Schizophrenia and Hospital Admissions for Cardiovascular Events in a Large Population: The APNA Study.

(1) Background: Patients with schizophrenia have higher mortality, with cardiovascular diseases being the first cause of mortality. This study aims to estimate the excess risk of hospital admission for cardiovascular events in schizophrenic patients, adjusting for comorbidity and risk factors. (2) Methods: The APNA study is a dynamic prospective cohort of all residents in Navarra, Spain. A total of 505,889 people over 18 years old were followed for five years. The endpoint was hospital admissions for a cardiovascular event. Direct Acyclic Graphs (DAG) and Cox regression were used. (3) Results: Schizophrenic patients had a Hazard Ratio (HR) of 1.414 (95% CI 1.031-1.938) of hospital admission for a cardiovascular event after adjusting for age, sex, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, smoking, low income, obesity, antecedents of cardiovascular disease, and smoking. In non-adherent to antipsychotic treatment schizophrenia patients, the HR was 2.232 (95% CI 1.267-3.933). (4) Conclusions: Patients with schizophrenia have a higher risk of hospital admission for cardiovascular events than persons with the same risk factors without schizophrenia. Primary care nursing interventions should monitor these patients and reduce cardiovascular risk factors.

Variability in the Control of Type 2 Diabetes in Primary Care and Its Association with Hospital Admissions for Vascular Events. The APNA Study.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity, mortality, and hospital admissions. This study aimed to analyze how the differences in delivered care (variability of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) achieved targets) affect hospital admissions for cardiovascular events (CVEs) in T2D patients. Methods: We analyzed the electronic records in primary care health centers at Navarra (Spain) and hospital admission for CVEs. We followed 26,435 patients with T2D from 2012 to 2016. The variables collected were age, sex, health center, general practitioner practice (GPP), and income. The clinical variables were diagnosis of T2D, weight, height, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure (BP), HbA1c, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), smoking, and antecedents of CVEs. We calculated, in each GPP practice, the proportion of patients with HbA1c ≥ 9. A non-hierarchical K-means cluster analysis classified GPPs into two clusters according to the level of compliance with HbA1C ≥ 9% control indicators. We used logistic and Cox regressions. Results: T2D patients had a higher probability of admission for CVEs when they belonged to a GPP in the worst control cluster of HbA1C ≥ 9% (HR = 1.151; 95% CI, 1.032-1.284).

Do physical activity and sedentary time mediate the association of the perceived environment with BMI? The IPEN adult study.

The study's main aim was to examine whether adults' accelerometer-based physical activity and sedentary time mediated the associations of neighbourhood physical environmental perceptions with body mass index (BMI) and weight status across 10 high- and middle-income countries. Data from the IPEN Adult study, an observational multi-country study (n = 5712) were used. Results showed that sedentary time was a non-significant or inconsistent mediator in all models. MVPA mediated the associations of street connectivity, land use mix-diversity, infrastructure/safety for walking and aesthetics with BMI in single models. In the multiple model, MVPA only fully mediated the relation between land use mix-diversity and BMI. This finding was replicated in the models with weight status as outcome. MVPA partially mediated associations of composite environmental variables with weight status. So, although MVPA mediated some associations, future comprehensive studies are needed to determine other mechanisms that could explain the relation between the physical environment and weight outcomes. Food intake, food accessibility and the home environment may be important variables to consider. Based on the consistency of results across study sites, global advocacy for policies supporting more walkable neighbourhoods should seek to optimize land-use-mix when designing and re-designing cities or towns.

