Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Mimicking Metaplastic Breast Cancer: A Case Report.

NGS used to diagnose and treat NSCLC patient with initial concern for metaplastic breast cancer.

Evaluation of Hepatotoxicity from Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy in Patients with Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors and a Very High Liver Tumor Burden.

The aim of the current study was to describe the risk of hepatotoxicity for patients with gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors undergoing peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) with a very high liver tumor burden, defined as tumor involving more than 75% of the liver. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 371 patients who received at least 1 cycle of 177Lu-DOTATATE at Mayo Clinic for advanced gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. We identified 15 total patients with more than 75% liver involvement on 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT and with either a contrast-enhanced abdominal MRI or dual-phase abdominal CT examination. Results: Of the 15 patients with more than 75% liver involvement, 1 experienced hepatotoxicity (i.e., worsening liver enzymes or bilirubin) as defined by the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 5.0. No patients had grade 3-5 hepatotoxicity (i.e., clinical signs of liver failure). Conclusion: When considering the risk of liver injury from PRRT due to burden of disease, our data suggest that PRRT may be a safe option in patients with more than 75% liver involvement. Future efforts should be made to determine the safety profile of PRRT in patients with varying degrees of liver involvement.

Buffering the Suffering of Breast Lymphoscintigraphy.

Breast lymphoscintigraphy with 99mTc-sulfur colloid is frequently performed before breast-conserving surgery to delineate drainage to a sentinel node. Tracer injection for lymphoscintigraphy can be painful. Our aims were to determine whether administering a solution of buffered lidocaine immediately before lymphoscintigraphy injection could both reduce the patients' pain and increase nuclear medicine technologists' satisfaction with performing the procedure. Methods: A pain scale survey was obtained from patients undergoing breast lymphoscintigraphy with or without buffered lidocaine. Our nuclear medicine technologists were also surveyed for their satisfaction with the procedure, both with and without the addition of buffered lidocaine. Results: The patients' reported pain decreased by 86% with the addition of buffered lidocaine. Technologist satisfaction with performing the procedure increased by 36%. Conclusion: Lidocaine buffered with sodium bicarbonate injected before lymphoscintigraphy significantly reduces pain experienced by the patient and improves nuclear medicine technologist satisfaction in performing the procedure.

Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy for Medically Inoperable Stage I-II Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: The Mayo Clinic Experience.

OBJECTIVE: To examine disease control and survival after stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for medically inoperable, early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and determine associations of pretreatment 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) maximum standardized uptake values (SUVmax), biologically effective dose, and mediastinal staging with disease control and survival outcomes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the cases of consecutive patients with FDG-PET-staged, medically inoperable NSCLC treated with SBRT at our institution between January 1, 2008, and August 4, 2014. Cumulative incidences of recurrence were estimated, accounting for the competing risk of death. Associations of SUVmax, biologically effective dose, and mediastinal staging with outcomes were evaluated using Cox proportional hazards regression models. RESULTS: Among 282 patients, 2-year cumulative incidences of recurrence were 4.9% (95% CI, 2.6%-8.3%) for local, 9.8% (95% CI, 6.3%-14.2%) for nodal, 10.8% (95% CI, 7.0%-15.5%) for ipsilateral lung, 6.0% (3.3%-9.8%) for contralateral lung, 9.7% (95% CI, 6.3%-14.0%) for distant recurrence, and 26.1% (95% CI, 20.4%-32.0%) for any recurrence. The 2-year overall survival was 70.4% (95% CI, 64.5%-76.8%), and the 2-year disease-free survival was 51.2% (95% CI, 44.9%-58.5%). Risk of any recurrence was significantly higher for patients with higher SUVmax (hazard ratio [per each doubling], 1.29 [95% CI, 1.05-1.59]; P=.02). A similar association with SUVmax was observed when considering the composite outcome of any recurrence or death (hazard ratio, 1.23 [95% CI, 1.05-1.44]; P=.01). The SUVmax was not significantly associated with other outcomes (P≥0.69). Two-year cumulative incidences of local recurrence for patients receiving 48 Gy in 4 fractions, 54 Gy in 3 fractions, or 50 Gy in 5 fractions were 1.7% (95% CI, 0.3%-5.6%), 3.7% (95% CI, 0.7%-11.4%), and 15.3% (95% CI, 5.9%-28.9%), respectively (P=.02); this difference was independent of lesion size (P=.02). CONCLUSION: Disease control was excellent for patients who received SBRT for early-stage NSCLC, and this series represents the largest single-institution experience from the United States on SBRT for early-stage inoperable NSCLC. Higher pretreatment FDG-PET SUVmax was associated with increased risk of any recurrence, and the 50 Gy in 5 fractions dose prescription was associated with increased risk of local recurrence.

Severe Hypercalcemia Related to Silicone Granulomas, as Discovered by FDG-PET.

