Potential Surviving Effect of Cleome droserifolia Extract against Systemic Staphylococcus aureus Infection: Investigation of the Chemical Content of the Plant.

The increasing rates of morbidity and mortality owing to bacterial infections, particularly Staphylococcus aureus have necessitated finding solutions to face this issue. Thus, we elucidated the phytochemical constituents and antibacterial potential of Cleome droserifolia extract (CDE). Using LC-ESI-MS/MS, the main phytoconstituents of CDE were explored, which were kaempferol-3,7-O-bis-alpha-L-rhamnoside, isorhamnetin, cyanidin-3-glucoside, kaempferide, kaempferol-3-O-alpha-L-rhamnoside, caffeic acid, isoquercitrin, quinic acid, isocitrate, mannitol, apigenin, acacetin, and naringenin. The CDE exerted an antibacterial action on S. aureus isolates with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 128 to 512 µg/mL. Also, CDE exhibited antibiofilm action using a crystal violet assay. A scanning electron microscope was employed to illuminate the effect of CDE on biofilm formation, and it considerably diminished S. aureus cell number in the biofilm. Moreover, qRT-PCR was performed to study the effect of CDE on biofilm gene expression (cna, fnbA, and icaA). The CDE revealed a downregulating effect on the studied biofilm genes in 43.48% of S. aureus isolates. Regarding the in vivo model, CDE significantly decreased the S. aureus burden in the liver and spleen of CDE-treated mice. Also, it significantly improved the mice's survival and substantially decreased the inflammatory markers (interleukin one beta and interleukin six) in the studied tissues. Furthermore, CDE has improved the histology and tumor necrosis factor alpha immunohistochemistry in the liver and spleen of the CDE-treated group. Thus, CDE could be considered a promising candidate for future antimicrobial drug discovery studies.

Chemotherapeutic potential of betanin/capecitabine combination targeting colon cancer: experimental and bioinformatic studies exploring NFκB and cyclin D1 interplay.

Introduction: Betanin (C24H26N2O13) is safe to use as food additives approved by the FDA with anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects in many types of cancer cell lines. The current experiment was designed to test the chemotherapeutic effect of the combination of betanin with the standard chemotherapeutic agent, capecitabine, against chemically induced colon cancer in mice. Methods: Bioinformatic approach was designed to get information about the possible mechanisms through which the drugs may control cancer development. Five groups of mice were assigned as, (i) saline, (ii) colon cancer, (iii) betanin, (iv) capecitabine and (v) betanin/capecitabine. Drugs were given orally for a period of six weeks. Colon tissues were separated and used for biological assays and histopathology. Results: In addition, the mRNA expression of TNF-α (4.58-fold), NFκB (5.33-fold), IL-1ß (4.99-fold), cyclin D1 (4.07-fold), and IL-6 (3.55-fold) and protein levels showed several folds increases versus the saline group. Tumor histopathology scores in the colon cancer group (including cryptic distortion and hyperplasia) and immunostaining for NFκB (2.94-fold) were high while periodic-acid Schiff staining demonstrated poor mucin content (33% of the saline group). These pathologic manifestations were reduced remarkably in betanin/capecitabine group. Conclusion: Collectively, our findings demonstrated the usefulness of betanin/capecitabine combination in targeting colon cancer and highlighted that betanin is a promising adjuvant therapy to capecitabine in treating colon cancer patients.

Assessment of developmental toxicity and the potential mode of action underlying single and binary exposure to estrogenic endocrine disrupting chemicals in zebrafish (Danio rerio).

The current study investigated the effect of single and binary exposure to distinct xenoestrogens, including diethylstilbestrol (DES) and zearalenone (ZEN), on zebrafish embryos subjected to continuous exposure for 4 days starting from 4 h post fertilization. Noteworthy impact on cumulative mortality, hatchability, spinal and tail curvature, pericardial edema, and reduction in blood circulation were observed in DES-treated embryos, with lower incidence and intensity shown for ZEN at the same nominal concentration (3 µM). An interactive effect was seen for the combined exposure to DES and ZEN, in which deformities and circulatory failure mediated by DES were mitigated by co-treatment with low concentrations of ZEN. Similarly, ZEN-induced spinal and tail curvature, pericardial edema, and blood flow reduction declined dramatically following DES co-exposure at low concentrations. A significant counteracting effect has been observed against DES- and ZEN-induced developmental anomalies following co-treatment with an estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist, fulvestrant (FUL). The assessment of the aromatase gene (CYP19A1b) showed that DES strongly upregulated mRNA expression of CYP19A1b with a lower EC50 (1.1 × 10-3 nM) than a natural estrogen, 17ß-estradiol (2.5 nM). Similarly, ZEN induced CYP19A1b mRNA expression with an EC50 of 57 nM. Exposure to 10 or 20 µM FUL inhibited the expression of CYP19A1b induced by a single treatment of DES or ZEN. Overall, the competitive action against ER could be the main mechanism underlying the developmental toxicity induced by DES and ZEN.

