The Carrot Phytoene Synthase 2 (DcPSY2) Promotes Salt Stress Tolerance through a Positive Regulation of Abscisic Acid and Abiotic-Related Genes in Nicotiana tabacum.

Background: Carotenoids, which are secondary metabolites derived from isoprenoids, play a crucial role in photo-protection and photosynthesis, and act as precursors for abscisic acid, a hormone that plays a significant role in plant abiotic stress responses. The biosynthesis of carotenoids in higher plants initiates with the production of phytoene from two geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate molecules. Phytoene synthase (PSY), an essential catalytic enzyme in the process, regulates this crucial step in the pathway. In Daucus carota L. (carrot), two PSY genes (DcPSY1 and DcPSY2) have been identified but only DcPSY2 expression is induced by ABA. Here we show that the ectopic expression of DcPSY2 in Nicotiana tabacum L. (tobacco) produces in L3 and L6 a significant increase in total carotenoids and chlorophyll a, and a significant increment in phytoene in the T1L6 line. Tobacco transgenic T1L3 and T1L6 lines subjected to chronic NaCl stress showed an increase of between 2 and 3- and 6-fold in survival rate relative to control lines, which correlates directly with an increase in the expression of endogenous carotenogenic and abiotic-related genes, and with ABA levels. Conclusions: These results provide evidence of the functionality of DcPSY2 in conferring salt stress tolerance in transgenic tobacco T1L3 and T1L6 lines.

ABA Biosynthesis- and Signaling-Related Gene Expression Differences between Sweet Cherry Fruits Suggest Attenuation of ABA Pathway in Bicolored Cultivars.

Fruit development involves exocarp color evolution. However, signals that control this process are still elusive. Differences between dark-red and bicolored sweet cherry cultivars rely on MYB factor gene mutations. Color evolution in bicolored fruits only occurs on the face receiving sunlight, suggesting the perception or response to color-inducing signals is affected. These color differences may be related to synthesis, perception or response to abscisic acid (ABA), a phytohormone responsible for non-climacteric fruit coloring. This work aimed to determine the involvement of ABA in the coloring process of color-contrasting varieties. Several phenolic accumulation patterns differed between bicolored 'Royal Rainier' and dark-red 'Lapins'. Transcript abundance of ABA biosynthetic genes (PavPSY, PavZEP and PavNCED1) decreased dramatically from the Pink to Red stage in 'Royal Rainier' but increased in 'Lapins', which correlated with a higher ABA content in this dark-red cultivar. Transcripts coding for ABA signaling (PavPP2Cs, PavSnRKs and PavMYB44.1) were almost undetectable at the Red stage in 'Royal Rainier'. Field trials revealed that 'Royal Rainier' color development was insensitive to exogenous ABA, whereas it increased in 'Lapins'. Furthermore, ABA treatment only increased transcript levels of signaling genes in 'Lapins'. Further studies may address if the ABA pathway is attenuated in bicolor cultivars.

Primer for Designing Main Protease (Mpro) Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2.

The COVID-19 outbreak has been devastating, with hundreds of millions of infections and millions of deaths reported worldwide. In response, the application of structure-activity relationships (SAR) upon experimentally validated inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) may provide an avenue for the identification of new lead compounds active against COVID-19. Upon the basis of information gleaned from a combination of reported crystal structures and the docking of experimentally validated inhibitors, four "rules" for designing potent Mpro inhibitors have been proposed. The aim here is to guide medicinal chemists toward the most probable hits and to provide guidance on repurposing available structures as Mpro inhibitors. Experimental examination of our own previously reported inhibitors using the four "rules" identified a potential lead compound, the cathepsin inhibitor GB111-NH2, that was 2.3 times more potent than SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitor N3.

Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms Modulating Trained Immunity by Various Cell Types in Response to Pathogen Encounter.

The induction of trained immunity represents an emerging concept defined as the ability of innate immune cells to acquire a memory phenotype, which is a typical hallmark of the adaptive response. Key points modulated during the establishment of trained immunity include epigenetic, metabolic and functional changes in different innate-immune and non-immune cells. Regarding to epigenetic changes, it has been described that long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) act as molecular scaffolds to allow the assembly of chromatin-remodeling complexes that catalyze epigenetic changes on chromatin. On the other hand, relevant metabolic changes that occur during this process include increased glycolytic rate and the accumulation of metabolites from the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, which subsequently regulate the activity of histone-modifying enzymes that ultimately drive epigenetic changes. Functional consequences of established trained immunity include enhanced cytokine production, increased antigen presentation and augmented antimicrobial responses. In this article, we will discuss the current knowledge regarding the ability of different cell subsets to acquire a trained immune phenotype and the molecular mechanisms involved in triggering such a response. This knowledge will be helpful for the development of broad-spectrum therapies against infectious diseases based on the modulation of epigenetic and metabolic cues regulating the development of trained immunity.