[Changes in the physical activity of university students during the first three years of university]. / Modificación de la actividad física durante los tres primeros años de universidad.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: physical inactivity is the fourth most important risk factor for mortality worldwide and university students present this risk factor at a high level. Objective: to determine the changes in the physical activity of university students in Navarra during the first three years of college. Methods: prospective observational study of a cohort of university students. They participated in the first year, and two years later in the third year. The cohorts were comprised of 454 students who answered a voluntary and anonymous self-completion questionnaire with sociodemographic and physical activity related variables. Data were analyzed with SPSS v21.0. Results: of the participants, 67.4% (n = 306) were women and 32.6% (n = 148) were men. In the first year, 61.6% of students performed more than 150 minutes of physical activity per week. This percentage increased by 2.7%. The frequency of physical activity at least three times a week increased 6.1%, reaching 30.5% of students. Conclusions: university does not play a significant role in the promotion of physical activity, finding minimal modifications. In the future, it would be convenient to consider the reasons that hinder physical activity and design programs according to current recommendations.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: la inactividad física constituye el cuarto factor de riesgo más importante de mortalidad en todo el mundo y los estudiantes universitarios presentan en un alto nivel este factor de riesgo. Objetivos: determinar la modificación de la actividad física de los estudiantes universitarios en Navarra durante los tres primeros años de universidad. Métodos: estudio observacional prospectivo de una cohorte de universitarios que participaron en el estudio en primer curso y dos años después, en tercer curso. Las cohortes fueron constituidas por 454 estudiantes que respondieron a un cuestionario de autocumplimentación voluntario y anónimo con variables sociodemográficas y relacionadas con la actividad física. Los datos se analizaron con el SPSS v21.0. Resultados: un 67,4% (n = 306) fueron mujeres y un 32,6% (n = 148) fueron hombres. El 61,6% de los estudiantes de primer curso realizaban más de 150 minutos a la semana de actividad física y se incrementó el porcentaje de estudiantes activos físicamente en un 2,7%. Entre quienes realizaban actividad física mínimo tres veces a la semana se observó un incremento del 6,1%, hasta alcanzar el 30,5% de estudiantes. Conclusiones: el periodo universitario no desempeña un papel significativo en la promoción de la actividad física, ya que se observan modificaciones mínimas en su práctica. A futuro, convendría plantearse los motivos que dificultan la actividad física y diseñar programas según las recomendaciones actuales.

Presencia de alergias en menores por consumo temprano de alimentos en Barranquilla, Colombia / Allergies in children due to early food consumption in Barranquilla, Colombia

RESUMEN Objetivo Determinar la prevalencia de síntomas asociados a asma, rinitis y eccema relacionada con la ingesta de alimentos en menores de seis a siete años. Metodología Estudio descriptivo de prevalencia de asma, rinitis y eccema y la relación con el consumo de alimentos. Información obtenida en 1 520 escolares del Distrito de Barraquilla y su área metropolitana. Se empleó metodología ISSAC procesándose la información mediante el software SPSS versión 24 El cuestionario fue contestado por el acudiente del menor y solo se tuvieron en cuenta los que tenían debidamente diligenciado los consentimientos informados Se hizo análisis empleando Chi-cuadrado, y el valor P de significancia con un 95% de confianza. Resultados Para los 1 520 menores encuestados el alimento que presentó relación con alergias fue el pescado asociándolo con el asma, evidenciando que en la población puede ser factor protector para la aparición de eccema mostrando estadísticamente una P<0,05, un Chi-cuadrado: 4,566, IC 95% [0,3;0,8]. Conclusiones De los alimentos analizados el pescado es uno que presentó relación y se asoció como factor protector para el eccema, el consumo de la leche de vaca se relacionó como factor protector para rinitis; en lo referente a los demás alimentos y las alergias el estudio no es conclusivo en cuanto a si la ingesta temprana es un factor predisponente o desencadenante de ellas en los menores, o no lo son.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To determine the prevalence of symptoms associated with asthma, rhinitis and eczema with food intake in children under six years of age. Materials and Methods Descriptive study on the prevalence of asthma, rhinitis and eczema and their correlation with food consumption. Information was obtained from 1 520 schoolchildren of the District of Barranquilla and its metropolitan area. The ISSAC method was used to process the information, which was provided by the child's guardian, using the software SPSS version 24. Only duly completed questionnaires with informed consents were considered. Analysis was made using a chi-squared test, with a significant P value and 95% confidence. Results In the 1 520 children surveyed, the type of food related to allergies was fish, associated with asthma, showing that this may be a protective factor for the population regarding the onset of eczema, with a statistically a P value of <0.05, chi-square of 4.566, and CI of 95% [0.3;0.8]. Conclusions The analyzed foods showed that fish is related and associated as a protective factor for eczema, while the consumption of cow's milk was related as a protective factor for rhinitis. Regarding other foods and allergies, the study is not conclusive as to whether their early intake is a predisposing factor or trigger in children.(AU)

