Cardiovascular health behavior and cardiorespiratory fitness in adolescents: a longitudinal study.

Cardiorespiratory fitness has been substantially associated with health status. However, longitudinal studies on cardiorespiratory fitness and ideal cardiovascular health behavior (ICHB) in adolescents are scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the longitudinal association between ICHB (at baseline) and cardiorespiratory fitness (at follow-up). This is a 2-year prospective analysis of 445 adolescents (232 girls) aged 12-18 years. The ICHB was developed by the American Heart Association as meeting the ideal health behaviors for a healthy diet, physical activity, smoking status, and body mass index. ANCOVAS adjusted by age, sex, pubertal stage, socioeconomic status, and cardiorespiratory fitness showed that the higher the number of ICHB metrics accumulated at baseline (from 1 to 4), the higher the cardiorespiratory fitness levels over a 2-year period (p = 0.038). In logistic regressions, after adjusting for potential confounders, the odds ratios for having high cardiorespiratory fitness at follow-up was 4.9 (95% CI, 1.2-20.1, p = 0.02) for those who accumulated all four metrics of ICHB, when compared to those with 1 or less metrics of ICHB. In addition, the higher the number of ICHB metrics accumulated, the higher the likelihood of having a high cardiorespiratory fitness level over a 2-year period (p for trend = 0.01). CONCLUSION:  We identified a significant association between ICBH and cardiorespiratory fitness in adolescents. Therefore, improving ICBH in adolescence is likely to benefit the cardiorespiratory fitness. WHAT IS KNOWN: • Smoking status, body mass index, physical activity, and diet are associated to cardiorespiratory fitness in adulthood. • Lifestyle behaviors such as physical activity, smoking, body weight, and healthy diet are individually linked with cardiorespiratory fitness and, however, have not been examined jointly, as combined health behaviors. WHAT IS NEW: • Accumulation of cardiovascular health behavior metrics was positively associated with cardiorespiratory fitness at a 2-year follow-up, in adolescents. • Meeting all the four metrics of ideal cardiovascular health behavior seems important for healthy cardiorespiratory fitness during adolescence.

Cardiovascular health behavior and blood pressure in adolescents: A longitudinal analysis.

BACKGROUND: The ideal cardiovascular health behaviors (ICHB) have been associated with a subsequent positive health status in adults. However, evidence regarding blood pressure (BP) and ICHB in adolescents is scarce. The aim of this prospective cohort was to evaluate the impact of accumulation of ICHB on BP values in adolescents over two years. METHODS: This is a longitudinal analysis with 445 adolescents (232 girls) aged 12-18 years old. Resting blood pressure was measured at baseline and 2 years later, and ICHBs at baseline according to standard procedures. Based on the American Heart Association definition, the ICHB index was defined as a sum of meeting the ICHBs (from 0 to 4, where 4 would be the healthiest profile of all ICHBs) for a healthy diet, physical activity, smoking status and body mass index. RESULTS: Adjusted means values (ANCOVA) of BP parameters through achievement of a greater number of (between 1-4) the ICHBs (adjusting for potential confounders, age, sex, pubertal stage and socioeconomic status) showed that, as increase the number of ICHB accumulated as a lower the BP levels [ICHB and SBP (F3.435) = 4.501, p = 0.004), DBP (F(3.435) = 2.725, p = 0.044), pulse pressure (F(3.435) = 4.004, p = 0.008), and rate pressure product (F(3.435) = 2.866, p = 0.036)] over two years. CONCLUSION: A lower number of ICHB (smoking status, body mass index, physical activity, and diet) during adolescence play a key role on blood pressure over two years. A higher number of ICHB is seen to be associated with a lower risk of short-term, hypertension.

Dance/Movement Therapy as an Intervention in Breast Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review.

