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1.
Nat Med ; 2024 Jul 31.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39085420

RESUMO

'Westernization', which incorporates industrial, cultural and dietary trends, has paralleled the rise of noncommunicable diseases across the globe. Today, the Western-style diet emerges as a key stimulus for gut microbial vulnerability, chronic inflammation and chronic diseases, affecting mainly the cardiovascular system, systemic metabolism and the gut. Here we review the diet of modern times and evaluate the threat it poses for human health by summarizing recent epidemiological, translational and clinical studies. We discuss the links between diet and disease in the context of obesity and type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, gut and liver diseases and solid malignancies. We collectively interpret the evidence and its limitations and discuss future challenges and strategies to overcome these. We argue that healthcare professionals and societies must react today to the detrimental effects of the Western diet to bring about sustainable change and improved outcomes in the future.

3.
Trends Cell Biol ; 2024 Feb 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38341347

RESUMO

The gut epithelium protects the host from a potentially hostile environment while allowing nutrient uptake that is vital for the organism. To maintain this delicate task, the gut epithelium has evolved multilayered cellular functions ranging from mucus production to hormone release and orchestration of mucosal immunity. Here, we review the execution of intestinal epithelial metabolism in health and illustrate how perturbation of epithelial metabolism affects experimental gut inflammation and tumorigenesis. We also discuss the impact of environmental factors and host-microbe interactions on epithelial metabolism in the context of inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer. Insights into epithelial metabolism hold promise to unravel mechanisms of organismal health that may be therapeutically exploited in humans in the future.

4.
Expert Rev Clin Immunol ; 20(4): 375-386, 2024 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38149354

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Metabolic-associated liver diseases have emerged pandemically across the globe and are clinically related to metabolic disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. The new nomenclature and definition (i.e. metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease - MASLD; metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis - MASH) reflect the nature of these complex systemic disorders, which are characterized by inflammation, gut dysbiosis and metabolic dysregulation. In this review, we summarize recent advantages in understanding the pathophysiology of MASLD, which we parallel to emerging therapeutic concepts. AREAS COVERED: We summarize the pathophysiologic concepts of MASLD and its transition to MASH and subsequent advanced sequelae of diseases. Furthermore, we highlight how dietary constituents, microbes and associated metabolites, metabolic perturbations, and immune dysregulation fuel lipotoxicity, hepatic inflammation, liver injury, insulin resistance, and systemic inflammation. Deciphering the intricate pathophysiologic processes that contribute to the development and progression of MASLD is essential to develop targeted therapeutic approaches to combat this escalating burden for health-care systems. EXPERT OPINION: The rapidly increasing prevalence of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease challenges health-care systems worldwide. Understanding pathophysiologic traits is crucial to improve the prevention and treatment of this disorder and to slow progression into advanced sequelae such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.


Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Humanos , Cirrose Hepática , Progressão da Doença , Inflamação
5.
JHEP Rep ; 5(11): 100872, 2023 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37818230

RESUMO

Background & Aims: Alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) is a global healthcare challenge with limited treatment options. 24-Norursodeoxycholic acid (NorUDCA) is a synthetic bile acid with anti-inflammatory properties in experimental and human cholestatic liver diseases. In the present study, we explored the efficacy of norUDCA in experimental ALD. Methods: NorUDCA was tested in a preventive and therapeutic setting in an experimental ALD model (Lieber-DeCarli diet enriched with ethanol). Liver disease was phenotypically evaluated using histology and biochemical methods, and anti-inflammatory properties and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma activation by norUDCA were evaluated in cellular model systems. Results: NorUDCA administration ameliorated ethanol-induced liver injury, reduced hepatocyte death, and reduced the expression of hepatic pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumour necrosis factor (Tnf), Il-1ß, Il-6, and Il-10. NorUDCA shifted hepatic macrophages towards an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. Further, norUDCA administration altered the composition of the intestinal microbiota, specifically increasing the abundance of Roseburia, Enterobacteriaceae, and Clostridum spp. In a therapeutic model, norUDCA also ameliorated ethanol-induced liver injury. Moreover, norUDCA suppressed lipopolysaccharide-induced IL-6 expression in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and evoked peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma activation. Conclusions: NorUDCA ameliorated experimental ALD, protected against hepatic inflammation, and affected gut microbial commensalism. NorUDCA could serve as a novel therapeutic agent in the future management of patients with ALD. Impact and implications: Alcohol-related liver disease is a global healthcare concern with limited treatment options. 24-Norursodeoxycholic acid (NorUDCA) is a modified bile acid, which was proven to be effective in human cholestatic liver diseases. In the present study, we found a protective effect of norUDCA in experimental alcoholic liver disease. For patients with ALD, norUDCA could be a potential new treatment option.