Alimentación materna y desarrollo de alergias en menores de 6 y 7 años / Maternal feeding and allergy development in minors of 6 and 7 years

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de alergias en niños y niñas de 6 y 7 años y su relación con la nutrición materna Materiales y métodos: Este estudio transversal descriptivo de prevalencia de alergias en niños y niñas de 6 y 7 años y su relación con la alimentación de la madre recolectó la información a través del cuestionario del International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood, el cual es empleado para describir el comportamiento epidemiológico de las enfermedades como asma, rinitis y eccema en niños y jóvenes; dicho instrumentos este fue resuelto por los padres de los menores previa firma y entrega del consentimiento informado. El cuestionario arrojó una confiabilidad del 0,78 en el α de Cronbach; a las categorías de interés de este estudio se les hizo análisis de proporción, y el contraste de hipótesis se realizó mediante diferencia de proporciones con intervalo de confianza en un nivel del 95 %, Resultados: Teniendo en cuenta los resultados sobre el consumo de alimentos de la madre en etapa de gestación y la presencia de síntomas de alergia en los menores, se concluye que: Valor-P = 0,05 Valor-Zα/2 = -34,6241 No se acepta la H0 para un α/2 = 0,025, se encontró en el estudio que aunque las madres refirieron haber consumido mayormente alimentos saludables, sus hijos presentaron síntomas de enfermedades alérgicas asociadas a asma, rinitis y eccema. Conclusiones: Este estudio, al igual que otros, no presenta un consenso sobre si la dieta materna influye positivamente en la disminución de alergias en los neonatos.

Abstract Objective: To establish the prevalence of allergies in boys and girls of 6 and 7 years old and their relation with maternal nutrition. Methods and materials: Descriptive transversal study of prevalence of allergies in boys and girls of 6 and 7 years old and their relation with theirs mother´s nutrition, information that was collected through the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood questionnaire, which is used to describe the epidemiological behavior of diseases like asthma, rhinitis and eczema in kids and youths. It was resolved by theirs parents before their signature and delivery of informed consent. It was made a questionnaire throw one reliability of 0,78 in the α of Cronbach, an analysis of proportion to the categories of interest of this study and a contrast of hypothesis was made by the differences of proportions with the interval of confidence in a level of 95% Results: Given the results of the consumption of mother´s food in the gestation age and the presence of symptom of allergies in kids, it includes that: Value-P: 0,05 Value -Za/2: -34,6241, it´s not accepted the Ho for a α/2= 0,025. It was found in the study although mothers reported having consumed mainly healthy food, these children felt and showed symptom of allergic diseases, associated with asthma, rhinitis and eczema. Conclusions: This study as well as others, does not present a consensus looking if the maternal diet influences positively in the reduction of allergies in neonates.

Assessing variability in compliance with recommendations given by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) for patients with type 2 diabetes in primary care using electronic records. The APNA study.

OBJECTIVE: Assess compliance with the IDF recommendations for patients with Diabetes Type2 (DM2), and its variability, by groups of doctors and nurses who provide primary care services in Navarre (Spain). MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGIES: A cross-sectional study of a population of 462,568 inhabitants, aged ≥18 years in 2013, attended by 381 units of doctor/nurse (quota). Clinical data were collected retrospectively through electronic records. Using cluster analysis, we identified two groups of units according to the score for each indicator. We calculated the Odds Ratio, adjusted for age sex, BMI, socioeconomic status and smoking, for complying with each recommendation whether a patient was treated by one of the quota from the highest score to the lowest. 30,312 patients with DM2 were identified: prevalence: 6.39%; coefficient of variation between UDN: 22.8%; biggest cluster 7.7% and smallest 5.3%; OR=1.54 (1.50-1.58). The HbA1c control at ≤8% was 82.8% (82.2-83.3) and >9% was 7.6% (7.3-8.0), with OR 1.79 (1.69-1.89) and 2.62 (2.36-2.91) respectively. Control of BP and LDL-C show significant differences between the clusters. CONCLUSIONS: An important variability was identified according to the doctor treating patients. The average HbA1c control is acceptable being limited in BP and LDL-C.