Exploring novel anticancer pyrazole benzenesulfonamides featuring tail approach strategy as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.

This study aimed to design potent carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs) based on pyrazole benzenesulfonamide core. Nine series of substituted pyrazole benzenesulfonamide compounds were synthesized with variable groups like sulphamoyl group as in compounds 4a-e, its bioisosteric carboxylic acid as in compounds 5a-e and 8e, ethyl carboxylate ester as in compounds 6a-e and 9a-e, which were designed as potential prodrugs, isothiazole ring as in compound 7, hydrazide derivative 10e, hydroxamic acid derivatives 11a-e and semicarbazide derivatives 12a-c,e. All the synthesized compounds were investigated for their carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitory activity against two human CA isoforms hCA IX and hCA XII and compared to acetazolamide (AAZ). Also, the compounds were assessed for their anticancer activity against 60 cancer cell lines according to the US NCI protocol. Compounds 4b, 5b, 5d, 5e, 6b, 9b, 9e and 11b revealed significant inhibitory activity against both isoforms hCA IX and hCA XII, while 6e, 9d, 11d and 11e showed significant inhibitory activity against hCA XII only compared to acetazolamide as a reference. This would highlight these compounds as promising anticancer drugs. Moreover, compound 6e revealed a remarkable cytostatic activity against CNS cancer cell line (SF-539; TGI = 5.58 µM), renal cancer cell line (786-0; TGI = 4.32 µM) and breast cancer cell line (HS 578 T; TGI = 5.43 µM). Accordingly, compound 6e was subjected to cell cycle analysis and apoptotic assay on the abovementioned cell lines at the specified GI50 (0.45, 0.89 and 1.18 µM, respectively). Also, it revealed the increment of total apoptotic cells percentage in 786-0 (53.19%), SF-539 (46.11%) and HS 578 T (43.55%) relative to the control cells (2.07, 2.64 and 2.52%, respectively). In silico prediction of BBB permeability showed that most of the calculations for compound 6e resulted as BBB (+), which is required for a compound targeting CNS. Further, the interaction of the most active compounds with the key amino acids in the active sites of hCA IX and hCA XII was highlighted by molecular docking analysis.

Diagnosis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease by Abdominal Ultrasound and Color Doppler Techniques.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The utility of ultrasound and color Doppler in the diagnosis and evaluation of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) has not been studied enough. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to evaluate the importance of conventional abdominal ultrasound and color Doppler in diagnosing IBD and assessing disease activity. METHODS: The study was conducted at the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (NHTMRI) between July 2018 and January 2019, in which 150 patients were suffering from diarrhea, dysentery, tenesmus, or rectal bleeding were evaluated by colonoscopy, high-resolution ultrasound, and color Doppler scans. RESULTS: The present study was conducted on 150 patients; 84 (56%) had ulcerative colitis (UC), 16 (10.7%) had Crohn's disease (CD), and 50 (33.3%) had normal colonoscopy results with a mean age 37.2 ± 9.059. The superior mesenteric Artery Peak Systolic Velocity (SMA-PSV) and End Diastolic Velocity (EDV) were significantly higher in both UC and CD than in the control group; however, pulsatility index (PI) was significantly higher in the control group than both UC and CD. However, there was no significant difference between UC and CD. The inferior mesenteric artery PSV and EDV were significantly higher in both UC and CD than in the control group. CONCLUSION: Doppler ultrasound findings of SMA and IMA correlate with the incidence of inflammatory bowel disease, the site of disease, and its activity.

Emerging therapeutic modality enhancing the efficiency of chemotherapeutic agents against head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines.