Naturally occurring cancer-associated mutations disrupt oligomerization and activity of protein arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1).

Protein arginine methylation is a posttranslational modification catalyzed by the protein arginine methyltransferase (PRMT) enzyme family. Dysregulated protein arginine methylation is linked to cancer and a variety of other human diseases. PRMT1 is the predominant PRMT isoform in mammalian cells and acts in pathways regulating transcription, DNA repair, apoptosis, and cell proliferation. PRMT1 dimer formation, which is required for methyltransferase activity, is mediated by interactions between a structure called the dimerization arm on one monomer and a surface of the Rossman Fold of the other monomer. Given the link between PRMT1 dysregulation and disease and the link between PRMT1 dimerization and activity, we searched the Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer (COSMIC) database to identify potential inactivating mutations occurring in the PRMT1 dimerization arm. We identified three mutations that correspond to W215L, Y220N, and M224V substitutions in human PRMT1V2 (isoform 1) (W197L, Y202N, M206V in rat PRMT1V1). Using a combination of site-directed mutagenesis, analytical ultracentrifugation, native PAGE, and activity assays, we found that these conservative substitutions surprisingly disrupt oligomer formation and substantially impair both S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet) binding and methyltransferase activity. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest that these substitutions introduce novel interactions within the dimerization arm that lock it in a conformation not conducive to dimer formation. These findings provide a clear, if putative, rationale for the contribution of these mutations to impaired arginine methylation in cells and corresponding health consequences.

Expression of estrogen receptor beta (ERß) and its prognostic value in pleural mesothelioma.

BACKGROUND: Overexpression of estrogen receptors in malignant pleural mesothelioma has shown an independent relation with a better prognosis of survival, and the use of selective estrogen receptor beta (ERß) agonists increases the susceptibility to antitumor treatment. METHODS: This was a retrospective single center study that analyzed the response of malignant pleural mesothelioma with an expression of ERß to first-line chemotherapy. The study included patients with pleural mesothelioma pathologically confirmed between 2013 and 2016 at the National Institute for Respiratory Disease (INER), who underwent an immunohistochemistry assay for ERß (mouse monoclonal antibody PPG5/10). The primary endpoint was the response to chemotherapy based on RECIST 1.1 according to the ERß expression; secondary outcomes were the overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). RESULTS: We included 22 patients, regarding the expression of ERß, 17 (77.2%) patients had high or moderate degree, while 5 (22.7%) had low degree or null expression. The response to treatment as by RECIST 1.1, 12 (54.5%) had partial response, 5 (22.7%) had stable disease, and 3 (13.6%) had progression. None of the patients had a complete response. Of those who had a partial response, 9 (75%) had a high or moderate degree of ERß expression in tumor cells, and 3 (25%) had a low or null degree of expression. CONCLUSIONS: High and moderate expression of ERß group with advanced clinical stage malignant pleural mesothelioma was associated with a tendency of higher OS and better response to chemotherapy treatment resulting in longer PFS although statistical significance was not achieved.

Molecular evolution of the VacA p55 binding domain of Helicobacter pylori in mestizos from a high gastric cancer region of Colombia.

The stomach bacterium Helicobacter pylori is one of the most prevalent pathogens in humans, closely linked with serious diseases such as gastric cancer. The microbe has been associated with its host for more than 100,000 years and escorted modern humans out of Africa. H. pylori is predominantly transmitted within families and dispersed globally, resulting in distinct phylogeographic patterns, which can be utilized to investigate migrations and bioturbation events in human history. Latin America was affected by several human migratory waves due to the Spanish colonisation that drastically changed the genetic load and composition of the bacteria and its host. Genetic evidence indicates that independent evolutionary lines of H. pylori have evolved in mestizos from Colombia and other countries in the region during more than 500 years since colonisation. The vacuolating cytotoxin VacA represents a major virulence factor of the pathogen comprising two domains, p33 and p55, the latter of which is essential for binding to the host epithelial cell. The evolution of the VacA toxin in Colombia has been strongly biased due to the effects of Spanish colonization. However, the variation patterns and microevolution of the p55 domain have not yet been described for this population. In the present study, we determined the genetic polymorphisms and deviations in the neutral model of molecular evolution in the p55 domain of 101 clinical H. pylori isolates collected in Bogotá, a city located in Andean mountains characterized by its high gastric cancer risk and its dominant mestizo population. The microevolutionary patterns of the p55 domain were shaped by recombination, purifying and episodic diversifying positive selection. Furthermore, amino acid positions 261 and 321 in the p55 domain of VacA show a high variability among mestizos clinical subsets, suggesting that natural selection in H. pylori may operate differentially in patients with different gastric diseases.