Presencia de síntomas asociados a enfermedades alérgicas por consumo de alimentos en niños antes y después de los seis meses de edad en barranquilla - colombia / Presence of symptoms associated with allergic diseases by consumption of foods in children's before and after of six months old in barranquilla - colombia

En este trabajo de investigación, se determinó si la presencia de síntomas asociados a enfermedades alérgicas presenta relación con el consumo de alimentos en niños, antes y después de los 6 meses de edad, considerando estudios que indican que la ingesta temprana de alimentos, por parte de los menores, puede ser factor predisponente a padecimiento de enfermedades alérgicas. Se realizó mediante estudio de carácter descriptivo modalidad Cross, seccional en escuelas públicas y privadas del Distrito de Barranquilla, a nivel de básica primaria, aplicando el instrumento cuestionario ISAAC. Se obtuvieron 1.520 encuestas contestadas por los padres de los menores de niños y niñas, entre 6 y 7 años, 47% varones y 53% niñas. De los alimentos objetos del presente estudio, huevos, pescado y leche de vaca, los que presentaron valores significativos en relación a la presencia de síntomas enfermedades alérgicas fue: el pescado, para el asma, con un p valor < 0,05, y un OR: 2,40; en los demás alimentos, no se pudo establecer, mediante significancia relación entre el padecimiento de alergias y su consumo. Actualmente, no hay un consenso universal y este estudio tampoco concluye si la ablactación temprana y la ingesta de alimentos, antes de los seis meses de edad, pueda provocar la presencia de síntomas de enfermedades alérgicas. Se recomienda continuar con las recomendaciones de la Organización Mundial de la Salud e iniciar ingreso de alimentos a la dieta del menor, después de los seis meses.

In this research, it was determined whether the presence of symptoms associated with allergic diseases is related to food consumption in children before and after 6 months of age, considering studies that indicate that the early intake of food by children Can be a predisposing factor to allergic diseases, was carried out by means of a descriptive cross sectional modality in public and private schools of the District of Barranquilla at primary level through the instrument ISAAC questionnaire. We obtained 1520 surveys answered by the parents of the minors of children between 6 and 7 years old, 47% male and 53% female. Of the food items of the present study, eggs, fish and cow's milk, those presenting significant values in relation to the presence of allergic diseases symptoms were: fish for asthma with a p value <0.05, and an OR: 2.40 in other foods could not be established by a significant relationship between the allergy condition and its consumption. There is currently no universal consensus and this study also does not conclude whether early ablation and food intake before 6 months of age may lead to the presence of allergic disease symptoms, it is recommended to continue the recommendations of the World Health Organization and initiate food intake into the child's diet after six months.

International study of perceived neighbourhood environmental attributes and Body Mass Index: IPEN Adult study in 12 countries.

BACKGROUND: Ecological models of health behaviour are an important conceptual framework to address the multiple correlates of obesity. Several single-country studies previously examined the relationship between the built environment and obesity in adults, but results are very diverse. An important reason for these mixed results is the limited variability in built environments in these single-country studies. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine associations between perceived neighbourhood built environmental attributes and BMI/weight status in a multi-country study including 12 environmentally and culturally diverse countries. METHODS: A multi-site cross-sectional study was conducted in 17 cities (study sites) across 12 countries (Australia, Belgium, Brazil, China, Colombia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Mexico, New Zealand, Spain, the UK and USA). Participants (n = 14222, 18-66 years) self-reported perceived neighbourhood environmental attributes. Height and weight were self-reported in eight countries, and measured in person in four countries. RESULTS: Three environmental attributes were associated with BMI or weight status in pooled data from 12 countries. Safety from traffic was the most robust correlate, suggesting that creating safe routes for walking/cycling by reducing the speed and volume of traffic might have a positive impact upon weight status/BMI across various geographical locations. Close proximity to several local destinations was associated with BMI across all countries, suggesting compact neighbourhoods with more places to walk related to lower BMI. Safety from crime showed a curvilinear relationship with BMI, with especially poor crime safety being related to higher BMI. CONCLUSIONS: Environmental interventions involving these three attributes appear to have international relevance and focusing on these might have implications for tackling overweight/obesity.