Silicone injected for cosmetic purposes can provoke an inflammatory granulomatous response. In turn, silicone granulomas can lead to hypercalcemia, which is a rare, though potentially life-threatening condition. Hypercalcemia is a nonspecific laboratory finding with many potential etiologies. It may be difficult for clinicians to diagnose silicone-induced hypercalcemia, since the history of cosmetic silicone injections may not be elicited from the patient. Positron emission tomography using F-18-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG-PET) can be used to evaluate patients with unexplained hypercalcemia as a means of searching for an occult malignancy or granulomatous process. FDG-PET findings may be the initial and perhaps only indication of silicone granulomas as the cause of hypercalcemia. Nuclear medicine physicians should have a low threshold for suggesting this diagnosis, particularly in the setting of unexplained hypercalcemia. This case report highlights the value of FDG-PET in diagnosing silicone granuloma-induced hypercalcemia.

A Large Cohort Study of 18F Fluoro-Deoxy-Glucose Uptake in Normal Spinal Cord: Quantitative Assessment of the Contamination From Adjacent Vertebral Marrow Uptake and Validity of Normalizing the Cord Uptake Against the Lumbar Thecal Sac.

PURPOSE: This study aimed (1) to assess the influence of age, sex, blood glucose, and body mass index on the F fluoro-deoxy-glucose (F-FDG) uptake in normal spinal cord; (2) to quantitatively evaluate contamination of the spinal cord SUVmax by the adjacent vertebral marrow activity; and (3) to investigate the validity of normalizing spinal cord SUVmax against lumbar thecal sac SUVmax. METHODS: Two hundred positron emission tomography-computed tomography examinations of subjects with normal spinal cord were retrospectively reviewed. SUVmax of spinal cord and vertebral body was obtained at C2, C5, T6, T12, and L3 levels. Pearson correlation coefficients (r) were obtained at each level between spinal cord SUVmax and vertebral marrow SUVmax, age, body mass index, and blood glucose. Cord to background ratio (CTB) was calculated as the ratio between SUVmax of spinal cord and SUVmax of L3 thecal sac. The coefficient of variation (CV) of spinal cord SUVmax was compared with the CV of CTB. RESULTS: Spinal cord SUVmax was highest at C2 (mean, 1.76) and lowest at T6 (mean, 1.37) with SD of 0.32 to 0.36 SUV. Sex (P > 0.45), age (r: -0.25 to -0.06), body mass index (r: 0.19 to 0.27), and blood glucose (r: -0.17 to 0.22) had no impact on the spinal cord SUVmax. A moderate to strong positive correlation (r: 0.66-0.80) was found between spinal cord SUVmax and the corresponding vertebral marrow SUVmax. The CV of CTB was greater (0.28-0.32) than the CV of spinal cord SUVmax (0.19-0.25) across all levels. CONCLUSIONS: Of the variables studied, only contamination from adjacent vertebral marrow activity significantly affected the SUVmax of spinal cord. This contamination should be corrected for when reporting spinal cord FDG uptake. Lumbar thecal sac is not a valid reference for normalizing spinal cord FDG uptake.

99mTc-methylene diphosphonate single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography improves the diagnostic accuracy of osteoid osteoma.

We present a case of a 17-year-old football player who had previously received multiple facet joint injections for presumed secondary osteoarthritis. 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography imaging of the cervical spine demonstrated focal increased radiopharmaceutical activity in the right C2 lamina, which was associated with an osteolytic lesion with a central irregular sclerotic nidus. Surgical pathology confirmed an osteoid osteoma.

Excellent Outcome of Immunomodulation or Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase Inhibition in Highly Refractory Primary Cutaneous Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma, Leg Type.

Primary cutaneous diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, leg type (PCDLBCL-LT) is a rare diffuse large B-cell lymphoma confined to the skin of the legs. The typical presentation is characterized by solitary or multiple growing plaques, usually confined to one leg. We report a case of PCDLBCL-LT of activated B-cell subtype characterized by multiple local relapses in the legs, initially, and systemic relapses about seven years after the diagnosis. Local relapses were sensitive to radiation therapy. Cutaneous and systemic relapses responded well to immunomodulatory therapy with lenalidomide followed by Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibition with ibrutinib. Ibrutinib is the only treatment that resulted in long-lasting complete remission. Lenalidomide and especially ibrutinib appear to have a significant activity against this lymphoma and should be incorporated in the treatment of this resistant and aggressive lymphoma. To our knowledge, this is the first case of PCDLBCL-LT reported in the literature exhibiting a complete response to ibrutinib.

Peritoneal and mediastinal highly differentiated follicular carcinoma of ovarian origin.

A 70-year-old female patient presented to her primary care doctor with persistent elevated alkaline phosphatase of suspected metastatic etiology. Computed tomography demonstrated epicardial and peritoneal nodules. Biopsy of one of the peritoneal nodules revealed thyroid tissue and extraovarian struma ovarii was considered. The patient had a history of remote total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy 31 years prior for endometriosis with no available pathology from that surgery. The patient recalls being told that she had a left ovarian cyst. A thyroid ultrasound was performed that demonstrated multiple nodules without concerning features; however, due to high clinical suspicion, a total thyroidectomy was performed. Upon full histological evaluation a 0.5 cm papillary microcarcinoma was found. Given the rarity of metastatic papillary cancer to the peritoneum and the small size and grade of the tumor, a diagnosis of highly differentiated follicular carcinoma of ovarian origin was favored. The patient was subsequently treated with radioiodine therapy.