Examining Product Specificity in Protein Arginine Methyltransferase 7 (PRMT7) Using Quantum and Molecular Mechanical Simulations.

Protein arginine methyltransferase 7 (PRMT7) catalyzes the formation of monomethylarginine (MMA) but is incapable of performing a dimethylation. Given that PRMT7 performs vital functions in mammalian cells and has been implicated in a variety of diseases, including breast cancer and age-related obesity, elucidating the origin of its strict monomethylation activity is of considerable interest. Three active site residues, Glu172, Phe71, and Gln329, have been reported as particularly important for product specificity and enzymatic activity. To better understand their roles, mixed quantum and molecular mechanical (QM/MM) calculations coupled to molecular dynamics and free energy perturbation theory were carried out for the WT, F71I, and Q329S trypanosomal PRMT7 (TbPRMT7) enzymes bound with S-adenosyl- L-methionine (AdoMet) and an arginine substrate in an unmethylated or methylated form. The Q329S mutation, which experimentally abolished enzymatic activity, was appropriately computed to give an outsized Δ G‡ of 30.1 kcal/mol for MMA formation compared to 16.9 kcal/mol for WT. The F71I mutation, which has been experimentally shown to convert the enzyme from a type III PRMT into a mixed type I/II capable of forming dimethylated arginine products, yielded a reasonable Δ G‡ of 21.9 kcal/mol for the second turnover compared to 28.8 kcal/mol in the WT enzyme. Similar active site orientations for both WT and F71I TbPRMT7 allowed Glu172 and Gln329 to better orient the substrate for SN2 methylation, enhanced the nucleophilicity of the attacking guanidino group by reducing positive charge, and facilitated the binding of the subsequent methylated products.

Rapid evolution of the Helicobacter pylori AlpA adhesin in a high gastric cancer risk region from Colombia.

To be able to survive, Helicobacter pylori must adhere to the gastric epithelial cells of its human host. For this purpose, the bacterium employs an array of adhesins, for example, AlpA. The adhesin AlpA has been proposed as a major adhesin because of its critical role in human stomach colonization. Therefore, understanding how AlpA evolved could be important for the development of new diagnostic strategies. However, the genetic variation and microevolutionary patterns of alpA have not been described in Colombia. The study aim was to describe the variation patterns and microevolutionary process of alpA in Colombian clinical isolates of H. pylori. The existing polymorphisms, which are deviations from the neutral model of molecular evolution, and the genetic differentiation of the alpA gene from Colombian clinical isolates of H. pylori were determined. The analysis shows that gene conversion and purifying selection have shaped the evolution of three different variants of alpA in Colombia.

Phylogenomics of Colombian Helicobacter pylori isolates.

BACKGROUND: During the Spanish colonisation of South America, African slaves and Europeans arrived in the continent with their corresponding load of pathogens, including Helicobacter pylori. Colombian strains have been clustered with the hpEurope population and with the hspWestAfrica subpopulation in multilocus sequence typing (MLST) studies. However, ancestry studies have revealed the presence of population components specific to H. pylori in Colombia. The aim of this study was to perform a thorough phylogenomic analysis to describe the evolution of the Colombian urban H. pylori isolates. RESULTS: A total of 115 genomes of H. pylori were sequenced with Illumina technology from H. pylori isolates obtained in Colombia in a region of high risk for gastric cancer. The genomes were assembled, annotated and underwent phylogenomic analysis with 36 reference strains. Additionally, population differentiation analyses were performed for two bacterial genes. The phylogenetic tree revealed clustering of the Colombian strains with hspWestAfrica and hpEurope, along with three clades formed exclusively by Colombian strains, suggesting the presence of independent evolutionary lines for Colombia. Additionally, the nucleotide diversity of horB and vacA genes from Colombian isolates was lower than in the reference strains and showed a significant genetic differentiation supporting the hypothesis of independent clades with recent evolution. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of specific lineages suggest the existence of an hspColombia subtype that emerged from a small and relatively isolated ancestral population that accompanied crossbreeding of human population in Colombia.

Modulation of Host Immunity by Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Virulence Factors: A Synergic Inhibition of Both Innate and Adaptive Immunity.

The Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (hRSV) is a major cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) and high rates of hospitalizations in children and in the elderly worldwide. Symptoms of hRSV infection include bronchiolitis and pneumonia. The lung pathology observed during hRSV infection is due in part to an exacerbated host immune response, characterized by immune cell infiltration to the lungs. HRSV is an enveloped virus, a member of the Pneumoviridae family, with a non-segmented genome and negative polarity-single RNA that contains 10 genes encoding for 11 proteins. These include the Fusion protein (F), the Glycoprotein (G), and the Small Hydrophobic (SH) protein, which are located on the virus surface. In addition, the Nucleoprotein (N), Phosphoprotein (P) large polymerase protein (L) part of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase complex, the M2-1 protein as a transcription elongation factor, the M2-2 protein as a regulator of viral transcription and (M) protein all of which locate inside the virion. Apart from the structural proteins, the hRSV genome encodes for the non-structural 1 and 2 proteins (NS1 and NS2). HRSV has developed different strategies to evade the host immunity by means of the function of some of these proteins that work as virulence factors to improve the infection in the lung tissue. Also, hRSV NS-1 and NS-2 proteins have been shown to inhibit the activation of the type I interferon response. Furthermore, the hRSV nucleoprotein has been shown to inhibit the immunological synapsis between the dendritic cells and T cells during infection, resulting in an inefficient T cell activation. Here, we discuss the hRSV virulence factors and the host immunological features raised during infection with this virus.

Understanding protein arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1) product specificity from molecular dynamics.

Protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) catalyze the post-translational methylation of specific arginyl groups within targeted proteins to regulate fundamental biological responses in eukaryotic cells. The major Type I PRMT enzyme, PRMT1, strictly generates monomethyl arginine (MMA) and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), but not symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA). Multiple diseases can arise from the dysregulation of PRMT1, including heart disease and cancer, which underscores the need to elucidate the origin of product specificity. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were carried out for WT PRMT1 and its M48F, H293A, H293S, and H293S-M48F mutants bound with S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) and the arginine substrate in an unmethylated or methylated form. Experimental site-directed mutagenesis and analysis of the resultant products were also performed. Two specific PRMT1 active site residues, Met48 and His293, have been determined to play a key role in dictating product specificity, as: (1) the single mutation of Met48 to Phe enabled PRMT1 to generate MMA, ADMA, and a limited amount of SDMA; (2) the single mutation of His293 to Ser formed the expected MMA and ADMA products only; whereas (3) the double mutant H293S-M48F-PRMT1 produced SMDA as the major product with limited amounts of MMA and ADMA. Calculating the formation of near-attack conformers resembling SN2 transition states leading to either the ADMA or SDMA products finds that Met48 and His293 may enable WT PRMT1 to yield ADMA exclusively by precluding MMA from binding in an orientation more conducive to SDMA formation, i.e., the methyl group bound at the arginine Nη2 position.

Characterization and Mechanism for the Protection of Photolytic Decomposition of N-Halamine Siloxane Coatings by Titanium Dioxide.

N-Halamine antibacterial materials have superior inactivation activities due to oxidative chlorine species. However, N-Cl bonds and bonds between N-halamine and substrates often decompose rapidly under UV irradiation, leading to unrecoverable loss of antimicrobial activity. In this study, titanium dioxide was covalently bonded onto N-halamine siloxane poly[5,5-dimethyl-3-(3'-triethoxysilylpropyl)hydantoin] (PSPH) via a sol-gel process. Experimental testing of the chlorinated cotton fabrics treated with TiO2/PSPH demonstrated that the residual oxidative chlorine in cotton-TiO2/PSPH-Cl was still effective for inactivating bacteria after 50 washing cycles and under UV light irradiation for 24 h. Quantum mechanical calculations found that TiO2 improves the UV stability of the PSPH-Cl system by increasing the activation barrier of the C-Si scission reaction responsible for the loss of the biocidal hydantoin moiety. SEM, XPS and FTIR spectra were used to characterize the coated cotton samples. Cotton-TiO2/PSPH-Cl samples exhibited good antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) and Escherichia coli O157:H7 (ATCC 43895). The storage stability and washing stability of treated cotton fabrics were also investigated.

A remodeled protein arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1) generates symmetric dimethylarginine.

