[Maturation and Development of the"All Japan E-Learning Cloud of the Training Program for Oncology Professionals].

This paper reports the 5-year operational status of the third phase of the"All Japan E-Learning Cloud of the Training Program for Oncology Professionals"by tabulating the viewing trends of available lecture contents. In this phase, the goal was to train cancer genome medical professionals in this new, advanced medical technology field as well as train personnel to treat rarely encountered pediatric, adolescent/young adult, and other life stage cancers. Additionally, new lecture items have been added to the e-learning cloud in collaboration with 7 oncology specialist centers, contributing to the development of human capital in cancer care(including graduate student education)and faculty development for local medical professionals.

A case of thymic basaloid carcinoma with rectal carcinoma.

INTRODUCTION: Thymic basaloid carcinoma is rare, as only about 40 reports have described it since the initial report. Thymoma and thymic carcinomas increase the risk of other malignancies, but concurrent thymic basaloid carcinoma and another malignancy has not been reported. We presented a rare case of thymic basaloid carcinoma with rectal carcinoma. CASE PRESENTATION: Computed tomography revealed an anterior mediastinal mass and rectal wall thickening, and colonoscopy identified a rectal type 2 tumor in a 68-year-old man. Total thymectomy via a median sternotomy was performed, and the thymic tumor was histopathologically confirmed as stage II thymic basaloid carcinoma. Subsequent laparoscopic low anterior resection indicated stage IIIa rectal carcinoma. Adjuvant chemotherapy was administered for the rectal cancer. DISCUSSION: Concurrent thymic and extrathymic tumors is rare condition. There are few reports of thymic basaloid carcinoma, and it is unclear whether this tumor, like common thymoma, increase the risk of extrathymic malignancies. Further studies in more patients are needed to elucidate the nature of this tumor. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this is the first case report of thymic basaloid carcinoma concurrent another carcinoma. Aggressive treatment including surgery should be considered aiming at radical cure.

Solitary thymic metastasis of breast cancer 13 years after surgery.

A 59-year-old woman was noted to have an anterior mediastinal mass on computed tomography at a regular follow-up 13 years after initial surgery for left breast cancer. Magnetic resonance imaging showed an anterior mediastinal mass. A total thymectomy with excision of surrounding lymphoid tissue was performed. Pathological examination of the resected tumor confirmed the diagnosis of thymic metastasis from breast cancer. The patient has been alive for 6 years after thymectomy. Metastases to the thymus are rare, but long-term survival can be expected with appropriate treatment.

Molecular targeting of cell-permeable peptide inhibits pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell proliferation.

BACKGROUND: Chromosome 16 open reading frame 74 (C16orf74) is highly expressed in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and is involved in cancer cell proliferation and invasion through binding to calcineurin (CN). Therefore, C16orf74 is a good target for the development of a PDAC treatment. A cell-permeable dominant-negative (DN) peptide that can inhibit the C16orf74/CN interaction was designed to examine whether this peptide can inhibit PDAC cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. METHOD: TheDN-C16orf74 peptide, which corresponds to the portion of C16orf74 that interacts with CN, was synthesized, and we assessed its anti-tumor activity in proliferation assays with human PDAC cells and the underlying molecular signaling pathway. Using an orthotopic xenograft model of PDAC, we treated mice intraperitoneally with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), control peptide, or DN-C16orf74 and analyzed the tumor-suppressive effects. RESULT: DN-C16orf74 inhibited the binding of C16orf74 to CN in an immunoprecipitation assay. DN-C16orf74 suppressed PDAC cell proliferation, and the level of suppression depended on the expression levels of C16orf74 in vitro. DN-C16orf74 also exhibited anti-tumor effects in orthotopic xenograft model. Furthermore, the tumor-suppressive effect was associated with inhibition of the phosphorylation of Akt and mTOR. CONCLUSION: The cell-permeable peptide DN-C16orf74 has a strong anti-tumor effect against PDAC in vitro and in vivo.

Chemotherapy-Induced IL34 Enhances Immunosuppression by Tumor-Associated Macrophages and Mediates Survival of Chemoresistant Lung Cancer Cells.

