Does Ultraviolet Radiation Exhibit Antimicrobial Effect against Oral Pathogens Attached on Various Dental Implant Surfaces? A Systematic Review.

Background: Dental implant therapy is currently identified as the most effective treatment for edentulous patient. However, peri-implant inflammations were found to be one of the most common complications that leads to the loss and failure of dental implantation. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation has been proposed to enhance bone integration and reduce bacterial attachment. In this study, we aimed to systematically review the current evidence regarding the antimicrobial effect of UV on different dental implant surfaces. Methods: Five databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of science, VHL, and Cochran Library were searched to retrieve relevant articles. All original reports that examined the effect of the application of UV radiation on dental implants were included in our study. Results: A total of 16 in vitro studies were included in this systematic review. Polymethyl methacrylate UV radiation has induced a significant decrease in bacterial survival in PMMA materials, with an increased effect by modification with 2.5% and 5% TiO2 nanotubes. UV-C showed a superior effect to UV-A in reducing bacterial attachment and accumulation. UV wavelength of 265 and 285 nm showed powerful bactericidal effects. UV of 365 nm for 24 h had the highest inhibition of bacterial growth in ZnO coated magnesium alloys. In UV-irradiated commercially pure titanium surfaces treated with plasma electrolytic oxidation, silver ion application, heat or alkali had shown significant higher bactericidal effect vs non-irradiated treated surfaces than the treatment with any of them alone. UVC and gamma-ray irradiation increased the hydrophilicity of zirconia surface, compared to the dry heat. Conclusion: UV radiation on Ti surfaces exhibited significant antibacterial effects demonstrated through the reduction in bacterial attachment and biofilm formation with suppression of bacterial cells growth. Combination of UV and treated surfaces with alkali, plasma electrolytic oxidation, silver ion application or heat enhance the overall photocatalytic antimicrobial effect.

Analgesic Efficacy of Curcuma longa (Curcumin) after Surgical Periodontal Therapy.

PURPOSE: To compare the analgesic efficacy of orally administered Curcuma longa (curcumin) and mefenamic acid (MA) after surgical periodontal therapy (SPT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy-six periodontitis patients were randomly divided into two groups. In the test group, patients received curcumin capsules (200 mg), and in the control group, patients received MA (500 mg). All patients underwent post-operative antibiotic therapy using 500 mg amoxicillin and 400 mg metronidazole for 7 days. Post-operative pain and discomfort were evaluated using the numerical rating scale (NRS) and verbal rating scale (VRS), respectively. Evaluation were performed after 24 (T1), 48 (T2), and 72 h (T3). Group comparisons were done using Student's t-test and the Mann-Whitney U-test. The level of statistical significance was established at p < 0.05. RESULTS: All patients had stage 3/grade C periodontitis. The mean age of individuals in the test and control groups were 58.4 ± 7.3 and 57.2 ± 5.2 years, respectively. A family history of periodontal diseases was reported by 37.5% and 47.4% individuals in the test and control groups, respectively. In the test and control groups, the total mean duration of periodontal surgery was 168.2 ± 12.2 and 173.4 ± 10.7 min, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in the mean NRS and VRS scores among patients in the test and control groups. In both groups, there was no statistically significant difference in the change in NRS scores at any time point. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with MA, curcumin is ineffective for pain and discomfort management after SPT. The possibility of the results being biased due to lack of operator blinding cannot be overlooked.

An assessment of unstimulated salivary flow rate, IgA and clinical oral dryness among active and passive smokers.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess the impact of smoking on the whole salivary flow rate (SFR), IgA levels and clinical oral dryness (COD) among active and passive smokers. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The participants were categorized as active smokers (N = 54) or passive smokers (N = 163). Saliva was collected in tubes and placed in ice storage at -70°C. Salivary IgA levels were assessed in duplication using the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Following the saliva sample collection, the subjects were assessed for COD using the COD score, SFR and caries. Chi-square test, the t-test and ANOVA were employed to compare the clinical impact of the smoking status associated with specific variables (smoking status, number of cigarettes, active caries, gender, age, COD score, IgA level and SFR). A p-value of <0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Two hundred and seventeen subjects with the mean age of 32.86±6.30 years, with 145 males (66.8%) and 72 females (33.2%), were included in the study. Among the active smokers, 88.8% were males compared to 11.2% females. The active smokers had the mean age of 32.52 years, a COD score of 1.43, an IgA level of 1.39 g/l, and a SFR of 0.37 ml/min. Among the passive smokers, 59.5% were males and 40.5% were females, with the mean age of 32.97 years, a COD score of 0.87 g/l, an IgA level of 1.47, and a SFR of 0.42 ml/min. Active caries showed a positive correlation with the number of cigarettes, with significance in the >35 years age group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The study demonstrated significant differences in SFR, IgA and COD scores among the active and passive smokers. The number of cigarettes had a negative impact on saliva production, IgA levels, the oral health status, and the progression of caries with respect to age and gender. Smoking potentially leads to xerostomia associated with active caries. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2022;35(1):39-51.