6.
Hepatol Commun ; 7(7)2023 07 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37314752

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: HCC is the leading cause of cancer in chronic liver disease. A growing body of experimental mouse models supports the notion that gut-resident and liver-resident microbes control hepatic immune responses and, thereby, crucially contribute to liver tumorigenesis. However, a comprehensive characterization of the intestinal microbiome in fueling the transition from chronic liver disease to HCC in humans is currently missing. METHODS: Here, we profiled the fecal, blood, and liver tissue microbiome of patients with HCC by 16S rRNA sequencing and compared profiles to nonmalignant cirrhotic and noncirrhotic NAFLD patients. RESULTS: We report a distinct bacterial profile, defined from 16S rRNA gene sequences, with reduced α-and ß-diversity in the feces of patients with HCC and cirrhosis compared to NAFLD. Patients with HCC and cirrhosis exhibited an increased proportion of fecal bacterial gene signatures in the blood and liver compared to NAFLD. Differential analysis of the relative abundance of bacterial genera identified an increased abundance of Ruminococcaceae and Bacteroidaceae in blood and liver tissue from both HCC and cirrhosis patients compared to NAFLD. Fecal samples from cirrhosis and HCC patients both showed a reduced abundance for several taxa, including short-chain fatty acid-producing genera, such as Blautia and Agathobacter. Using paired 16S rRNA and transcriptome sequencing, we identified a direct association between gut bacterial genus abundance and host transcriptome response within the liver tissue. CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicates perturbations of the intestinal and liver-resident microbiome as a critical determinant of patients with cirrhosis and HCC.


Assuntos
Carcinoma Hepatocelular , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica , Humanos , Animais , Camundongos , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/genética , Cirrose Hepática
7.
Hepatology ; 78(5): 1581-1601, 2023 11 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37057876

RESUMO

Inflammation is a hallmark of progressive liver diseases such as chronic viral or immune-mediated hepatitis, alcohol-associated liver disease, and NAFLD. Preclinical and clinical studies have provided robust evidence that cytokines and related cellular stress sensors in innate and adaptive immunity orchestrate hepatic disease processes. Unresolved inflammation and liver injury result in hepatic scarring, fibrosis, and cirrhosis, which may culminate in HCC. Liver diseases are accompanied by gut dysbiosis and a bloom of pathobionts, fueling hepatic inflammation. Anti-inflammatory strategies are extensively used to treat human immune-mediated conditions beyond the liver, while evidence for immunomodulatory therapies and cell therapy-based strategies in liver diseases is only emerging. The development and establishment of novel immunomodulatory therapies for chronic liver diseases has been dampened by several clinical challenges, such as invasive monitoring of therapeutic efficacy with liver biopsy in clinical trials and risk of DILI in several studies. Such aspects prevented advancements of novel medical therapies for chronic inflammatory liver diseases. New concepts modulating the liver immune environment are studied and eagerly awaited to improve the management of chronic liver diseases in the future.