AIM: In this paper, we systematically review the evidence looking at the effect of dance/movement therapy (DMT) and mental health outcomes and quality of life in breast cancer patients. METHOD: The literature search was done with the databases PubMed (MEDLINE), EBSCO, and Cochrane Central by using the following search words: "dancing/dance/movement therapy," "breast cancer/neoplasms/carcinoma/tumour" or "mammary cancer," "mental health," and "quality of life." Ninety-four articles were found. Only empirical interventional studies (N = 6) were selected for the review: randomised controlled trials (RCT) (n = 5) and non-RCT (n = 1). PRISMA guidelines were used. RESULTS: Data from 6 studies including 385 participants who had been diagnosed with breast cancer, were of an average age of 55.7 years, and had participated in DMT programmes for 3-24 weeks were analysed. In each study, the main outcomes that were measured were quality of life, physical activity, stress, and emotional and social well-being. Different questionnaires were used for the evaluation of outcomes. The mental health of the participants who received DMT intervention improved: they reported a better quality of life and decreased stress, symptoms, and fatigue. CONCLUSION: We found only six studies for review, and some had a small number of participants. However, our findings indicate that DMT could be successfully used as a complimentary therapy in addition to standard cancer treatment for improving the quality of life and mental health of women who have been diagnosed with breast cancer. More research is needed to evaluate the complexity of the impact of complimentary therapies. It is possible that DMT could be more effective if used with other therapies.

Corrigendum to "The Effect of Art Therapy and Music Therapy on Breast Cancer Patients: What We Know and What We Need to Find Out-A Systematic Review".

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1155/2020/7390321.].

Evidence-Based Exercise Recommendations to Improve Mental Wellbeing in Women with Breast Cancer During Active Treatment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Breast cancer was the most common cancer in women worldwide. The aims of the current systematic review and meta-analysis are: (i) to systematically examine the effects of exercise interventions on mental wellbeing; (ii) to examine the specific effect of the type of supervised exercise and its intensity, volume and frequency on mental wellbeing; and (iii) to explore which interventions are most effective in mental wellbeing among women with breast cancer during active treatment. An electronic literature search was performed using MEDLINE (via PubMed), Embase (Ovid), and Web of Science, we identified 175 full-text articles. The 57 publications included data from 6988 participants, age ranging from 18 to 78 years (weighted mean: 50.85 years). Compared with the control conditions, exercise training programs were associated with significant reductions in anxiety (d = -0.22, I2 = 53.0%), depression (d = -0.24, I2 = 66.6%), and fatigue (d = -0.47, I2 = 69.8%), as well as increases in body image (d = 0.27, I2 = 69.2%) and quality of life (overall, d = 0.46, I2 = 71.6%; emotional function, d = 0.33, I2 = 65.7%; and FACT-B, d = 0.60, I2 = 76.2%). There were a variety of frequencies, intensities, and durations of supervised exercise programs reported in the included meta-analytic approach. In addition, we found that concomitant concurrent training, at moderate-to-vigorous intensity, and with a volume ≥50 min/week had benefits on a number of health outcomes, such as fatigue, depression, and quality of life measure by the FACT-B instrument. These findings have important implications for healthcare providers and multidisciplinary teams involved in mental health management in cancer patients during active treatment.

IDEAL CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH STATUS AND HEALTH-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE IN ADOLESCENTS: THE LABMED PHYSICAL ACTIVITY STUDY.

OBJECTIVE: Adolescent's ideal cardiovascular health index (ICVH) seems to be an important indicator of youth's lifestyles and cardiometabolic health with potential positive consequences for their Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL). The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between the ICVH index and HRQoL in adolescents. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study based on secondary analyses from the LabMed Physical Activity Study (n=407 adolescents, 53% girls). ICVH, as defined by the American Heart Association, was determined as meeting ideal behaviors (physical activity, body mass index, smoking status, and diet intake) and health factors (blood pressure, total glucose, and cholesterol). HRQoL was measured with the Kidscreen-10 self-report questionnaire. RESULTS: Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) showed a significant association between the accumulation of ideal cardiovascular health metrics and HRQoL (F(4,403)=4.160; p=0.003). In addition, the higher the number of ideal health behaviors accumulated, the higher the mean values of HRQoL (p-value for trend=0.001), after adjustments for age, sex, socioeconomic status and pubertal stage. CONCLUSIONS: ICVH index was positively associated with HRQoL in adolescents. Ideal health behaviors metrics seem to have a stronger association with HRQoL than the ideal health factors metrics in adolescents.

