición / Reparation for victims of dictatorships, armed conflicts and political violence in their components of compensation, satisfaction, rehabilitation, and non-repetition

El presente texto segundo de dos entregas, realiza un acercamiento a lasinvestigaciones realizadas en la pasada década y a comienzos de la presente sobre los procesos de reparación, en el marco de procesos de justicia transicional en países en procesos que van de la guerra a la paz y de la dictadura a la democracia. Se revisan investigaciones que versan sobre las consecuencias de los procesos dereparación y de transición en las víctimas, en la reconstrucción del tejido social, en la generación de procesos de reconciliación y la transformación del sujeto individual y colectivo.

This current text, which is the second of two issues, carries out an approach ofinvestigations conducted in the past decade and at the beginning of the present decade on the reparation processes, within the context of transitional justice processes, in countries which are on the way to peace, and from dictatorship todemocracy. We review research dealing with the consequences of the reparationand transition processes of victims, in the reconstruction of the social fabric, inthe generation of reconciliation processes, and the transformation of the individual and collective subject.

Pode a "traficada" falar? / Can a 'trafficked' woman speak? / ¿Puede la "traficada" hablar?

Este artigo discute a definição de tráfico de pessoas colocada no Código Penal brasileiro e suas relações com sensos proibitivos da prostituição. Para pensar esta questão, se faz uso de epistemologias feministas que apontam como essa discursividade se arranja em torno da noção de passividade e debilidade feminina. Parece haver um certo consenso entre as pessoas treinadas para combater o tráfico de pessoas a respeito do argumento de que um dos empecilhos ao seu trabalho é o fato de as vítimas não se reconhecem como vítimas. Neste artigo, problematiza-se tal argumento explicativo e mostra-se como ele é, ao mesmo tempo, efeito e reforço da embaraçosa definição de tráfico colocada no Código Penal.

In this article we discuss the definition of human trafficking as showcased in the Brazilian Criminal Code and its relationships with the prohibition of prostitution. We use feminist epistemologies to demonstrate how such discursivity is organized around the notion of a passive, fragile female nature. There seems to be a consensus among people trained to combat human trafficking on the argument that one obstacle to their work is the victims' inability to see themselves as victims. We show that that is, at the same time, effect and reinforcement of the unfortunate Criminal Code definition of human trafficking.

Este artículo discute la definición de tráfico de personas del Código Penal brasilero y sus relaciones con la prohibición de la prostitución. Para pensar esta cuestión se hace uso de epistemologias feministas que senalan cómo dicha discursividad se ubica en torno de las nociones de pasividad y debilidad femeninas. Pareciera haber algún consenso entre quienes han sido entrenados para combatir el tráfico de personas, sobre que uno de los obstáculos en su trabajo es que las víctimas no se reconocen como tales. En el artículo se problematiza dicho argumento explicativo, y se muestra cómo es -al mismo tiempo- efecto y refuerzo de la desafortunada definición de tráfico incluida en el Código Penal.

Consecuencias psicosociales de la participación en escenarios de justicia transicional en un contexto de conflicto, impunidad y no-transición / Psycho-socialconsequences of the participation in scenarios of transitional justice within a context of conflict, impunity, and no transition

El siguiente artículo recoge las voces de víctimas de violencia política en tres escenarios geográficos y sociopolíticos: el Oriente Antioqueño, el sur de Córdoba y la ciudad de Medellín (Madres de la Candelaria). A través de relatos de vida y grupos focales, los y las participantes expresaron sus significaciones y experiencias en torno a su participación en escenarios de reparación, verdad y justicia propiciados por el Estado Colombiano (hasta junio de 2012) en el marco de las normas de transición que se han aplicado en un contexto donde no ha finalizado el conflicto armado y se mantienen altos índices de impunidad y coerción de la población civil. Se discuten, a partir de los testimonios, las consecuencias psicosociales que se generan en las personas, desde una mirada compleja, cuando acuden a estos mecanismos propiciados por las normas Colombianas. Abordando tanto los efectos de transformación y reparación, como aquellos que producen revictimización. Se concluye con una propuesta de justicia anamnética (Reyes Mate, 2003) que posibilite escenarios que respeten los derechos de las víctimas sin que esto implique revictimización ni obstáculos a logro de la paz.

The following article contains the voices of the victims of political violence in three geographical and sociopolitical scenarios in Colombia: The Eastern area of Antioquia, the Southern area of Cordoba and the city of Medellin (Mothers of the La Candelaria). Through stories of life and groups focus, participants expressed their meanings and experiences related to their participation in scenarios of repair, truth, and justice brought about by the Colombian State (as of June 2012) in the framework of the rules of transition which have been applied, in a context where the armed conflict has not ended yet, and where high levels of impunity and coercion of civilians have been maintained. Based on the testimonies collected, the psycho-social consequences generated in people, from a complex look, when they make use of these mechanisms supported by the Colombian standards, are discussed in this article. It addresses the transformation and the repair effects as well as those which cause re-victimization. As a conclusion, it proposes an anamnestic justice (Reyes Mate, 2003) which makes possible the respect of the rights of victims, without implying revictimization or obstacles to the achievement of peace.