Assuntos
Carcinoma Hepatocelular , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica , Humanos , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/patologia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patologia , Fígado/patologia , Cirrose Hepática/patologia , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/patologia , Inflamação/patologia , Fibrose , Microambiente Tumoral
8.
Commun Biol ; 5(1): 1391, 2022 12 20.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36539532

RESUMO

Many human diseases, including cancer, share an inflammatory component but the molecular underpinnings remain incompletely understood. We report that physiological and pathological Dickkopf1 (DKK1) activity fuels inflammatory cytokine responses in cell models, mice and humans. DKK1 maintains the elevated inflammatory tone of cancer cells and is required for mounting cytokine responses following ligation of toll-like and cytokine receptors. DKK1-controlled inflammation derives from cell-autonomous mechanisms, which involve SOCS3-restricted, nuclear RelA (p65) activity. We translate these findings to humans by showing that genetic DKK1 variants are linked to elevated cytokine production across healthy populations. Finally, we find that genetic deletion of DKK1 but not pharmacological neutralization of soluble DKK1 ameliorates inflammation and disease trajectories in a mouse model of endotoxemia. Collectively, our study identifies a cell-autonomous function of DKK1 in the control of the inflammatory response, which is conserved between malignant and non-malignant cells. Additional studies are required to mechanistically dissect cellular DKK1 trafficking and signaling pathways.


Assuntos
Citocinas , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intercelular , Humanos , Animais , Camundongos , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intercelular/genética , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Transdução de Sinais , Inflamação/genética
9.
Gut ; 71(12): 2574-2586, 2022 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36113981

RESUMO

The diet and gut microbiota have been extensively interrogated as a fuel for gut inflammation in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) in the last few years. Here, we review how specific nutrients, typically enriched in a Western diet, instigate or deteriorate experimental gut inflammation in a genetically susceptible host and we discuss microbiota-dependent and independent mechanisms. We depict the study landscape of nutritional trials in paediatric and adult IBD and delineate common grounds for dietary advice. Conclusively, the diet reflects a critical rheostat of microbial dysbiosis and gut inflammation in IBD. Dietary restriction by exclusive enteral nutrition, with or without a specific exclusion diet, is effectively treating paediatric Crohn's disease, while adult IBD trials are less conclusive. Insights into molecular mechanisms of nutritional therapy will change the perception of IBD and will allow us to enter the era of precision nutrition. To achieve this, we discuss the need for carefully designed nutritional trials with scientific rigour comparable to medical trials, which also requires action from stake holders. Establishing evidence-based dietary therapy for IBD does not only hold promise to avoid long-term immunosuppression, but to provide a widely accessible therapy at low cost. Identification of dietary culprits disturbing gut health also bears the potential to prevent IBD and allows informed decision making in food politics.


Assuntos
Doença de Crohn , Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais , Adulto , Humanos , Criança , Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais/terapia , Dieta , Disbiose , Inflamação
10.
Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol ; 19(12): 753-767, 2022 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35906289

RESUMO

Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, phenotypically comprising a spectrum of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), spread globally during the westernization of lifestyle and dietary habits over the past few decades. Here, we review experimental and clinical evidence for the metabolic nature of gut inflammation in IBD and delineate distinct parallels to the inflammatory state in metabolic diseases. Experimental evidence indicates that excessive intake of specific macronutrients in a Western diet fuels an inflammatory response in the gut by exploiting sensors of innate immunity and perturbation of gut microbial metabolism. Genetic IBD risk partly affects metabolism and stress signalling of innate immunity, and immunometabolism controls susceptibility to gut inflammation. Epidemiological and clinical studies indicate that specific nutrients in the Western diet pose a risk for the development of IBD and a poor disease course. Translational studies in IBD indicate perturbation of energy metabolism in immune cells and perturbation of gut microbial metabolism, which can be shaped by diet. In turn, dietary restriction by exclusive enteral nutrition induces remission in patients with IBD. Collectively, these studies support a metabolic underpinning of gut inflammation in IBD as described for metabolic inflammation in obesity and related disorders.


