Association between obesity and cancer risk in HIV-infected Asians.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to investigate the association between obesity and cancer risk as well as site-specific cancer risks in adults with HIV using a nationwide health screening database in Korea. METHODS: Of the 16,671 adults with a new diagnosis of HIV from 2004 to 2020, 456 incident cancer cases and 1,814 individually matched controls by sex, year of birth, year of HIV diagnosis, and follow-up duration (1:4 ratio) were included in this nested case-control study. The association between obesity (body mass index ≥25 kg/m 2 ) and cancer risks was estimated and presented as odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: Of the 456 cancer incident cases, there were 146 AIDS-defining cancer cases and 310 non-AIDS-defining cancer cases. Compared with non-obese adults with HIV, obese adults with HIV were at higher risk of non-AIDS-defining cancer (OR = 1.478, 95% CI = 1.118-1.955). Otherwise, the overall risk of AIDS-defining cancer (OR = 0.816, 95% CI = 0.520-1.279) and each type of AIDS-defining cancer (Kaposi sarcoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma) were not high in obese adults with HIV. Of the specific types of non-AIDS-defining cancers, obesity was associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer (OR = 3.090, 95% CI = 1.110-8.604) and liver, bile duct, and pancreatic cancers (OR = 2.532, 95% CI = 1.141-5.617). CONCLUSIONS: Obesity, which is one of the important health concerns in HIV management, was associated with an increased risk of non-AIDS-defining cancer but not AIDS-defining cancer.

Assessment of Disease Burden and Immunization Rates for Vaccine-Preventable Diseases in People Living with HIV: The Korea HIV/AIDS Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Prophylactic immunization is important for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients; however, there are insufficient data on the burden of vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs), vaccination rates, and factors influencing vaccination. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The incidence and prevalence of VPDs in HIV-infected patients between 2006 and 2017 were estimated using the Korean HIV/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) cohort database. In addition, we evaluated the vaccination rates and influencing factors for vaccination in HIV-infected patients through multilevel analysis of clinico-epidemiological factors, immune status, and psychological status. A questionnaire survey was conducted among experts to determine whether they recommend vaccination for HIV-infected patients. RESULTS: The incidence rates of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, herpes zoster, and anogenital warts were 1.74, 7.38, and 10.85 per 1,000 person-years, respectively. The prevalence of HBV infection and anogenital warts at enrollment was 4.8% and 8.6%, respectively, which increased to 5.3% and 12.0%, respectively, by 2017. In HIV-infected patients, HBV (21.7% in 2008, 56.3% in 2013, and 75.4% in 2017) and pneumococcal vaccination rates (3.0% in 2015, 7.6% in 2016, and 9.6% in 2017) increased annually, whereas the influenza vaccination rate remained similar by season (32.7 - 35.6%). In the multilevel analysis, peak HIV viral load (≥50 copies/mL: odds ratio [OR] = 0.64, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.44 - 0.93; reference, <50 copies/mL) was an influencing factor for pneumococcal vaccination, while nadir CD4 T-cell counts (200 - 350 cells/mm3: OR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.38 - 0.76; <200 cells/mm3: OR = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.62 - 1.28; reference, ≥350 cells/mm3) was an influencing factor for HBV vaccination. Influenza vaccination was associated with male sex (OR = 1.94) and the number of antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimen change (OR = 1.16), but was not significantly associated with HIV viral load or CD4 T-cell counts. Most experts responded that they administer hepatitis A virus, HBV, pneumococcal, and influenza vaccines routinely, but not human papillomavirus (12.9%) or herpes zoster vaccines (27.1%). CONCLUSION: The burden of vaccine-preventable diseases was quite high in HIV-infected patients. Nadir CD4 T-cell counts, peak HIV viral loads, and the number of ART regimen change are significant factors related to vaccination. Considering the low vaccination rates for VPDs, there was a discordance between experts' opinions and real clinical practice in the medical field.

Cancer Incidence Among Adults With HIV in a Population-Based Cohort in Korea.

Importance: In combination with a decreased risk of AIDS-defining cancers and improved survival of people infected with HIV, the burden of non-AIDS-defining cancer has increased markedly. Although a substantial number of studies have measured the cancer risk among people with HIV in developed countries, little research has been conducted on the risk of cancer in HIV-infected people in Asia. Objective: To examine the cancer incidence and the estimated risk of cancer among people in Korea infected with HIV compared with the general population. Design, Setting, and Participants: This retrospective cohort study evaluated patients without cancer newly diagnosed with HIV from January 1, 2006, to December 31, 2018, using a nationwide population-based claims database embedded in the National Health Insurance Service database. Data were analyzed between December 6, 2021, and February 28, 2022. Exposures: Infection with HIV. Main Outcomes and Measures: Cancer incidence and standardized incidence rate (SIR) through indirect standardization. Results: A total of 11 552 individuals without cancer (10 444 male [90.4%]; mean [SD] age, 39.9 [11.2] years) diagnosed with HIV were identified. The SIR for all cancers was 1.68 (95% CI, 1.50-1.87) in men and 1.26 (95% CI, 0.89-1.64) in women. In men, the highest SIRs were for Kaposi sarcoma (SIR, 349.10; 95% CI, 196.10-502.20) and anal cancer (SIR, 104.20; 95% CI, 55.56-149.90). The incidence of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (SIR, 15.62; 95% CI, 11.85-19.39), Hodgkin lymphoma (SIR, 16.67; 95% CI, 4.32-29.02), and oropharyngeal cancer (SIR, 2.97; 95% CI, 1.36-4.58) in men infected with HIV was higher than in the general population. In women infected with HIV, an increased incidence of cervical cancer (SIR, 4.98; 95% CI, 1.29-8.66) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (SIR, 11.78; 95% CI, 2.35-21.21) compared with the general population was observed. The SIR of thyroid cancer in patients with HIV was lower than in the general population in both men (SIR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.27-0.99) and women (SIR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.06-0.90). Conclusions and Relevance: In this cohort study, cancer risks, especially AIDS-defining cancer and virus-related cancer, were elevated in people with HIV. Efforts for cancer prevention, screening, and better accessibility to medical care in HIV-infected people are warranted.