The current work aimed to evaluate bee venom (BV) cytotoxic effect and its synergistic action when combined with cisplatin (CIS) against four types of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cell lines. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-Yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay for cell viability, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for expression of BCL2 associated X (BAX), B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) genes and, flow cytometry for cell cycle analysis were performed. MTT assay revealed that BV caused an approximately 50% cell death for UMSCC12, UMSCC29, UMSCC38 and, UMSCC47 cell lines after 72 hr with 54.809 µg/ml, 61.287 µg/ml, 71.328 µg/ml and, 61.045 µg/ml, respectively. RT-PCR demonstrated a significant up-regulation of BAX gene and a significant down-regulation of BCL2 and EGFR genes among single or combined treatments with CIS and BV as compared to vehicle-treated. The cell lines treated with both BV and CIS showed marked elevation of BAX and a notable drop of BCL2 and EGFR expressions than single-treated groups. Cell cycle analysis via flow cytometry revealed significantly increased cells in the G2/M phase in single or combined-treated cell lines with CIS and BV when compared with vehicle-treated. Moreover, a significant decrease in cells in S phases among all single and combined treatments when matched with vehicle-treated. Briefly, the findings of the present study suggest that BV can exert an anti-cancer effect on HNSCC and may have the potentiality for potentiation of CIS cytotoxic effects and reduction of its adverse effects.

MiR-155 and MiR-665 Role as Potential Non-invasive Biomarkers for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Egyptian Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer associated death globally. Serum micro RNAs are full of potential as noninvasive biomarkers. Here, we aim to assess the performance of serum MicroRNA-155 and MicroRNA-665 as diagnostic biomarker for HCC comparing to AFP. METHODS: Serum samples were collected from 200 subjects (40 healthy control, 80 chronic hepatitis C patients with cirrhosis and without HCC (LC) and 80 HCC patients currently infected by hepatitis C infection and didn't start the treatment). The HCC patients didn't include alcoholic liver disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease nor autoimmune liver disease. MicroRNA-155 and MicroRNA-665 expression were measured by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), while AFP level was assessed by ELISA method. RESULTS: Both miR-155 and miR-665 were significantly elevated in HCC group as compared to both control and LC groups. The comparison between LC and HCC patients revealed that the serum level of miR-155 was a significant increase in HCC patients compared to LC patients; however, the serum level of miR-665 didn't show any significant difference between the same two groups. MiR-665 expression level showed a direct correlation with tumor size in HCC patients. CONCLUSIONS: Using measurement against AFP level in serum, miR-665 is considered a promising serum biomarker for the diagnosis of HCC patients among the LC patients without HCC. MiR-155 didn't provide a better performance than serum AFP as a diagnostic biomarker among the same group. MiR-665 may serve as a good indicator for HCC prognosis.

Expression of pRb, Ki67 and HER 2/neu in gastric carcinomas: Relation to different histopathological grades and stages.

Gastric carcinoma is one of the aggressive malignancies with poor prognosis. The expression of pRb, Ki67, Her-2 in relation to tumor grade and stage in gastric carcinoma still needs more exploration. This study was performed aiming to study the immunohistochemical expression of altered retinoblastoma encoding protein (pRb), Ki67 and Her-2 in gastric carcinoma and to investigate their clinical and pathological significance. We studied tumor tissue specimens from 48 patients with gastric carcinoma. Paraffin sections were submitted for immunohistochemistry using pRb, Ki67 and Her-2. Statistical analysis was performed for clinical and pathological data of all studied cases. Altered pRb was expressed in 79% of the studied tumors, inversely correlated with tumor invasion and stage with no significant relation with tumor grade, age, and gender and tumor size. Ki67 LI was significantly associated with tumor grade and stage but not related to sex, age, tumor size, site, depth of invasion and lymph node metastasis. Her2 was expressed in 75% of studies tumors with significant association with tumor grade, the depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis and higher tumor stage. However, there was no significant association between Her-2 expression and gender, tumor site and size. In conclusion, altered pRb is frequently expressed in gastric carcinoma, inversely correlates with tumor invasion and tumor stage suggesting an early event in gastric carcinogenesis. Ki67 expression in gastric carcinoma is directly correlated with the tumor grade and depth of invasion. Her2 expression is significantly correlated with tumor grade, depth of invasion and stage.

Expression levels of ß-catenin and galectin-3 in meningioma and their effect on brain invasion and recurrence: a tissue microarray study.