Ideal cardiovascular health status and health-related quality of life in adolescents: the labmed physical activity study / Estado de saúde cardiovascular ideal e qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde em adolescentes: estudo labmed

ABSTRACT Objective: Adolescent's ideal cardiovascular health index (ICVH) seems to be an important indicator of youth's lifestyles and cardiometabolic health with potential positive consequences for their Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL). The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between the ICVH index and HRQoL in adolescents. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study based on secondary analyses from the LabMed Physical Activity Study (n=407 adolescents, 53% girls). ICVH, as defined by the American Heart Association, was determined as meeting ideal behaviors (physical activity, body mass index, smoking status, and diet intake) and health factors (blood pressure, total glucose, and cholesterol). HRQoL was measured with the Kidscreen-10 self-report questionnaire. Results: Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) showed a significant association between the accumulation of ideal cardiovascular health metrics and HRQoL (F(4,403)=4.160; p=0.003). In addition, the higher the number of ideal health behaviors accumulated, the higher the mean values of HRQoL (p-value for trend=0.001), after adjustments for age, sex, socioeconomic status and pubertal stage. Conclusions: ICVH index was positively associated with HRQoL in adolescents. Ideal health behaviors metrics seem to have a stronger association with HRQoL than the ideal health factors metrics in adolescents.

RESUMO Objetivo: O Índice de Saúde Cardiovascular Ideal (ISCI) do adolescente parece ser um importante indicador do estilo de vida e da saúde cardiometabólica dos jovens, com possíveis consequências positivas para a Qualidade de Vida Relacionada à Saúde (QVRS). O objetivo deste estudo foi examinar as associações do ISCI e da QVRS em adolescentes. Métodos: Este foi um estudo transversal baseado em análises secundárias do estudo LabMed Physical Activity (n=407 adolescentes, 53% meninas). O ISCI, conforme definido pela American Heart Association, foi determinado como atendendo a comportamentos ideais (atividade física, índice de massa corporal, tabagismo e padrão alimentar) e fatores de saúde (pressão arterial, glicose total e colesterol). A QVRS foi mensurada com o questionário de autorrelato Kidscreen-10. Resultados: A análise de covariância mostrou associação entre o acúmulo de métricas ideais de saúde cardiovascular e a QVRS (F(4,403)=4,160; p=0,003). Quanto maior o número de comportamentos ideais de saúde acumulados, maiores os valores médios da QVRS (p-valor de tendência=0,001), após ajustes para idade, sexo, status socioeconômico e estágio pubertal. Conclusões: O índice de saúde cardiovascular ideal associou-se positivamente à QVRS em adolescentes. As métricas ideais de comportamentos de saúde parecem ter uma associação mais forte com a QVRS do que as métricas ideais de fatores de saúde em adolescentes.

Association of Dairy Product Consumption with Metabolic and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Analysis from the LabMed Study.

This study aimed to investigate the association between dairy product consumption and metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers in Portuguese adolescents, and whether the association differed by weight status. A cross-sectional study was conducted during the school year 2011/2012 with 412 Portuguese adolescents (52.4% girls) in 7th and 10th grade (aged 12 to 18 years old). The World Health Organization cutoffs were used to categorize adolescents as non-overweight (NW) or overweight (OW). Blood samples were collected to analyze C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), leptin, and adiponectin. Dairy product intake was evaluated using a food frequency questionnaire. Participants were divided by tertiles according to the amount of dairy product consumed. The associations between dairy product consumption with metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers were evaluated using generalized linear regression models with logarithmic link and gamma distribution and adjusted for potential confounders. The majority of adolescents were NW (67.2%). NW adolescents had lower IL-6, CRP, and leptin concentration than their counterparts (p < 0.05, for all comparisons). Higher levels of total dairy product and milk intake were inversely associated with IL-6 (P for trend <0.05, for all) in NW adolescents, but not in OW adolescents. NW adolescents in the second tertile of yogurt consumption had lower level of IL-6 compared to those in the first tertile (p = 0.004). Our results suggest an inverse association between total dairy product and milk intake and serum concentrations of IL-6 only among NW adolescents.

