Single and combined genotoxicity effects of six pollutants on THP-1 cells.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the single and combined genotoxic effects of six food pollutants (Chrysoidine G, Sudan I, acid orange II, malachite green, acrylamide, and potassium bromate) on THP-1 cells through comet assay. The results of the single tests indicated that the pollutants increased the percentage of tail DNA (% tail DNA) in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the % tail DNA values induced by synthetic colorants (Chrysoidine G, Sudan I, acid orange II, and malachite green) were significantly higher than those by acrylamide or potassium bromate at most concentrations. In the combined tests, Chrysoidine G (422 µmol/L) or acrylamide (400 µmol/L) was mixed with different concentrations of the other five pollutants respectively. In the first combined tests, most mixtures significantly increased the % tail DNA values with the exception of Chrysoidine G and acid orange II. In the second tests, there were no significant differences in the % tail DNA values between the single and combined tests at most cases.

Experimental study on skin sensitization potencies and cross-reactivities of hair-dye-related chemicals in guinea pigs.

In screening patch testing of hairdressers with occupational contact dermatitis, multiple positive reactions to hair dye-related chemicals, such as p-phenylenediamine (PPD), p-toluenediamine x 2HCl (PTD) and p-aminophenol (PAP), a fabric dye p-aminoazobenzene (PAB), and a tar dye Sudan III, were frequently encountered. To investigate individual skin sensitization potency and the cross-reactivities among above chemicals, a guinea pig maximization test with the above 5 chemicals was performed. In each group, 6 animals were induced with one of the chemicals at 0.1% concentration by intradermal injection and at 1.0% by topical application. The animals were challenged with all 5 chemicals in concentrations of dilution by 10 from 0.1% to 0.001%. Under the conditions of 0.1% challenges, similar sensitization potencies were observed in PPD (6/6), PTD (6/6), PAP (5/6) and PAB (6/6) groups, but no positive reactions were elicited in the Sudan III group. The cross-reactivities to PPD were confirmed in the animals challenged with PTD (6/6), PAP (6/6), PAB (6/6) and Sudan III (3/6). In the PTD-induced group, positive responses to cross-challenges were elicited by PPD (5/6), PAP (3/6), PAB (5/6) and Sudan III (1/6). The cross-reactivities to PAP were observed only with PPD (2/5) and PAB (5/5). PAB-induced animals responded only to PPD (1/6). The results indicate that all these chemicals except Sudan III are strong sensitizers. Their cross-reactivities are different in sensitized conditions, respectively. The cross-reactivities to PPD were higher than those to PTD, PAP and PAB.

Coarse fishing and risk of urothelial cancer.

In a case-control study of 240 men with urothelial cancer diagnosed in 1984 and 240 matched control subjects smoking and coarse fishing were found to be significantly associated with the disease. Duration of exposure to the chrysoidine azo dyes used to stain maggot bait was the most important predictor of risk; 5% of our cases were attributable to exposure to this dye. Chrysoidine dyes are chemically similar to some putative mammalian carcinogens and a constituent of hair dyes.

[Activities of several enzymes of glycolysis and of the glucose shunt in the Albert hepatoma of mouse (author's transl)]. / Die Aktivität einiger Enzyme der Glykolyse und des Glukose-shunt in Albert-Hepatom der Maus.

The activities of key enzymes of glycolysis and of the glucose shunt as well as the capacity of lactic acid formation were determined in the high-speed tissue supernatant of the transplantable Albert hepatoma of mouse [originally produced by oral application of chrysoidin (2,4-diaminoazobenzene) on C57 Black mice]. Furthermore, the particle-bound hexokinase activity was determined. The following results were obtained: In the hepatoma the activities of aldolase, pyruvate kinase and lactic dehydrogenase are hardly altered compared with normal liver. The activities of hexokinase and phosphofructokinase are increased 2,5-fold, those of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase 2-fold. The capacity for lactic acid formation from glucose is 7 times as high in the hepatoma supernatant. Strong differences emerge from the liver-to-hepatoma relationship in terms of intracellular distribution of the hexokinase (total homogenate 1 : 5, supernatant 1 : 2,5 and particle-bound hexokinase activity 1 : 18). A summarizing consideration of all the results obtained so far for the Albert hepatoma shows that this malignoma departss in several biochemical parameters from the "Molecular Correlation Concept" maintained by Weber, providing more evidence for the individuality of tumors.