OBJECTIVE: Meningiomas are neoplasms that arise from the meninges of the central nervous system (CNS). They constitute about 25.6% of CNS tumors diagnosed in Egypt. Some morphological variants of meningiomas display aggressive behavior, leading to brain-invasive growth pattern. Although meningiomas are usually treated by complete surgical excision, the risk of postoperative recurrence remains. Hence, additional biomarkers for predicting aggressive behavior must be discovered. This study aims to explore the clinical and biological relevance of the protein expression levels of ß-catenin and galectine-3 in meningioma and to understand the pathobiology of this neoplasm. METHODS: This retrospective study was carried out on 153 cases of meningioma by using tissue microarrays and immunohistochemistry for ß-catenin and galectine-3. RESULTS: High ß-catenin expression was significantly associated with transitional and meningiotheliomatous meningiomas, low tumor grade, low recurrence rate, and low incidence of brain invasion. Meanwhile, high galectin-3 expression was associated with brain invasion, recurrence, high tumor grade, and tumor type. Logistic regression analysis indicated that among all variables included in the model, ß-catenin and galactin-3 expression levels were significant predictors of tumor recurrence (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Galectin-3 and ß-catenin are involved in meningioma recurrencebut not in brain invasion. These molecules could be important potential therapeutic targets and predictors for meningiomas.

Aged garlic extract ameliorates immunotoxicity, hematotoxicity and impaired burn-healing in malathion- and carbaryl-treated male albino rats.

Malathion and carbaryl are the most widely used organophosphate and carbamate insecticides, respectively, especially in developing countries; they pose a potential health hazard for both humans and animals. Here, we evaluated the protective effects of an odorless (free from allicin) Kyolic aged garlic extract (AGE, containing 0.1% S-allylcysteine; 200 mg/kg body weight) on the toxicity induced by 0.1 LD50 of malathion (89.5 mg/kg body weight) and/or carbaryl (33.9 mg/kg body weight) in male Wistar rats. Doses were orally administered to animals for four consecutive weeks. The present study showed that AGE completely modulated most adverse effects induced by malathion and/or carbaryl in rats including the normocytic normochromic anemia, immunosuppression, and the delay in the skin-burning healing process through normalizing the count of blood cells (erythrocytes, leucocytes and platelets), hemoglobin content, hematocrit value, blood glucose-6-phosphodehydrogenase activity, weights and cellularity of lymphoid organs, serum γ-globulin concentration, and the delayed type of hypersensitivity response to the control values, and accelerating the inflammatory and proliferative phases of burn-healing. In addition, AGE completely modulated the decrease in serum reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration and the increase in clotting time in malathion alone and carbaryl alone treated rats. Moreover, AGE induced a significant increase (P < 0.001) in serum GSH concentration (above the normal value) and accelerating burn-healing process in healthy rats. In conclusion, AGE was effective in modulating most adverse effects induced in rats by malathion and carbaryl, and hence may be useful as a dietary adjunct for alleviating the toxicity in highly vulnerable people to insecticides intoxication. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 789-798, 2017.

The oncofetal protein IMP3 is an indicator of early recurrence and poor outcome in mucoepidermoid carcinoma of salivary glands.

OBJECTIVE: Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) is the most common primary malignancy of the salivary glands. Insulin-like growth factor-II mRNA-binding protein-3 (IMP3) is an important prognostic factor in some cancers and a tool that differentiates between benign and malignant pancreatic lesions. This study aimed to identify a relationship between the expression of IMP3 and the outcome of salivary gland MEC, as well as to differentiate MEC from pleomorphic adenoma (PA). METHODS: Tissue specimens from 70 cases of salivary gland MEC, 40 cases of PA, and 10 cases with normal salivary gland were examined immunohistochemically for IMP3. The association among the expression of IMP3, clinicopathological characteristics and patient's survival was assessed. RESULTS: IMP3 was present in 51.4% of MEC but absent in PA and normal salivary gland tissues. IMP3 expression was associated with age > 60 years, submandibular gland tumors, tumor size > 4 cm, high-grade tumors, lymph node metastasis, involvement of surgical margins, perineural invasion, distant metastasis, advanced TNM stage, tumor relapse, and death ( P<0.05). Increased expression of IMP3, tumors of the submandibular gland, and lymph node metastasis were independent prognostic factors of -free survival (DFS). In addition, IMP3 was a strong predictor of overall survival (OS) together with distant metastasis and intermediate and high-grade tumors. CONCLUSIONS: IMP3 expression is highly important in evaluating the outcome of MEC. IMP3 can be used to differentiate MEC from PA of salivary glands.