The ability of tumor cells to escape immune destruction and their acquired resistance to chemotherapy are major obstacles to effective cancer therapy. Although immune checkpoint therapies such as anti-PD-1 address these issues in part, clinical responses remain limited to a subpopulation of patients. In this report, we identified IL34 produced by cancer cells as a driver of chemoresistance. In particular, we found that IL34 modulated the functions of tumor-associated macrophages to enhance local immunosuppression and to promote the survival of chemoresistant cancer cells by activating AKT signaling. Targeting IL34 in chemoresistant tumors resulted in a remarkable inhibition of tumor growth when accompanied with chemotherapy. Our results define a pathogenic role for IL34 in mediating immunosuppression and chemoresistance and identify it as a tractable target for anticancer therapy. Cancer Res; 76(20); 6030-42. ©2016 AACR.

Identification of a highly immunogenic mouse breast cancer sub cell line, 4T1-S.

Cancer vaccines serve as a promising clinical immunotherapeutic strategy that help to trigger an effective and specific antitumor immune response compared to conventional therapies. However, poor immunogenicity of tumor cells remains a major obstacle for clinical application, and developing new methods to modify the immunogenicity of tumor cells may help to improve the clinical outcome of cancer vaccines. 4T1 mouse breast cancer cell line has been known as poorly immunogenic and highly metastatic cell line. Using this model, we identified a sub cell line of 4T1-designated as 4T1-Sapporo (4T1-S)-which shows immunogenic properties when used as a vaccine against the same line. In 4T1-S-vaccinated mice, subcutaneous injection of 4T1-S resulted in an antitumor inflammatory response represented by significant enlargement of draining lymph nodes, accompanied with increased frequencies of activated CD8 T cells and a subpopulation of myeloid cells. Additionally, 4T1-S vaccine was ineffective to induce tumor rejection in nude mice, which importantly indicate that 4T1-S vaccine rely on T cell response to induce tumor rejection. Further analysis to identify mechanisms that control tumor immunogenicity in this model may help to develop new methods for improving the efficacies of clinical cancer vaccines.

Inhibition of Eph receptor A4 by 2,5-dimethylpyrrolyl benzoic acid suppresses human pancreatic cancer growing orthotopically in nude mice.

Ephrin receptor A4 (EphA4) is overexpressed in human pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and activate cell growth. Recent studies have identified small molecules that block EphA4. In this study, we investigated the correlation between EphA4 expression and the prognosis of patients with PDAC. We also examined the cytostatic efficacy of 2,5-dimethylpyrrolyl benzoic acid (compound 1), a small molecule that blocks EphA4, in PDAC cells. Overall survival of patients with EphA4 positivity was significantly shorter than that of patients with EphA4 negativity (P = 0.029). In addition, multivariate analysis revealed that EphA4 expression was an independent prognostic factor in PDAC patients (P = 0.039). Compound 1 showed a cytostatic efficacy in PDAC cells expressing EphA4 in vitro and in vivo. Our study indicated that compound 1 suppressed both EphA4 and Akt phosphorylations, and induced apoptosis in PDAC cells expressing EphA4. In conclusion, compound 1 has a high potential as a therapeutic agent for patients with PDAC.

Chemotherapy-Derived Inflammatory Responses Accelerate the Formation of Immunosuppressive Myeloid Cells in the Tissue Microenvironment of Human Pancreatic Cancer.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the most common type of pancreatic malignancies. PDAC builds a tumor microenvironment that plays critical roles in tumor progression and metastasis. However, the relationship between chemotherapy and modulation of PDAC-induced tumor microenvironment remains poorly understood. In this study, we report a role of chemotherapy-derived inflammatory response in the enrichment of PDAC microenvironment with immunosuppressive myeloid cells. Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a major cytokine associated with oncogenic KRAS in PDAC cells. GM-CSF production was significantly enhanced in various PDAC cell lines or PDAC tumor tissues from patients after treatment with chemotherapy, which induced the differentiation of monocytes into myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC). Furthermore, blockade of GM-CSF with monoclonal antibodies helped to restore T-cell proliferation when cocultured with monocytes stimulated with tumor supernatants. GM-CSF expression was also observed in primary tumors and correlated with poor prognosis in PDAC patients. Together, these results describe a role of GM-CSF in the modification of chemotherapy-treated PDAC microenvironment and suggest that the targeting of GM-CSF may benefit PDAC patients' refractory to current anticancer regimens by defeating MDSC-mediated immune escape.