Assuntos
Colite Ulcerativa , Doença de Crohn , Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais , Humanos , Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais/terapia , Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais/genética , Dieta , Inflamação
11.
Gastroenterology ; 163(2): 495-506.e8, 2022 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35508284

RESUMO

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected populations, societies, and lives for more than 2 years. Long-term sequelae of COVID-19, collectively termed the postacute COVID-19 syndrome, are rapidly emerging across the globe. Here, we investigated whether severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antigen persistence underlies the postacute COVID-19 syndrome. METHODS: We performed an endoscopy study with 46 patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) 219 days (range, 94-257) after a confirmed COVID-19 infection. SARS-CoV-2 antigen persistence was assessed in the small and large intestine using quantitative polymerase chain reaction of 4 viral transcripts, immunofluorescence of viral nucleocapsid, and virus cultivation from biopsy tissue. Postacute COVID-19 was assessed using a standardized questionnaire, and a systemic SARS-CoV-2 immune response was evaluated using flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at endoscopy. IBD activity was evaluated using clinical, biochemical, and endoscopic means. RESULTS: We report expression of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the gut mucosa ∼7 months after mild acute COVID-19 in 32 of 46 patients with IBD. Viral nucleocapsid protein persisted in 24 of 46 patients in gut epithelium and CD8+ T cells. Expression of SARS-CoV-2 antigens was not detectable in stool and viral antigen persistence was unrelated to severity of acute COVID-19, immunosuppressive therapy, and gut inflammation. We were unable to culture SARS-CoV-2 from gut tissue of patients with viral antigen persistence. Postacute sequelae of COVID-19 were reported from the majority of patients with viral antigen persistence, but not from patients without viral antigen persistence. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that SARS-CoV-2 antigen persistence in infected tissues serves as a basis for postacute COVID-19. The concept that viral antigen persistence instigates immune perturbation and postacute COVID-19 requires validation in controlled clinical trials.


Assuntos
COVID-19 , Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais , Antígenos Virais , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos , Humanos , Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais/diagnóstico , RNA Viral , SARS-CoV-2
12.
Gastroenterology ; 162(6): 1690-1704, 2022 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35031299

RESUMO

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Crohn's disease (CD) globally emerges with Westernization of lifestyle and nutritional habits. However, a specific dietary constituent that comprehensively evokes gut inflammation in human inflammatory bowel diseases remains elusive. We aimed to delineate how increased intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in a Western diet, known to impart risk for developing CD, affects gut inflammation and disease course. We hypothesized that the unfolded protein response and antioxidative activity of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), which are compromised in human CD epithelium, compensates for metabolic perturbation evoked by dietary PUFAs. METHODS: We phenotyped and mechanistically dissected enteritis evoked by a PUFA-enriched Western diet in 2 mouse models exhibiting endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress consequent to intestinal epithelial cell (IEC)-specific deletion of X-box binding protein 1 (Xbp1) or Gpx4. We translated the findings to human CD epithelial organoids and correlated PUFA intake, as estimated by a dietary questionnaire or stool metabolomics, with clinical disease course in 2 independent CD cohorts. RESULTS: PUFA excess in a Western diet potently induced ER stress, driving enteritis in Xbp1-/-IEC and Gpx4+/-IEC mice. ω-3 and ω-6 PUFAs activated the epithelial endoplasmic reticulum sensor inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α) by toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) sensing of oxidation-specific epitopes. TLR2-controlled IRE1α activity governed PUFA-induced chemokine production and enteritis. In active human CD, ω-3 and ω-6 PUFAs instigated epithelial chemokine expression, and patients displayed a compatible inflammatory stress signature in the serum. Estimated PUFA intake correlated with clinical and biochemical disease activity in a cohort of 160 CD patients, which was similarly demonstrable in an independent metabolomic stool analysis from 199 CD patients. CONCLUSIONS: We provide evidence for the concept of PUFA-induced metabolic gut inflammation which may worsen the course of human CD. Our findings provide a basis for targeted nutritional therapy.


Assuntos
Doença de Crohn , Enterite , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3 , Animais , Doença de Crohn/tratamento farmacológico , Endorribonucleases , Enterite/induzido quimicamente , Enterite/tratamento farmacológico , Ácidos Graxos Insaturados , Humanos , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Camundongos , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases , Receptor 2 Toll-Like
13.
Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes ; 130(6): 406-414, 2022 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34407548