Protein arginine methylation is emerging as a significant post-translational modification involved in various cell processes and human diseases. As the major arginine methylation enzyme, protein arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1) strictly generates monomethylarginine and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), but not symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA). The two types of dimethylarginines can lead to distinct biological outputs, as highlighted in the PRMT-dependent epigenetic control of transcription. However, it remains unclear how PRMT1 product specificity is regulated. We discovered that a single amino acid mutation (Met-48 to Phe) in the PRMT1 active site enables PRMT1 to generate both ADMA and SDMA. Due to the limited amount of SDMA formed, we carried out quantum mechanical calculations to determine the free energies of activation of ADMA and SDMA synthesis. Our results indicate that the higher energy barrier of SDMA formation (ΔΔG(‡) = 3.2 kcal/mol as compared with ADMA) may explain the small amount of SDMA generated by M48F-PRMT1. Our study reveals unique energetic challenges for SDMA-forming methyltransferases and highlights the exquisite control of product formation by active site residues in the PRMTs.

Identification of PLX4032-resistance mechanisms and implications for novel RAF inhibitors.

BRAF inhibitors improve melanoma patient survival, but resistance invariably develops. Here we report the discovery of a novel BRAF mutation that confers resistance to PLX4032 employing whole-exome sequencing of drug-resistant BRAF(V600K) melanoma cells. We further describe a new screening approach, a genome-wide piggyBac mutagenesis screen that revealed clinically relevant aberrations (N-terminal BRAF truncations and CRAF overexpression). The novel BRAF mutation, a Leu505 to His substitution (BRAF(L505H) ), is the first resistance-conferring second-site mutation identified in BRAF mutant cells. The mutation replaces a small nonpolar amino acid at the BRAF-PLX4032 interface with a larger polar residue. Moreover, we show that BRAF(L505H) , found in human prostate cancer, is itself a MAPK-activating, PLX4032-resistant oncogenic mutation. Lastly, we demonstrate that the PLX4032-resistant melanoma cells are sensitive to novel, next-generation BRAF inhibitors, especially the 'paradox-blocker' PLX8394, supporting its use in clinical trials for treatment of melanoma patients with BRAF-mutations.

Influence of Mg2+ ions on the interaction between 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid and HTLV-I integrase / Influencia de los iones Mg+2 sobre la interacción entre el ácido 3,5- dicafeoilquínico y la integrasa del HTLV-I / Influência dos íons Mg2+ sobre a interação entre o ácido 3,5-dicafeoilquínico e a integrase do HTLV-I

Objective. Using molecular simulation, we studied the influence of Mg2+ ions on the binding mode of HTLV-I Integrase (IN) catalytic domain (modeled by homology) with the 3,5- Dicaffeoylquinic Acid (DCQA). HTLV-I Integrase homology model was built using template-like crystallographic data of the IN catalytic domain solved for Avian Sarcoma Virus (VSA, pdb: 1VSD). Materials and methods. In order to analyze the role of Mg2+ in the interaction or coupling between 3,5-DCQA and Integrase, three models were created: i) in the absence of Mg2+ ions, ii) with a Mg2+ ion coordinated at Asp15 and Asp72 and iii) model with two Mg2+ ions coordinated at Asp15-Asp72 and Asp72-Glu108. Coupling force and binding free energy between 3,5-DCQA and HTLV-I IN were assessed in the three models. Results. The lowest docking score and free energy binding were obtained for the second model. Mg2+ ion strongly affected the coupling of the inhibitor 3,5-DCQA with HTLV-I catalytic domain of Integrase, thus revealing a strong interaction in the ligand-protein complex regardless of the ligand-catalytic interaction sites for all three models. Conclusion. Altogether, these results strengthen the hypothesis that the presence of one Mg2+ ion could enhance the interaction in the complex by decreasing free energy, therefore increasing the affinity. Moreover, we propose 3,5-DCQA as an important pharmacophore in the rational design of new antiretroviral drugs.

Objetivo: Usando simulación molecular, estudiamos la influencia de los iones Mg2+ en la interacción del dominio catalítico de la integrasa HTLV-I (IN) (modelado por homología) con el ácido 3,5-Dicafeoilquínico (DCQA). Materiales y métodos. El modelo por homología de la HTLV-I IN fue construido usando como molde la estructura cristalina de la IN del virus del sarcoma aviar (VSA, pdb: 1VSD). Para analizar el rol de los iones Mg2+ en la interacción con el DCQA y la integrasa, tres modelos fueron creados: i) en ausencia de iones Mg2+, ii) con un ion Mg2+ coordinado con Asp15 y Asp72 y iii) con dos iones Mg2+ coordinados con Asp15-Asp72 y Asp72-Glu108. Las fuerzas de interacción y la energía libre de unión entre el DCQA y la HTLV-I IN fueron calculadas en los tres modelos. Resultados. El puntaje más bajo en el docking y la menor energía libre fueron obtenidos para el modelo con un solo ion de Mg2+. El Mg2+ afecta fuertemente el acoplamiento del inhibidor DCQA con el dominio catalítico de la HTLV-I IN, revelando una fuerte interacción entre el complejo ligando-proteína que es independiente del sitio catalítico de los tres modelos usados. Conclusión. Los resultados sugieren que la presencia de un ion de Mg² + podría incrementar la interacción en el complejo debido a la disminución de la energía libre, intensificando así la afinidad. Por lo que, proponemos al DCQA como farmacóforo para el diseño de drogas antiretrovirales.