Lifestyle patterns and endocrine, metabolic, and immunological biomarkers in European adolescents: The HELENA study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association of lifestyle patterns related to physical activity (PA), sedentariness, and sleep with endocrine, metabolic, and immunological health biomarkers in European adolescents. METHODS: The present cross-sectional study comprised 3528 adolescents (1845 girls) (12.5-17.5 years) enrolled in the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence Study. Cluster analysis was performed by including body composition, PA by accelerometry, self-reported sedentary behaviors, and sleep duration. We also measured endocrine, metabolic, and immunological biomarkers. RESULTS: Three-cluster solutions were identified: (a) light-PA time, moderate-vigorous-PA time and sedentary time, (b) light-PA time, moderate-vigorous-PA time, sedentary time and sleep time, (c) light-PA time, moderate-vigorous-PA time, sedentary time and body composition. In addition, each cluster solution was defined as: "healthy," "medium healthy," and "unhealthy" according to the presented rating. Analysis of variance showed that overall the healthiest groups from the three clusters analyzed presented a better metabolic profile. A decision tree analysis showed that leptin had a strong association with cluster 3 in both boys and girls, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol had the strongest association with clusters 1 and 3 in boys. Cortisol had the strongest association with cluster 1. HOMA index (homeostatic model assessment) and C3 showed a strong association with cluster 3 in girls. CONCLUSIONS: Our results support the existence of different interactions between metabolic health and lifestyle patterns related to PA, sedentariness, and sleep, with some gender-specific findings. These results highlight the importance to consider multiple lifestyle-related health factors in the assessment of adolescents' health to plan favorable strategies.

Adherence to Southern European Atlantic Diet and physical fitness on the atherogenic index of plasma in adolescents / Adesão à Dieta Atlântica do Sul da Europa e aptidão física ao índice aterogênico do plasma em adolescentes / Adherencia a la Dieta Atlántica del Sur de Europa y condiciones físicas en el índice aterogénico de plasma en adolescentes

Abstract: We sought (i) to evaluate the associations of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), muscular fitness (MF) and Southern European Atlantic Diet (SEADiet) with atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) and (ii) to investigate de combined association of MF, CRF and SEADiet on AIP in adolescents. A cross-sectional school-based study was conducted on 493 adolescents (285 girls and 208 boys) aged 15-18 years, from the Portuguese Azorean Archipelago. CRF was measured by shuttle run test and MF by curl up and push up tests. Adherence to SEADiet was assessed with a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The AIP was estimated as log (TG/HDL-C). Measures of pubertal stage and socioeconomic status were assessed. Linear regression showed a significant inverse association between MF (standardized β = -0.165; p < 0.001), CRF (standardized β = -0.081; p < 0.030) and SEADiet (standardized β = -0.081; p < 0.045) with AIP, after adjustments for age, sex, pubertal stage and parental education. Furthermore, participants classified with an optimal as well as those with low adherence to a SEADiet but with LowMF/LowCRF had on average the highest AIP (F(7.482) = 3.270; p = 0.002). Moreover, optimal SEADiet with HighMF/HighCRF group showed the lowest AIP when compared with those with low adherence to a SEADiet with HighMF/HighCRF group (p = 0.03). AIP is inversely associated with MF, CRF and SEADiet. The low MF combined with a low CRF levels seems to overcome the potential healthy effect of having an optimal adherence to the SEADiet on AIP. However, an optimal adherence to SEADiet seems to improve the AIP in those adolescents with high fitness levels.