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) was found to be effective in reducing body weight and improving insulin resistance in patients with obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The adipokine/myokine meteorin-like (METNRL) is an important regulator of whole-body energy expenditure. Krüppel-like factor 3 (KLF3), a regulator of METRNL expression in eosinophils, inhibits the beiging of adipose tissue in mice and therefore regulates adipose tissue development. METHODS: Thirty-three obese patients undergoing LAGB were included in the study. The hepatic and adipose tissue expression of METNRL and KLF3 was determined before (t0) and 6 months after (t6) LABG. The human liver cancer cell line (HepG2) was stimulated with cytokines and fatty acids and METNRL and KLF3 expressions were analyzed. RESULTS: LAGB-associated weight loss was correlated with decreased hepatic METNRL expression. The expression of METNRL and KLF3 in hepatic-and adipose tissues correlated before and after LAGB. Individuals with augmented LAGB-induced weight loss (>20 kg) showed lower hepatic METNRL and KLF3 expression before and after LAGB than patients with <20 kg weight loss. METNRL and KLF3 levels were higher in patients with higher NAFLD activity scores. HepG2 stimulation with interleukin-1ß, tumor necrosis factor-α, palmitic acid but not interleukin-6, oleic acid, or lipopolysaccharide, induced the expression of one or both investigated adipokines. CONCLUSIONS: The novel description of METRNL and KLF3 as hepatokines could pave the way to target their production and/or signaling in obesity, NAFLD, and related disorders. Both proteins may act as possible biomarkers to estimate weight loss after bariatric surgery.


Assuntos
Gastroplastia , Fatores de Transcrição Kruppel-Like/metabolismo , Laparoscopia , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica , Obesidade Mórbida , Adipocinas , Humanos , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/metabolismo , Obesidade/metabolismo , Obesidade Mórbida/cirurgia , Redução de Peso/fisiologia
14.
Nat Metab ; 3(12): 1596-1607, 2021 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34931080

RESUMO

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has emerged pandemically across the globe and particularly affects patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes. NAFLD is a complex systemic disease that is characterised by hepatic lipid accumulation, lipotoxicity, insulin resistance, gut dysbiosis and inflammation. In this review, we discuss how metabolic dysregulation, the gut microbiome, innate and adaptive immunity and their interplay contribute to NAFLD pathology. Lipotoxicity has been shown to instigate liver injury, inflammation and insulin resistance. Synchronous metabolic dysfunction, obesity and related nutritional perturbation may alter the gut microbiome, in turn fuelling hepatic and systemic inflammation by direct activation of innate and adaptive immune responses. We review evidence suggesting that, collectively, these unresolved exogenous and endogenous cues drive liver injury, culminating in liver fibrosis and advanced sequelae of this disorder such as liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Understanding NAFLD as a complex interplay between metabolism, gut microbiota and the immune response will challenge the clinical perception of NAFLD and open new therapeutic avenues.


Assuntos
Suscetibilidade a Doenças , Metabolismo Energético , Imunidade , Microbiota , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/etiologia , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/metabolismo , Imunidade Adaptativa , Animais , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Estresse do Retículo Endoplasmático , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Humanos , Imunidade Inata , Resistência à Insulina , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/diagnóstico , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/terapia , Obesidade/complicações , Obesidade/metabolismo , Açúcares/metabolismo
15.
Sci Immunol ; 6(65): eabf7235, 2021 Nov 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34739338

RESUMO

Deficiency in X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) is the cause for X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome 2 (XLP2). About one-third of these patients suffer from severe and therapy-refractory inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but the exact cause of this pathogenesis remains undefined. Here, we used XIAP-deficient mice to characterize the mechanisms underlying intestinal inflammation. In Xiap−/− mice, we observed spontaneous terminal ileitis and microbial dysbiosis characterized by a reduction of Clostridia species. We showed that in inflamed mice, both TNF receptor 1 and 2 (TNFR1/2) cooperated in promoting ileitis by targeting TLR5-expressing Paneth cells (PCs) or dendritic cells (DCs). Using intestinal organoids and in vivo modeling, we demonstrated that TLR5 signaling triggered TNF production, which induced PC dysfunction mediated by TNFR1. TNFR2 acted upon lamina propria immune cells. scRNA-seq identified a DC population expressing TLR5, in which Tnfr2 expression was also elevated. Thus, the combined activity of TLR5 and TNFR2 signaling may be responsible for DC loss in lamina propria of Xiap−/− mice. Consequently, both Tnfr1−/−Xiap−/− and Tnfr2−/−Xiap−/− mice were rescued from dysbiosis and intestinal inflammation. Furthermore, RNA-seq of ileal crypts revealed that in inflamed Xiap−/− mice, TLR5 signaling was abrogated, linking aberrant TNF responses with the development of a dysbiosis. Evidence for TNFR2 signaling driving intestinal inflammation was detected in XLP2 patient samples. Together, these data point toward a key role of XIAP in mediating resilience of TLR5-expressing PCs and intestinal DCs, allowing them to maintain tissue integrity and microbiota homeostasis.