Objetivo. Usando simulação molecular, estudamos a influência dos íons Mg2+ na interação do domínio catalítico da integrase HTLV-I (IN) (modelado por homologia) com o ácido 3,5-dicafeoilquínico (3,5-diCQA). Materiais e métodos. O modelo de homologia da HTLV-I IN foi construído utilizando como fôrma a estrutura cristalina da IN de vírus do sarcoma aviário (VSA, pdb: 1VSD). Para analisar o papel dos íons Mg2+ na interação com o 3,5-diCQA e a integrase, três modelos foram criados: i) na ausência de íons Mg2+, ii) com um íon Mg2+ coordenado com Asp15 e Asp72 e, iii) com dois íons Mg2+ coordenados com Asp15-Asp72 e Asp72-Glu108. As forças de interação e a energia livre de ligação entre o 3,5-diCQA e a HTLV-I IN foram calculadas nos três modelos. Resultados. A pontuação mais baixa no docking e a menor energia livre foram obtidas para o modelo com um único íon de Mg2+. O Mg2+ afeta fortemente o acoplamento do inibidor 3,5-diCQA com o domínio catalítico da HTLV-I IN, revelando uma forte interação entre o complexo ligando-proteína que é independente do sítio catalítico dos três modelos utilizados. Conclusão. Os resultados sugerem que a presença de um íon Mg2+ poderia aumentar a interação no complexo devido à diminuição da energia livre, aumentando assim a afinidade. Assim, propomos ao 3,5-diCQA como farmacóforo para a fabricação de medicamentos antirretrovirais.

Proteína LIC10494 de Leptospira interrogans serovar Copenhageni: modelo estructural y regiones funcionales asociadas / Protein LIC10494 of Leptospira interrogans serovar Copenhageni: structural model and associated functional regions / Proteína LIC10494 de Leptospira interrogans serovar Copenhageni: modelo estrutural e regiões funcionais associadas

Objetivo. Predecir computacionalmente la estructura tridimensional de la proteína antigénica LIC10494 e inferir las regiones funcionales asociadas importantes para su antigenicidad e inmunogenicidad. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un análisis computacional de la estructura primaria de LIC10494 a partir de los servidores BLAST, PROTPARAM, PROTSCALE, DAS, SOSUI, TOPPRED, TMAP, TMPRED, SPLIT4, PHDHTM, TMHMM2, HMMTOP2, GLOBPLOT y PROSITE. La estructura secundaria se obtuvo por consenso de los algoritmos SOPM, PREDATOR GOR4, DPM y DSC. La aproximación a la estructura terciaria se obtuvo con el algoritmo MUSTER. La minimización de energía se obtuvo a partir del campo de fuerza AMBER94 de la suite de análisis molecular SCHRODINGER, y la validación tanto estereoquímica como energética del modelo se realizó con el servidor RAMPAGE. El modelo final fue visualizado con el programa PyMol v.0,98. Resultados. En el presente estudio se propone un modelo computacional que detalla la estructura tridimensional de la lipoproteína hipotética LIC10494 y está de acuerdo con reportes experimentales previos; el estudio demuestra la existencia de patrones que podrían tener un papel importante en la patogenicidad y la protección de la bacteria frente al sistema inmune del hospedero; la presencia de una región desordenada entre los aminoácidos 80 y 140; y la presencia de un segmento transmembrana entre los aminoácidos 8 y 22. Conclusión. La coincidencia entre segmentos estructurales y funcionales sugiere que el modelo puede usarse para predecir ciertos aspectos del comportamiento biológico de la proteína en cuanto a la patogenicidad e inmunogenicidad de la bacteria.