Resumo: O estudo teve como objetivos: (i) avaliar as associações entre a aptidão cardiorrespiratória (ACR), aptidão muscular (AM) e Dieta Atlântica do Sul da Europa (SEADiet) e o índice aterogênico do plasma (IAP) e (ii) investigar a associação combinada entre AM, ACR e SEADiet e IAP em adolescentes. Foi realizado um estudo transversal de base escolar em uma amostra de 493 adolescentes (285 do sexo feminino), entre 15 e 18 anos de idade, nos Arquipélago dos Açores, Portugal. A ACR foi medida pelo teste aeróbico de corrida de vai-e-vem e a AM pelos testes de abdominal modificado e de flexão. A adesão ao SEADiet foi avaliada através de um questionário semi-quantitativo de frequência alimentar. O IAP foi calculado como log(TG/HDL-C). Foram avaliadas as medidas de estágio de puberdade e de nível socioeconômico. A regressão linear revelou uma associação inversa significativa entre AM (β padronizado = -0,165; p < 0,001), ACR (β padronizado = -0,081; p < 0,030) e SEADiet (β padronizado = -0,081; p < 0,045) e IAP, depois de ajustar para idade, sexo, estágio de puberdade e escolaridade dos pais. Além disso, os participantes classificados como adesão excelente ou baixa ao padrão alimentar SEADiet mas com BaixaAM/BaixaACR, tiveram, em média, os maiores níveis de IAP (F(7,482) = 3,270; p = 0,002). O grupo com adesão excelente ao SEADiet e AltaAM/AltaACR mostrou IAP mais baixo, comparado com o grupo com baixa adesão ao padrão alimentar SEADiet e AltaAM/AltaACR (p = 0,03). O IAP está associado inversamente com AM, ACR e SEADiet. Os níveis baixos de AM e ACR parecem contrabalançar o efeito saudável potencial da adesão excelente ao padrão alimentar SEADiet sobre o IAP. Entretanto, a adesão excelente ao SEADiet parece melhorar o IAP nos adolescentes com níveis altos de aptidão física.

Resumen: Nuestro objetivo (i) fue evaluar las asociaciones de las condiciones cardiorrespiratorias (CRF), musculares (MF) y de la Dieta Atlántica del Sur de Europa (SEADiet), con el índice aterogénico de plasma (AIP), así como (ii) investigar la asociación combinada de MF, CRF y SEADiet en el AIP en adolescentes. Se trata de un estudio transversal, basado escolares, que se dirigió a 493 adolescentes (285 niñas), con edades comprendidas entre los 15 a 18 años, procedentes del archipiélago portugués de las Azores. Las CRF se midieron mediante una prueba de sprint y las MF mediante pruebas con flexiones y abdominales. La adherencia a la SEADiet se evaluó con un cuestionario semicuantitativo sobre la frecuencia de las comidas. El AIP se calculó como log (TG/HDL-C). Se evaluaron las medidas de la fase puberal y el estatus socioeconómico. La regresión lineal mostró una asociación significativa inversa entre MF (β estandarizado = -0,165; p < 0,001), CRF (β estandarizado = -0,081; p < 0,030) y SEADiet (β estandarizado = -0,081; p < 0,045) con el AIP, tras los ajustes por edad, sexo, fase puberal y educación parental. Asimismo, los participantes clasificados con una adherencia muy buena, así como los que tuvieron una baja adherencia a la SEADiet, pero con BajasMF/BajasCRF contaron con el promedio más alto en el AIP (F(7.482) = 3.270; p = 0,002). Además, el grupo con una muy buena SEADiet con AltasMF/AltasCRF mostró el más bajo AIP, cuando se compara con el grupo que tenía una baja adherencia a la SEADiet con AltasMF/AltasCRF (p = 0.03). El AIP está inversamente asociado con MF, CRF y SEADiet. La baja MF, combinada con los niveles bajos de CRF, parece superar el efecto potencial saludable de contar con una muy buena adherencia a la SEADiet en el AIP. No obstante, una muy buena adherencia a la SEADiet parece mejorar el AIP en aquellos adolescentes con altos niveles de condición física.

Muscular fitness, Southern European Atlantic Diet and inflammation in adolescents. Azorean Physical Activity and Health Study II.