Assuntos
Inflamação/imunologia , Intestinos/imunologia , Receptores Tipo II do Fator de Necrose Tumoral/imunologia , Receptores Tipo I de Fatores de Necrose Tumoral/imunologia , Receptor 5 Toll-Like/imunologia , Proteínas Inibidoras de Apoptose Ligadas ao Cromossomo X/imunologia , Animais , Células Dendríticas/imunologia , Disbiose/imunologia , Humanos , Imunidade Inata/imunologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Celulas de Paneth/imunologia , Receptores Tipo I de Fatores de Necrose Tumoral/deficiência , Receptores Tipo II do Fator de Necrose Tumoral/deficiência , Proteínas Inibidoras de Apoptose Ligadas ao Cromossomo X/deficiência
16.
Cancers (Basel) ; 13(14)2021 Jul 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34298645

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Dysbiosis of the intestinal flora has emerged as an oncogenic contributor in different malignancies. Recent findings suggest a crucial tumor-promoting role of micro- and mycobiome alterations also in the development of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). METHODS: To summarize the current knowledge about this topic, a systematic literature search of articles published until October 2020 was performed in MEDLINE (PubMed). RESULTS: An increasing number of publications describe associations between bacterial and fungal species and PDAC development. Despite the high inter-individual variability of the commensal flora, some studies identify specific microbial signatures in PDAC patients, including oral commensals like Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum or Gram-negative bacteria like Proteobacteria. The role of Helicobacter spp. remains unclear. Recent isolation of Malassezia globosa from PDAC tissue suggest also the mycobiota as a crucial player of tumorigenesis. Based on described molecular mechanisms and interactions between the pancreatic tissue and the immune system this review proposes a model of how the micro- and the mycobial dysbiosis could contribute to tumorigenesis in PDAC. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of micro- and mycobial dysbiosis in pancreatic tumor tissue opens a fascinating perspective on PDAC oncogenesis. Further studies will pave the way for novel tumor markers and treatment strategies.

17.
Autophagy ; 17(1): 1-382, 2021 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33634751

RESUMO

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field.


Assuntos
Autofagia , Animais , Autofagossomos , Autofagia/fisiologia , Proteínas Relacionadas à Autofagia/metabolismo , Bioensaio/normas , Biomarcadores , Humanos , Lisossomos
18.
Clin Transl Gastroenterol ; 12(1): e00293, 2021 01 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33438988

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has spread from Wuhan, China, and become a worldwide pandemic. Most patients display respiratory symptoms but up to 50% report gastrointestinal symptoms. Neopterin is a surrogate marker for viral inflammation, and its production by macrophages is driven by interferon-γ. METHODS: We measured fecal neopterin in 37 hospitalized COVID-19 patients not requiring intensive care measures and 22 healthy controls. RESULTS: Fecal neopterin was elevated in stool samples from COVID-19 patients compared with that in samples from healthy controls. Especially, patients reporting gastrointestinal symptoms exhibited increased fecal neopterin values. DISCUSSION: COVID-19 is associated with an inflammatory immune response in the gastrointestinal tract.