Cambios en el consumo de tabaco de los estudiantes de la Universidad Pública de Navarra, España, durante el periodo universitario / Changes in the Tobacco Consumption of Students in Navarre, Spain, during their College Life / Análise do consumo de tabaco dos estudantes em Navarra, Espanha, durante o período acadêmico

Objetivo: Analizar los cambios que se producen en el patrón de consumo de tabaco de estudiantes de la Universidad Pública de Navarra, en el tercer curso de titulación versus el primero. Metodología: Estudio de cohorte descriptivo-observacional. Se autoaplicó un cuestionario, con preguntas sobre el consumo de tabaco. La utilización de una clave elaborada por el propio estudiante permitió enlazar los cuestionarios en los dos momentos del estudio, para asegurar la confidencialidad de los datos. Para el análisis estadístico de los datos se utilizó el paquete estadístico SPSS v21.0. Resultados: La cohorte la constituyeron 245 estudiantes: el 64,1% eran mujeres (n = 157), y el 35,9%, hombres (n = 88). El porcentaje de fumadores a diario descendió de un 24,5% en primer curso a un 23,7% en tercero, así como el porcentaje de fumadores ocasionales (de 21,6% a 20,8%). Sin embargo, el consumo medio de cigarrillos diario entre los fumadores aumentó de 10,30% a 11,02%. En las mujeres se observó la misma tendencia de cambio que en la media general: 2,8% el descenso de las fumadoras a diario y 1% las fumadoras ocasionales. Entre tanto, en los hombres aumentó el porcentaje de fumadores a diario (1,2%) y el de fumadores ocasionales (1,10%), así como el número medio de cigarrillos consumidos al día que se aumenta en 2,6. Conclusiones: Un alto porcentaje de estudiantes mantiene la frecuencia de consumo de tabaco durante la vida universitaria, que resultan porcentajes similares entre los que modifican su hábito aumentando o disminuyendo la frecuencia de consumo.

Objective: To analyze the change in the tobacco consumption of the university students during their university studies. Methodology: A descriptive cohort study of university students followed from the first to third year. An anonymous questionnaire was administered to the students. The use of a key generated by the student questionnaires allowed linking the two stages of the study, ensuring the confidentiality of data. A statistical package SPSS v210 was used for the statistical analysis of data. Results: The cohort consisting of 245 students, with 64.1% of female (n=157) and 35.9% male (n=88). The percentage of daily smokers decreased from 24.5% in the first year to 23.7% in the third, and the percentage of occasional smokers (from 21.6% to 20.8%). However, the average daily consumption of cigarettes among smokers increased from 10.30% to 11.02%. In women, the same trend of change in the overall average being 2.8% declining daily smokers and 1.0% the casual smokers was observed. However in men the percentage of daily smokers increased (1.2%) and occasional smokers (1.10%) and the average number of cigarettes smoked per day increases by 2.6. Conclusions: A high percentage of students support the frequency of consumption of tobacco during the university life, turning out to be similar percentages between those who modify smoking increasing or decreasing the frequency of consumption.

Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as mudanças que ocorrem no padrão de consumo de tabaco por estudantes universitários no terceiro ano de estudo em relação ao primeiro ano. Metodologia: Estudo de coorte descritivo de uma coorte de estudantes universitários seguiu para o primeiro e terceiro ano os alunos. Autocuplimentación questionário com perguntas sobre o consumo de tabaco foi aprovada. O uso de uma chave gerada pelos questionários dos alunos autorizados a ligar as duas etapas do estudo, garantindo a confidencialidade dos dados. Para a análise estatística do pacote estatístico SPSSS dados v21.0 foi usado. Resultado: A coorte constituída 245 alunos, com 64,1% de participantes do sexo feminino (n = 157) e 35,9% do sexo masculino (n = 88). O percentual de fumantes diários diminuiu de 24,5% no primeiro ano para 23,7% no terceiro, eo percentual de fumantes ocasionais (de 21,6% para 20,8%). No entanto, o consumo médio diário de cigarros entre os fumantes aumentou 10,30%- 11,02%. Nas mulheres, a mesma tendência de mudança na média geral sendo 2,8% de declínio fumantes diários e 1% dos fumantes ocasionais foi observada. No entanto, em homens, aumentou o percentual de fumantes diários (1,2%) e fumantes ocasionais (1,10%) e do número médio de cigarros fumados por dia aumenta em 2.6. Conclusões: Uma elevada percentagem de estudantes mantém a frequência de consumo de tabaco durante a vida da faculdade, resultando em taxas similares entre aqueles que mudam de hábito, aumentando ou diminuindo a frequência de consumo.