High muscular fitness (MF) and high adherence to the Southern European Atlantic Diet (the SEADiet) have been associated with several positive metabolic outcomes. The purpose of the present study was two-fold: (i) to explore the independent associations between MF and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels; and (ii) to investigate the combined impact of MF and SEADiet on the CRP levels in a sample of adolescents. A cross-sectional school-based study was conducted on 463 adolescents (272 girls) aged 15-18 years, from the Portuguese Azorean Archipelago. Anthropometric indicators (stature, body mass, waist circumference (WC)) were measured by standardized protocols and pubertal stages were assessed by Tanner criteria. Blood samples were taken after an overnight fast. MF was assessed by the curl-up and push-up tests (from the Fitnessgram test battery). Adherence to the SEADiet was assessed with a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Linear regression models showed that MF was inversely associated with hs-CRP (unstandardized B = -0.127; p < .009), after adjustments for age, sex, and pubertal stage, adherence of SEADiet, total energy intake and low-energy reporter and WC. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) showed a significant difference between the low adherence of SEADiet with low MF group and those with a high adherence of SEADiet and high MF (p < .05) (F(5, 453) = 2.238, p = .040). Our results showed that MF is inversely associated with hs-CRP. In addition, the adolescents with Low adherence of SEADiet/Low MF group had high levels of hs-CRP compared those who with high adherence of SEADiet/high MF group.

Differences in physical activity levels of school domains between high- and low-active adolescents

To compare high active (HA) and low active (LA) adolescent's physical activity (PA) levels in three different domains: commuting to school, physical education (PE) class and recess time at school. Method: This is a cross-sectional study, with a quantitative approach and random sample of 176 (105 girls) adolescents aged 14 - 18 years old from 10 urban public high schools in southern from Brazil. PA levels were measured using a pedometer. The average number of steps was recorded on the way to school, during PE classes and during school recess time. Participants were classified as HA and LA according to Tudor-Locke's cut-off points. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and One-Way ANOVA stratified by sex. Results: Data showed differences of mean values between school commuting PA for girls (LA: 1057.60; HA: 1624.54; Δ: 566.94; p<0.001), during PE class (LA: 1401.75, HA: 1701.10; Δ: 308.53; p<0.05) and in recess time (LA: 443.09, HA: 611.98; Δ: 168.89; p=0.001), whereas for boys, differences only found between the mean values of PA during PE class (LA: 1787.91, HA: 2511.20; Δ: 723.29; p<0.01). Conclusion: HA girls are consistently more active in each domain analyzed compared to LA counterparts, while for boys PE class was the domain that differentiated the HA vs. LA adolescents. This study highlights some potential settings to be included in the policies focused in enhance PA levels among adolescents namely in the context of school PE.(AU)

Association between Leptin, Adiponectin, and Leptin/Adiponectin Ratio with Clustered Metabolic Risk Factors in Portuguese Adolescents: The LabMed Physical Activity Study.

INTRODUCTION: Circulating leptin and adiponectin levels have been associated with impaired vascular function, insulin resistance, and acute cardiovascular evens. This study aimed to evaluate the associations of leptin, adiponectin, and the leptin/adiponectin (L/A) ratio with a clustering of metabolic risk factors (MRF) in adolescents aged 12-18 years. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional analysis with 529 Portuguese adolescents aged 12-18 years. Blood samples were taken to analyze total cholesterol (TC) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (HDL-c), triglycerides glucose, insulin, leptin, and adiponectin levels. A continuous variable of clustered MRF score (sum of Z-scores of body fat percentage, systolic blood pressure, ratio TC/HDL, triglycerides, homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance, and cardiorespiratory fitness*[-1]) was computed. RESULTS: Regression analyses showed that adiponectin was a significant and negative predictor of MRF score (boys: ß = -0.199; p < 0.001; girls: ß = -0.200; p < 0.001); whereas leptin was a significant positive predictor of MRF score (boys: ß = 0.553; p < 0.001; girls: ß = 0.399; p < 0.001). The L/A ratio was also a significant positive predictor of MRF score in both sexes (boys: ß = 0.593; p < 0.001; girls: ß = 0.461; p < 0.001), after adjustments for age, pubertal stage, adherence to the Mediterranean diet, and socioeconomic status. In addition, adiponectin, leptin, and L/A ratio were accurate to predict MRF among adolescents, but L/A ratio showed the highest area under receiver operating characteristic curve. CONCLUSION: Leptin, adiponectin, and L/A ratio are associated with the clustering of MRF in adolescents after adjustments for age, sex, pubertal stage, adherence to the Mediterranean diet, and socioeconomic status. L/A ratio was more strongly associated with MRF score than adiponectin or leptin.