Abused nurses take no legal steps: a domestic violence study carried out in eastern Turkey.

BACKGROUND: Our aim was to evaluate domestic violence among nurses in eastern Turkey. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Ninety six (96) female nurses with an intimate partner were enrolled. Modified form of Abuse Assessment Screen Questionnaire was used. RESULTS: Twenty two (22.7%) of the participants reported domestic violence. None of them took legal steps. Most frequent domestic violence type was economic abuse (46%). Nurses, whose mothers were exposed to domestic violence, had significantly higher abuse rates. The abused group had also significantly higher smoking and miscarriage rates. CONCLUSIONS: Nurses need to be well informed for taking legal steps in case of domestic violence. Family history, smoking status and abortion rates may be further research focus for risk factors of domestic violence. Legal interventions should be optimized in order to encourage the victims to take legal steps.

De la ley de justicia y paz a la ley de víctimas y restitución de tierras: de la indignación a la reconciliación / From the law of justice and peace to the law of victims and the restitution of lands: from indignation to reconciliation

Los enfoques de justicia transicional persiguen el propósito de restablecer las condiciones naturales de las instituciones estatales, camino de la verdad, la justicia y la reparación. En tiempos recientes, el ordenamiento jurídico colombiano incorporó dos modelos especiales y complementarios de éste enfoque de justicia (a saber, la Ley de Víctimas y Restitución de Tierras y la Ley de Justicia y Paz). A partir de un sucinto análisis de los dos modelos de justicia transicional antedichos, sugiero que la ocurrencia del conflicto armado y la existencia de víctimas evidencian la debilidad práctica del Estado Político y la fragilidad del núcleo democrático. Se define defiendo la tesis de que los modelos de justicia transicional citados solucionan parte del problema (espacios materiales de reparación), pero que ellos mismos deben ser acompañados por la sociedad civil a través de la creación de un grado de conciencia del conflicto (espacios simbólicos de reparación) inspirado en el sentimiento moral de la indignación, único posibilitador de la reconciliación.

The approaches of transitional justice aim to restore the natural conditions of State institutions, the way of truth, justice and reparation. At recent times, the Colombian legal system incorporated two special and complementary models of this approach of justice (i.e. the Law of Victims and Restitution of Lands and the Law of Justice and Peace). Starting from a succinct analysis of two aforementioned models of transitional justice, I suggest that the occurrence of the armed conflict and the existence of victims demonstrate the practical weakness of the political State and the fragility of the democratic core. It is defined by defending the thesis that the aforementioned models of transitional justice solve the problem partially (material areas of repair), but that they themselves must be accompanied by the civil society through the creation of a degree of awareness of the conflict (symbolic spaces of repair) inspired by the moral sense of outrage, as being the only means of reconciliation.

Estado actual de los derechos a la identidad, a la vida y la vivienda en la población víctima del desplazamiento forzado en Antioquia / Current state of the rights to identity, to life, and to housing, in the population victim of forced displacement in Antioquia

El siguiente artículo es un informe de investigación que expone el diseño metodológico de una serie de indicadores que permiten establecer el estado del Goce Efectivo de Derechos (GED) de la población en situación de desplazamiento en el departamento de Antioquia. El informe GED fue realizado a partir de mandatos emanados de la Corte Constitucional colombiana en aras de la superación del estado de cosas inconstitucional de la atención de la población víctima del desplazamiento. En el artículo, el segundo de una serie de cuatro entregas, se expondrá tanto el diseño como la medición de tres indicadores: derecho a la vida, derecho a una vivienda digna y derecho a la identidad de la población estudiada.

The following article is a research report that exposes the methodological design in a series of indicators that allow you to set the state of the Effective Enjoyment of Rights (EER) of the population in situation of displacement in the State of Antioquia. The EER report was made from mandates arising from the Colombian Constitutional Court in the interest of the overcoming of the unconstitutional state of affairs for the attention of the population victim of displacement. In the article, the second in a series of four issues, both the design and the measurement of three indicators will be exposed: right to life, the right to decent housing, and right to identity of the studied population.

Injuries to the cervix in sexual trauma.

Research on genital injury in sexual assault is limited and few articles have documented injuries to the cervix in sexual assault victims. This review focuses on reviewing and critically evaluating available literature on injuries of the cervix associated with rape, sexual trauma, and some other circumstances. Based on this evaluation, topics for future research are suggested. Nursing and medical studies were examined for this review. The collective studies date from 1991 to 2004. Although multiple articles were identified pertaining to sexual assault and genital injury, only six articles that specifically referred to injuries associated with genital and cervical tissue were included.