Objective. Predict by computational means the 3D structure of the antigenic protein LIC10494 and report associated important functional regions for its pathogenicity and immunogenicity. Materials and methods. We performed a computational analysis of the primary structure of LIC10494 using the servers BLAST, PROTPARAM, PROTSCALE, DAS, SOSUI, TOPPRED, TMAP, TMpred, SPLIT4, PHDHTM, TMHMM2, HMMTOP2, GLOBPLOT and PROSITE. The secondary structure was obtained by consensus of the algorithms SOPM, PREDATOR GOR4, DPM and DSC. The approach to the tertiary structure was obtained using the algorithm MUSTER. The energy minimization was done using the AMBER94 force field of the Schrodinger suite of molecular analysis, and the stereochemistry and energy model validation was performed by the RAMPAGE server. The final model was visualized using PyMol V.0,98. Results. This study proposes a computational model that describes the 3D structure of the hypothetical lipoprotein LIC10494 and agrees with previous experimental reports; thus, our study demonstrates the existence of patterns that could play an important role in the pathogenicity and protection of the bacteria against the host immune system; the presence of a disorganized region between amino acids 80 and 140, and of a transmembrane segment between amino acids 8 and 22. Conclusion. The coincidence between structural and functional segments suggests that our model can be used to predict certain aspects of the biological behaviour of the protein according to the pathogenic and immunogenic characteristics of the bacteria.

Objetivo. Predizer computacionalmente a estrutura tridimensional da proteína antigênica LIC10494 e inferir as regiões funcionais associadas importantes para a sua antigenicidade e imunogenicidade. Materiais e métodos. Foi realizada uma análise computacional da estrutura primária da LIC10494 nos servidores, BLAST, PROTPARAM, PROTSCALE, DAS, SOSUI, TOPPRED, TMAP, TMPRED, SPLIT4, PHDHTM, TMHMM2, HMMTOP2, GLOBPLOT e PROSITE. A estrutura secundária foi obtida por consenso dos algoritmos SOPM, PREDATOR GOR4, DPM e DSC. A aproximação para a estrutura terciária foi obtida com o algoritmo MUSTER. A minimização de energia foi obtida a partir do campo de força AMBER94 do conjunto de análise molecular SCHRODINGER, e a validação estereoquímica e energética do modelo foi realizada utilizando o servidor RAMPAGE. O modelo final foi visualizado com o programa PyMol V. 0,98. Resultados. Este estudo propõe um modelo computacional que descreve a estrutura tridimensional da lipoproteína hipotética LIC10494 e concorda com anteriores relatórios experimental; o estudo demonstra a existência de padrões que poderiam desempenhar um papel importante na patogenicidade e na proteção da bactéria ao sistema imune do hospedeiro; a presença de uma região desordenada entre os aminoácidos 80 e 140, e a presença de um segmento transmembrana entre os aminoácidos 8 e 22. Conclusão. A coincidência entre os segmentos estruturais e funcionais sugere que o modelo pode ser utilizado para prever determinados aspectos do comportamento biológico da proteína na patogenicidade e imunogenicidade da bactéria.

Computational insight into small molecule inhibition of cyclophilins.

Cyclophilins (Cyp) are a family of cellular enzymes possessing peptidyl-prolyl isomerase activity, which catalyze the cis-trans interconversion of proline-containing peptide bonds. The two most abundant family members, CypA and CypB, have been identified as valid drug targets for a wide range of diseases, including HCV, HIV, and multiple cancers. However, the development of small molecule inhibitors that possess nM potency and high specificity for a particular Cyp is difficult given the complete conservation of all active site residues between the enzymes. Monte Carlo statistical sampling coupled to free energy perturbation theory (MC/FEP) calculations have been carried out to elucidate the origin of the experimentally observed nM inhibition of CypA by acylurea-based derivatives and the >200-fold in vitro selectivity between CypA and CypB from aryl 1-indanylketone-based µM inhibitors. The computed free-energies of binding were in close accord with those derived from experiments. Binding affinity values for the inhibitors were determined to be dependent upon the stabilization strength of the nonbonded interactions provided toward two catalytic residues: Arg55 and Asn102 in CypA and the analogous Arg63 and Asn110 residues in CypB. Fine-tuning of the hydrophobic interactions allowed for enhanced potency among derivatives. The aryl 1-indanylketones are predicted to differentiate between the cyclophilins by using distinct binding motifs that exploit subtle differences in the active site arrangements. Ideas for the development of new selective compounds with the potential for advancement to low-nanomolar inhibition are presented.