Proteína C-reativa, atividade física e aptidão cardiorrespiratória em adolescentes portugueses: um estudo transversal / Proteína C-reactiva, actividad física y la aptitud cardiorrespiratoria en adolescentes portugueses: un estudio transversal / C-reactive protein, physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness in Portuguese adolescents: a cross-sectional study

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a associação da atividade física (AF) e aptidão cardiorrespiratória com os níveis de concentração proteína C-reativa (PCR) em adolescentes. Fizeram parte da amostra 386 adolescentes Portugueses (n = 207, feminino), de 12-18 anos avaliados no ano de 2012. AF foi avaliada com acelerômetros e a aptidão cardiorrespiratória pelo teste de Vai- e-vem da bateria de testes fitnessgram. Amostras sanguíneas foram obtidas após jejum de 10 horas e posteriormente avaliaram-se os níveis de concentração de PCR por alta sensibilidade. Foram encontradas associações significativas entre a PCR e a aptidão cardiorrespiratória no gênero feminino (r = -0,313; p < 0.001) e masculino (r = -0,163; p < 0,05), porém quando ajustadas pelo IMC essas associações permaneceram significativas apenas no gênero feminino (r = -0,215; p < 0,001). Para associações entre PCR e AF não se encontraram associações estatisticamente significativas em ambos os gêneros. Assim a PCR aparentemente se associa de forma negativa com a aptidão cardiorrespiratória, mas de forma diferenciada em função do gênero, sendo que no feminino parece menos dependente do IMC.

El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la asociación entre la actividad física (AF) y la aptitud cardiorrespiratoria con niveles de concentración de proteína C-reactiva (PCR) en adolescentes. La muestra estuvo conformada por 386 adolescentes portugueses (n = 207, femenino), de 12-18 años, evaluados en el año 2012. La AF se evaluó mediante acelerómetros y la aptitud cardiorrespiratoria se evaluó por el test de Leger de 20 metros. Las muestras de sangre se obtuvieron después de 10 horas de ayuno, y luego se evaluaron los niveles de concentración de PCR de alta sensibilidad. Se encontraron asociaciones significativas entre la PCR y aptitud cardiorrespiratoria en el género femenino (r = -0,313; p < 0,001) y masculino (r = -0,163; p < 0,05), pero cuando se ajustan por el IMC estas asociaciones se mantuvieron sólo significativas en el género femenino (r = -0,215; p < 0,001). Para las asociaciones entre la PCR y la AF no mostraron una asociación estadísticamente significativa en ambos géneros. Así, aparentemente la PCR se asoció negativamente con la aptitud cardiorrespiratoria, pero de manera diferente según el género, siendo que en el femenino parece ser menos dependiente del IMC.

The goal of this study was to investigate the association of physical activity (PA) and cardiorespiratory fitness with C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration in adolescents. The sample included 386 Portuguese adolescents (n = 207, female), age 12-18 years, assessed in the year 2012. The PA was assessed with the use of accelerometers, and the cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed by the Fitnessgram Pacer test. Blood samples were collected after a 10-hour fasting, and high-sensitivity PCR concentration was further assessed. Significant associations between CRP and cardiorespiratory fitness were found for females (r = -0.313; p < 0.001) and males (r = -0.163; p < 0.05); however, when adjusted by the BMI, the associations remained significant only for females (r = -0.215; p < 0.001). Regarding the association between CRP and PA, no significant associations were found for both genders. Therefore, CRP is apparently negatively associated with cardiorespiratory fitness, with differences between males and females; for females it seems less dependent than BMI.