Diagnostic value of CD10 and Bcl2 expression in distinguishing cutaneous basal cell carcinoma from squamous cell carcinoma and seborrheic keratosis.

The distinction between cutaneous basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and seborrheic keratosis (SK), which are common entities in clinical practice, can be difficult clinically and histologically. CD10 and Bcl2 antigens are important factors in tumor growth, survival and spread. The aim of the present study is to define the frequency of CD10 and Bcl2 expression in such cutaneous tumors and its relation to the clinicopathological characteristics as well as their possible diagnostic utility. CD10 and Bcl2 immunohistochemistry was performed on 30 BCC, 20 SCC and 15 SK. 93.3% of SK cases and 53.3% of BCC cases showed significant expression of CD10 in tumor cells when compared either with each other or with SCC cases (100% negative). Stromal CD10 expression was positive in 50% of BCC cases and 75% of SCC cases. Stromal CD10 expression was significantly higher in high risk BCC and BCC with infiltrating deep margins; furthermore, it showed a significant positive correlation with grade of SCC. A significant inverse correlation between CD10 expression in stromal and tumor cells of BCC was present. Bcl2 was significantly expressed in 93.3% of SK cases and 80% of BCC cases when compared with SCC cases (100% negative). It was found that for distinguishing BCC from SK, only CD10 expression in tumor cells provided a high diagnostic value with positive likelihood ratio (PLR) was 7.00. In addition, CD10 and Bcl2 expression in tumor cells could give convincing diagnostic value to distinguish SCC from SK (PLR=15.00 for each marker). Moreover, for differentiating BCC from SCC, only Bcl2 in the tumor cells could provide a high diagnostic value (PLR=5.5). In conclusion, CD10 and Bcl2 can help in differentiating cutaneous BCC from SK and SCC. The overexpression of CD10 in the stromal cells of SCC and some variants of BCC suggests the invasive properties of such tumors.

Difference between papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma outcomes: an experience from Egyptian institution.

OBJECTIVE: Differentiated thyroid carcinomas (DTCs) are classified into papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC). DTCs are analyzed as a single group in clinical studies that investigated the prognostic factors and prognosis of these malignancies. However, the biological behaviors of these carcinomas significantly differ. In the present study, we aimed to detect differences in the outcomes between PTC and FTC in Mansoura University Hospital in Egypt. METHODS: A total of 558 patients with histologically proven thyroid carcinomas from January 2003 to December 2012 were retrospectively enrolled. The clinical and pathological data of patients were reviewed. RESULTS: Large primary tumor size, lymph node involvement, extrathyroid extension, and distant metastasis were significant poor prognostic factors for overall survival (OS) in old PTC patients. Cox hazard analysis showed that the patient's age, extra thyroid extension, and distant metastasis were the only independent prognostic factors. In FTC patients, only the distant metastasis and degree of tumor invasion were significant poor prognostic factors in OS univariate analysis. However, these factors were nonsignificant in multivariate analysis. The 10-year OS rates were 97% and 89% for PTC and FTC, respectively (P=0.003). The 10-year disease-free survival (DFS) rates were 77.2% in PTC vs. 65% in FTC (P=0.179). CONCLUSION: The significant prognostic factors vary between the two types of DTCs. Therefore, PTC and FTC patients need to be analyzed and reported independently. PTC survival is widely and significantly affected by age, extrathyroid extension, and distant metastasis. By contrast, these factors were nonsignificant in FTC, which showed poorer survival than PTC.

Thyroid cancer in Egypt: histopathological criteria, correlation with survival and oestrogen receptor protein expression.