[Study of prevalence and association between asthma symptoms and obesity in the pediatric population of Pamplona]. / Estudio de prevalencia y asociación entre síntomas de asma y obesidad en la población pediátrica de Pamplona.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of asthma symptoms and overweight-obese in children aged 6-7 years and adolescents aged 13-14 years within the metropolitan area of Pamplona, and analyse the risk of asthma within the age groups and the influences if sex on this relationship. METHODS: The study is based on data of asthma symptoms and body mass index of 4,413 children and adolescents obtained from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies phase III questionnaire. Unconditional logistic regression was used to obtain adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for overweight-obesity and asthma symptoms in both groups, taking as reference the group of normal weight. Afterwards, it was stratified by sex. RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight-obesity in the group aged 6-7 years was 23.9% and in the group of teenagers was 11.5%. The prevalence of asthma symptoms in both age groups was lower than the Spanish average. The obese children aged 6-7 years had a higher risk of asthma symptoms. When it was stratified by sex, an increased risk in all asthma symptoms was observed only in obese girls. No relationship between obesity and asthma was observed n the adolescents group. CONCLUSIONS: Obesity in children is related to asthma symptoms. Obese girls have an increased risk and more severe asthma symptoms than boys.

Objetivos: El objetivo de este estudio es determinar la prevalencia de síntomas de asma y de sobrepeso-obesidad de niños de 6-7años y adolescentes de 13-14 años del área metropolitana de Pamplona, así como analizar si los niños-adolescentes con sobrepeso u obesidad presentan un mayor riesgo de padecer asma y si el sexo modifica esta relación. Métodos: Los datos de síntomas de asma e índice de masa corporal (IMC) de 4.413 niños y adolescentes se obtuvieron del cuestionario International Study of Allergies and Asthma fase III. Se realizó regresión logística no condicional para obtener las odds ratios ajustadas (OR) y los intervalos de confianza del 95% (IC del 95 %) para sobrepeso-obesidad y síntomas de asma en ambos grupos, tomando como referencia el grupo de normopeso. Posteriormente se estratifico por sexo. Resultados: la prevalencia de sobrepeso-obesidad en el grupo de 6-7 años fue de 23,9% y en el grupo de adolescentes de 11,5%. La prevalencia de síntomas de asma en ambos grupos de edad fue inferior a la media española. Los niños de 6-7 años obesos presentaron mayor riesgo de síntomas de asma. Al estratificar por sexo, se observó un aumento de riesgo en todos los síntomas de asma solo en niñas obesas. En el grupo de adolescentes no se observó relación entre obesidad y asma. Conclusiones: La obesidad en niños esta relacionada con los síntomas de asma. Las niñas obesas presentan un mayor riesgo y mayor gravedad de síntomas de asma que los niños.

Factores de riesgo de síntomas de rinitis alérgica en adolescentes de Castellón, España / Risk factors for symptoms of allergic rhinitis in adolescents in Castellón, Spain