Métodos semiempíricos para la evaluación rápida de orbitales frontera en la clasificación de agonistas y antagonistas de la subunidad NR1 de los receptores iGluR-NMDA / Semiempirical methods for the rapid evaluation of frontier orbitals in the classification of agonists and antagonists of the NR1 subunit of the iGluR-NMDA receptors / Métodos semi-empíricos de avaliação rápida de orbitais fronteira na classificação dos agonistas e antagonistas da subunidade NR1 dos receptores iGluRNMDA

Los receptores iGluR-NMDA poseen gran interés farmacológico debido a que están implicados en desórdenes neurodegenerativos y neurosiquiátricos incluso participan en procesos como plasticidad sináptica, esencial para la formación de la memoria. La subunidad NR1 de los iGluR-NMDA es fundamental para que este tipo de receptores se activen apropiadamente, de hecho muchos de los fármacos estudiados para los desórdenes anteriormente mencionados, están dirigidos específicamente a la subunidad NR1. Estudios previos han determinado que el orbital molecular de más baja energía (LUMO), puede ser usado como parámetro para estimar la actividad agonista o antagonista en la subunidad NR1. Objetivo. Evaluar el método semiempírico CNDO para el cálculo rápido de la energía LUMO, con la finalidad de crear un modelo sencillo para el diseño in silico de nuevos fármacos. Materiales y métodos. Fueron seleccionadas 168 moléculas entre agonistas y antagonistas de la subunidad NR1. La energía de cada estructura fue optimizada y posteriormente fueron calculadas las energías de los orbitales frontera, el LogP, la energía total, la capacidad de formar puentes de hidrógeno, la energía de unión y el momento dipolar. Resultados. Se demuestra que la energía LUMO es suficiente para discriminar entre moléculas agonistas y antagonistas de esta subunidad y que el método CNDO evalúa estas propiedades de manera rápida y eficiente. Conclusión. El método CNDO permite el cálculo rápido, generando a futuro procedimientos eficaces para la caracterización de fármacos potenciales que actúen sobre este sitio en particular.

The ionotropic glutamate receptors activated by N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (iGluR-NMDA) are of great importance in pharmacology since they are involved in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders; they even participate in processes such as synaptic plasticity that are essential for memory formation. Subunit NR1 iGluRs-NMDA is of paramount importance for the appropriate activation of this type of receptors; in fact, many of the pharmaceutical products studied for the abovementioned disorders are targeted specifically to the NR1 subunit. Previous studies have shown that the lowest energy unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) can be used as a parameter to estimate the agonist and antagonist activity of the NR1subunit. Objective. Evaluate the semiemprical method CNDO for the rapid calculation of the LUMO energy with the aim of preparing a simple model for the in silico design of new pharmacological substances. Materials and methods. 168 molecules with agonist and antagonist activity in the NR1 subunit were selected. Energy of each structure was optimized and then we calculated the energy of the frontier orbital, the LogP, total energy, capacity of forming hydrogen bonds, binding energy, and dipolar moment. Results. We demonstrate that LUMO energy is enough for discriminating agonist and antagonist molecules of the NR1 subunit and that the CNDO method evaluates these properties in a rapid and efficient way. Conclusions. The CNDO method facilitates a rapid calculation, enabling a future development of effective procedures for the characterization of potential pharmacological substances acting on this particular site.

Os receptores IGluR-NMDA têm grande interesse farmacológico porque estão envolvidos em desordens neurodegenerativas e neuropsiquiátricas inclusive participam em processos de plasticidade sináptica, essenciais para a formação da memória. A subunidade NR1 dos iGluR-NMDA é fundamental para que este tipo de receptores se ativem de forma adequada, de fato, muitos dos fármacos estudados para os transtornos mencionados acima, são orientados especificamente pela subunidade NR1. Estudos prévios determinaram que o orbital molecular de mais baixa energia (LUMO), pode ser usado como um parâmetro para estimar a atividade agonista ou antagonista na subunidade NR1. Objetivo. Avaliar o método semi-empírico CNDO para o cálculo rápido da energia LUMO, a fim de criar um modelo simples para o desenho in silicio de novas drogas. Materiais e métodos. Foram selecionadas 168 moléculas entre agonistas e antagonistas da subunidade NR1. A energia de cada estrutura foi otimizada e, em seguida, foram calculadas as energias de orbitais fronteira, o LogP, a energia total, a capacidade de formar pontes de hidrogênio, a energia de ligação e o momento dipolar. Resultados. Foi demonstrado que a energia LUMO é suficiente para discriminar entre moléculas agonistas e antagonistas desta subunidade e que o método CNDO avalia essas propriedades de forma rápida e eficiente. Conclusão. O método CNDO permite o cálculo rápido, gerando a futuro procedimentos eficazes para a caracterização de potenciais medicamentos que agem neste sitio em particular.