Thyroid cancer represents approximately 1% of new cancer and oestrogen may play a role in the pathogenesis of thyroid neoplasm. We aimed to study the clinicopathological criteria and ER expression of thyroid cancer in Mansoura University (Egypt), and to correlate the survival to these clinicopathological data and ER expression. This retrospective study reviewed 644 patients with histologically proven thyroid carcinoma during the period from 2003 to 2011. 152 cases during the period between 2008 and 2011 were retrieved from the archive and examined by immunohistochemistry for oestrogen receptor-α (ER) expression. ER-α expression is significantly associated with the female sex, lymph node metastasis, TNM stage, extrathyroid extension, multifocality disease and recurrence and in the whole series (p < 0.5). The same was noticed in papillary carcinoma (PTC) except the gender of the patient. Tumour type, extrathyroid extension and ER expression were the independent prognostic factors of DFS, while in PTC, only ER expression was the independent one. The histological type was the only independent prognostic factor for OAS in the series were studied for ER expression, while extrathyroid extension was the only one that affected OAS of PTC. There was significant positive correlation with lymph node metastasis and ER expression in whole patient and PTC cases. No difference in survival between the low and high ranges of positive oestrogen expression. The prognosis of thyroid carcinoma in Egypt is similar to that occurs worldwide. ER-α expression was a significant prognostic marker for DFS in thyroid cancer and can be used as a predictive factor of lymph node metastasis.

DETECTION OF HELICOBACTER ANTIGEN IN STOOL SAMPLES AND ITS RELATION TO H. PYLORI POSITIVE CHOLECYSTITIS IN EGYPTIAN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC CALCULAR CHOLECYSTITIS.

Evidences supporting the association between H. pylori infection and chronic cholecystitis could be found by using direct culture or staining of H. pylori in gallbladder tissues as well as indirect techniques. Stool antigen test has been widely used due to its noninvasive nature. Various stool antigen tests were developed to detect H. pylori using an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) based on monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies This study evaluated the frequency of H. pylori antigen in stool samples of patients with chronic calcular cholecystitis as regard gall bladder histopathological changes. Fifty patients were included presented with symptomatic qholecystolithiasis recruited from the outpatient clinic of National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute during 2014-2015. Full history and clinical examination and abdominal ultrasonography were performed. Stool samples were collected, prepared and examined for detection of H. pylori antigen. Cholecystectomy was done for all patients; 45 patients (90%) by laparoscopic Cholecystectomy and 5 patients (10%) by open surgery and removed gallbladders were submitted to pathology department for detection of H. pylori in tissue under microscope using Giemsa stain. The results showed that (82%) were females with mean age (42.6 +/- 1 years). The mean BMI was (29 + 7.2) H. pylori-specific antigen in stool samples was detected in 40% of patients and 38% were detected in patients; tissue, with significant correlation between H. pylori-specific antigen in stool and in tissue. Histopathological pictures infection in tissue were 68.4% mucosal erosions, 63.2% mucosal atrophy, 57.9% mucosal hyperplasia, 26.3% metaplasia, 42.1% musculosa hypertrophy, 26.3% fibrosis, but lymphoid aggregates were in 42.1% of cases.

Prognostic significance of cyclin D1 and E-cadherin expression in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma.

Cyclin D1 and E-cadherin are important factors in the progression and metastasis of cancers. Their role in laryngeal carcinoma has been studied with conflicting results. To define the frequency of cyclin D1 and E-cadherin expression and its correlation with both the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). Tumor tissue samples from 75 patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma were examined for cyclin D1 and E-cadherin expression by immunohistochemistry. The relationship between the expression of both molecules and the age and sex of the patient, tumor site, tumor differentiation, lymph node metastasis, tumor invasiveness, TNM stages, tumor recurrence and overall survival was analyzed. Cyclin D1 was found to be a significant independent prognostic factor of lymph node metastasis (p = 0.000). The multivariate analysis revealed that cyclin D1 and E-cadherin expression wasn't an independent prognostic factor of local recurrence free survival (LRFS) in patients with LSCC (P = 0.56 and 0.28) respectively. However, the univariate analysis revealed a significant association between them and LRFS (p = 0.003 and 0.000) respectively. Also, the group of high cyclin D1 /low E-cadherin expression had the poorest prognosis, so they might serve as potential predictors of the prognosis of the patients with LSCC. E-cadherin was found to affect the overall survival (OAS) significantly by the univariate analysis (p = 0.01). However, by the multivariate analysis the TNM stage was the only independent prognostic factor of OAS (p < 0.05). Cyclin D1 can be used as an independent prognostic marker of lymph node metastasis in patients with LSCC and can help to identify those patients with clinically negative lymph nodes but with considerable risk for occult metastasis. Detection of cyclin D1 and E-cadherin status in LSCC may contribute to the identification of patients with high risk factors of local recurrence. However, they don't appear to be better prognostic predictors than other established markers in LSCC.