OBJETIVOS: Estimar factores de riesgo de síntomas de rinitis alérgica en adolescentes de Castellón, España. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal de base poblacional a partir de la fase III del ISAAC (International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood) llevado a cabo en 2002 entre adolescentes de 13 a 14 años. Se utilizó el cuestionario ISAAC para definir los casos de rinitis alérgica. Se estimaron razones de posibilidades (RP) y sus intervalos de confianza de 95 por ciento (IC95 por ciento) mediante modelos de regresión logística. RESULTADOS: La participación fue de 66,8 por ciento (3 995 adolescentes de un total de 5 981). La prevalencia de síntomas de rinoconjuntivitis en los últimos 12 meses fue de 16,5 por ciento, y la prevalencia de alergia nasal alguna vez, de 7,4 por ciento. Con la regresión logística, la rinoconjuntivitis se asoció a la mujer (RP=1,63; IC95 por ciento:1,33-2,00); fumar la madre en casa (RP=1,32; IC95 por ciento:1,08-1,63); historia de sinusitis (RP=2,02; IC95 por ciento:1,51-2,70), y circulación constante de camiones por la calle de residencia (RP=1,58; IC95 por ciento:1,02-2,44). De igual manera, la alergia nasal se asoció con la historia familiar de rinitis alérgica (RP=2,62; IC95 por ciento:1,90-3,63); historia de sinusitis (RP=2,65; IC95 por ciento:1,77-3,96), historia de bronquitis (RP=1,68; IC95 por ciento:1,19-2,36), y clase social, con descensos progresivos al comparar las clases superiores e inferiores. CONCLUSIONES: Diferentes factores de riesgo medioambientales se asociaron con el hecho de sufrir síntomas de alergia nasal; se sugiere la importancia de adecuar medidas preventivas específicas.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the risk factor for symptoms of allergic rhinitis in adolescents in Castellón, Spain. METHODS: A cross-sectional population based study of Phase III of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) conducted in 2002 among adolescents from 13-14 years of age. The ISAAC questionnaire was used to define cases of allergic rhinitis. Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratio (OR) and their 95 percent confidence intervals (95 percentCI). RESULTS: Participation was 66.8 percent (3 995 adolescents of the 5 981 total). The prevalence of rhinoconjunctivitis symptoms in the last 12 months was 16.5 percent and the prevalence of nasal allergy at some point was 7.4 percent. Logistic regression showed that rhinoconjunctivitis was associated with being female (OR = 1.63; 95 percentCI: 1.33-2.00); a mother who smokes in the home (OR = 1.32; 95 percentCI: 1.08-1.63); a history of sinusitis (OR = 2.02; 95 percentCI: 1.51-2.70); and living on a street with heavy truck traffic (OR = 1.58; 95 percentCI: 1.02-2.44). Likewise, nasal allergy was associated with a family history of allergic rhinitis (OR = 2.62; 95 percentCI: 1.90-3.63); a history of sinusitis (OR = 2.65; 95 percent CI: 1.77-3.96); a history of bronchitis (OR = 1.68; 95 percentCI: 1.19-2.36); and social class, with a steady decline when comparing higher classes to lower classes. CONCLUSIONS: Various environmental risk factors were associated with the symptoms of nasal allergies, which points to the importance of implementing specific preventive measures.

[Prevalence of physical activity and its relationship to sociodemographic variables and lifestyles in the age 18-65 population of Pamplona, Spain]. / Prevalencia de actividad física y su relación con variables sociodemográficas y estilos de vida en la población de 18 a 65 años de Pamplona.

BACKGROUND: Current scientific knowledge upholds the possibility of considering a cause-effect relationship to exist between the degree of physical activity and the onset of different diseases. Des pite this, physical activity is not a very well-rooted practice among the population, which is progressively becoming more sedentary. This study is aimed at describing the prevalence of sedentarism among the population of Pamplona, as well as ascertaining what factors have the greatest bearing thereon. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted by means of a postal survey on a significant sample of the age 18-65 population of Pamplona. The survey used included an evaluation of the degree of physical activity based on the Paffenbarger physical activity questionnaire. A bivariate and multivariate analysis was made using logic regression. RESULTS: A total of 76.6% of the females have a sedentary lifestyle, whilst this percentage drops to 56.7% among males. Sedenta rism increases with age, up to 80.3% of males and 86.3% of females being respectively sedentary in the oldest age group. CONCLUSIONS: The sociodemographic factors such as sex, age, formal education, occupation and marital status seem to be determi ning factors of the sedentary lifestyle, while smoking and being overweight or obese are not. Among the young, the females not having a college education and married men who are smokers seem to be target populations for promoting physical activity.