Assuntos
COVID-19/complicações , Fezes/química , Gastroenteropatias/metabolismo , Gastroenteropatias/virologia , Neopterina/análise , Adulto , Idoso , Áustria/epidemiologia , COVID-19/diagnóstico , COVID-19/epidemiologia , COVID-19/virologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Gastroenteropatias/diagnóstico , Trato Gastrointestinal/imunologia , Trato Gastrointestinal/patologia , Trato Gastrointestinal/virologia , Humanos , Inflamação/imunologia , Inflamação/virologia , Pacientes Internados , Interferon gama/metabolismo , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , SARS-CoV-2/genética
19.
Sci Rep ; 10(1): 19686, 2020 11 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33184414

RESUMO

Sodium glucose transporter (SGLT)-2 inhibitors have consistently shown cardioprotective effects independent of the glycemic status of treated patients. In this study we aimed to investigate underlying mechanisms of short-term empagliflozin treatment in a mouse model of type II diabetes. Male db/db mice were fed a western type diet with or without enrichment with empagliflozin for 7 days. While glucose tolerance was significantly improved in empagliflozin treated mice, body weight and fasting insulin levels were comparable in both groups. Cardiac insulin signaling activity indicated by reduced proteinkinase B (AKT) phosphorylation was significantly decreased in the empagliflozin treated group. Remarkably, mitochondrial mass estimated by citrate synthase activity was significantly elevated in empagliflozin treated mice. Accordingly, mitochondrial morphology was significantly altered upon treatment with empagliflozin as analysed by transmission electron microscopy. Additionally, short-term empagliflozin therapy was associated with a changed cardiac tissue cytokine expression in favor of an anti-inflammatory pattern. Our data suggest that early cardioprotection in empagliflozin treated mice is independent of a reduction in body weight or hyperinsulinemia. Ameliorated mitochondrial ultrastructure, attenuated cardiac insulin signaling and diminished cardiac inflammation might contribute to the cardioprotective effects of empagliflozin.


Assuntos
Compostos Benzidrílicos/administração & dosagem , Cardiotônicos/administração & dosagem , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/tratamento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Dieta Ocidental/efeitos adversos , Glucosídeos/administração & dosagem , Animais , Compostos Benzidrílicos/farmacologia , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Cardiotônicos/farmacologia , Citrato (si)-Sintase/metabolismo , Citocinas/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Glucosídeos/farmacologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Miocárdio/metabolismo , Fosforilação/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Resultado do Tratamento
20.
Cytokine ; 133: 155114, 2020 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32442908

RESUMO

Obesity has emerged as a substantial global healthcare issue that is frequently associated with insulin resistance and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Tsukushi (TSK), a liver-derived molecule, was recently identified as a major driver of NAFLD. Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) has proven effective in reducing body weight and improving NAFLD. We therefore aimed to investigate the relation between LAGB-induced weight loss and TSK expression. Twenty-six obese patients undergoing LAGB were included in the study and metabolic parameters were assessed before (t0) and six months after LAGB (t6). The expression of TSK in liver and subcutaneous adipose tissue (AT) specimens was determined at both time points. To unravel regulatory mechanisms of TSK expression, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were stimulated with pro-inflammatory cytokines and TSK mRNA levels were analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. LAGB induced pronounced weight loss which was paralleled by amelioration of metabolic disturbances and histologically defined NAFLD. While hepatic TSK expression was markedly decreased after LAGB, adipose tissue TSK expression remained comparable to baseline. The decline in hepatic TSK expression after LAGB positively correlated with weight loss and the reduction in BMI, and negatively correlated with NAFLD activity score (NAS). In human PBMCs, pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1ß and TNFα induced the expression of TSK. In conclusion, LAGB-induced weight loss reduces hepatic TSK expression. Inhibiting TSK might represent a promising target for treating NAFLD in the future.


Assuntos
Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intercelular/metabolismo , Fígado/metabolismo , Proteoglicanas/metabolismo , Redução de Peso/fisiologia , Adulto , Cirurgia Bariátrica/métodos , Células Cultivadas , Citocinas/metabolismo , Feminino , Gastroplastia/métodos , Humanos , Inflamação/metabolismo , Resistência à Insulina/fisiologia , Leucócitos Mononucleares/metabolismo , Masculino , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/metabolismo , Obesidade/metabolismo , Gordura Subcutânea/metabolismo
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