The effects of shock wave stimulation of mesenchymal stem cells on proliferation, migration, and differentiation in an injectable gelatin matrix for osteogenic regeneration.

The treatment of a variety of defects in bony sites could benefit from mitogenic stimulation of osteoprogenitor cells, including endogenous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (bMSCs), and from provision of such cells with a matrix permissive of their migration, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation. That such MSC stimulation could result from treatment with noninvasive (extracorporeal) shock waves (ESWs), and the matrix delivered by injection could enable this therapeutic approach to be employed for applications in which preformed scaffolds and growth factor therapy are difficult to deploy. The objectives of the present study were to investigate focused ESWs for their effects on proliferation, migration, and osteogenic differentiation in an injectable gelatin (Gtn) matrix capable of undergoing covalent cross-linking in vivo. Gtn was conjugated with hydroxyphenyl propionic acid (HPA) in order to enable it to be covalently cross-linked with minute amounts of horseradish peroxidase and hydrogen peroxide. The results demonstrated that 500 shocks of 0.4-mJ/mm2 energy flux density resulted in a twofold greater proliferation of bMSCs in the Gtn-HPA matrix after 14 days, compared with bMSCs grown with supplementation with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB, a known mitogen for bMSCs. Moreover, SW treatment enhanced substantially osteogenic differentiation of bMSCs. The Gtn-HPA gel was permissive of MSC migration under the chemotactic influence of the growth factor, PDGF-BB, incorporated into and released by the gel. ESW treatment had no effect on the motility of the MSCs. The findings of the study warrant further investigation of this combined treatment modality for select bony defects.

Clinical and Radiographic Peri-Implant Parameters and Whole Salivary Interleukin-1ß and Interleukin-6 Levels among Type-2 Diabetic and Nondiabetic Patients with and without Peri-Implantitis.

OBJECTIVE: The aim was to assess the peri-implant clinical and radiographic parameters and whole salivary levels of interleukin (IL)-1ß and IL-6 among type 2 diabetic and nondiabetic patients with and without peri-implantitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ninety-one implants were placed in patients without type 2 diabetes mellitus (39 patients with and 52 patients without peri-implantitis; group 1). Eighty implants were placed in patients with diabetes (35 patients with and 45 patients without peri-implantitis; group 2). Peri-implant plaque index, bleeding on probing, probing depth, and marginal bone loss were measured. Unstimulated whole saliva samples were collected and IL-1ß and IL-6 levels were measured using standard techniques. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: In group 1, plaque index (p < 0.001), bleeding on probing (p < 0.001), probing depth (p < 0.001), and whole salivary IL-1ß (p < 0.001) and IL-6 (p < 0.001) levels were significantly higher in patients with peri-implantitis than in those without peri-implantitis. Plaque index, bleeding on probing, probing depth, and marginal bone loss were comparable among all of the patients in group 2. Among patients with peri-implantitis, plaque index (p < 0.001), bleeding on probing (p < 0.001), probing depth (p < 0.001), marginal bone loss (p < 0.001), and whole salivary IL-1ß (p < 0.001) and IL-6 (p < 0.001) levels were significantly higher in those with diabetes than in those without diabetes. CONCLUSION: Among individuals without diabetes, peri-implant plaque index, bleeding on probing, probing depth, marginal bone loss, and whole salivary IL-1 ß and IL-6 levels were higher among patients with peri-implantitis compared to patients without peri-implantitis. Among patients with diabetes, the severity of the measured parameters appears to be influenced by the glycemic status rather than by peri-implantitis.

Effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and laser alone as adjunct to mechanical debridement in the management of halitosis: A systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to assess the efficacy of laser therapy (LT) and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) as adjunct to mechanical debridement (MD) on the management of halitosis. DATA SOURCES: In order to address the focused question "Is MD with adjunct LT and/or aPDT more effective in the management of halitosis compared with MD alone?" an electronic search without time or language restrictions was conducted up to January 2017 in indexed databases using the combination of different key words including photochemotherapy, lasers, light, photodynamic therapy, halitosis, and bad breath. The exclusion criteria included qualitative and/or quantitative reviews, case reports, case series, commentaries, letters to the editor, interviews, and updates. RESULTS: Six randomized control trials were included and processed for data extraction. Results from all studies reported that MD with adjunct LT or aPDT is more effective in reducing halitosis and/or volatile sulfur compounds concentration associated with oral conditions compared with MD alone. One study reported a significant reduction in bacterial colony forming units on the dorsum of the tongue among patients with coated tongue receiving MD with aPDT compared with MD alone. CONCLUSION: The efficacy of aPDT and/or LT on halitosis management remains unclear. Further well-designed randomized clinical trials assessing the efficacy of mechanical debridement with LT or aPDT on the halitosis treatment are needed.

Efficacy of photodynamic therapy in the inactivation of oral fungal colonization among cigarette smokers and non-smokers with denture stomatitis.

OBJECTIVE: The aim was to assess the efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in the inactivation of oral fungal colonization among cigarette smokers and non-smokers with denture stomatitis (DS). METHODS: A questionnaire was used to gather demographic information. Clinical oral examination was performed to determine location of denture in the jaws and oral erythematous lesions. Presence of fungal hyphae in smokers and non-smokers was confirmed using exfoliative cytology. In both groups, aPDT was performed and colony forming units per milliliter (CFU/ml) were assessed im both groups at 3-months follow-up. Level of significance was et at P<0.05. RESULTS: Twenty-two males with DS (12 smokers and 10 non-smokers) were included. The mean ages of smokers and non-smokers was 73.8±2.5 and 70.5±1.2years, respectively. The duration and daily frequency of cigarette smoking was 20.6±4.5years and 12.3±1.5 cigarettes daily, respectively. Smokers and non-smokers had been wearing complete dentures since 6.2±0.8 and 5.8±0.4years, respectively. At 3-months follow-up, there was a statistically significant decrease in the mean fungal CFU/ml among smokers (25.5±8.3 CFU/ml) compared with their respective baseline values 106.7±6.3 CFU/ml (P<0.01). Among non-smokers, the mean CFU/ml values were 12.7±0.8 CFU/ml compared with their respective baseline values (93.6±8.4 CFU/ml) (P<0.01). At 3-months follow-up, fungal CFU/ml levels were statistically significantly higher among smokers (25.5±8.3 CFU/ml) compared with non-smokers (12.7±0.8 CFU/ml) (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: aPDT is effective in the inactivation of oral fungal colonization among cigarette smokers and non-smokers with. The role of denture is also emphasized.

Comparison of self-perceived oral symptoms and periodontal parameters among habitual shamma-chewers, gutka-chewers, and non-chewers.

OBJECTIVE: There are no studies that have (a) compared self-perceived oral symptoms and clinical and radiographic periodontal parameters (plaque index [PI], bleeding on probing [BoP], clinical attachment loss [CAL], and marginal bone loss [MBL]) among shamma-chewers (SC) and gutka-chewers (GC); and (b) assessed periodontal parameters among SC. The aim of the present study was to compare the self-perceived oral symptoms and periodontal parameters among SC, GC, and controls. METHOD AND MATERIALS: Information regarding demographic characteristics and self-perceived oral symptoms was gathered using a structured questionnaire. Odds ratios were computed for self-perceived oral symptoms and periodontal parameters and compared between the groups. For multiple comparisons, the Bonferroni post-hoc test was used. Level of significance was set at P < .05. RESULTS: Forty-seven SC, 45 GC, and 41 control individuals were included. Group comparisons for pain in teeth, pain on chewing, bleeding gums, and burning sensation in the mouth showed no statistically significant difference among SC and GC. These symptoms were significantly higher in SC (P < .01) and GC (P < .01) than controls. PI, BoP, PD (4-6 mm and > 6 mm), and CAL were significantly higher in SC (P < .05) and GC (P < .05) than controls. There was no statistically significant difference in PI, BoP, PD (4-6 mm and > 6 mm), and CAL among SC and GC. There was no statistically significant influence of daily frequency of smokeless tobacco consumption and duration of placement in the mouth on the severity of periodontal parameters. CONCLUSION: Self-perceived oral symptoms and periodontal parameters were worse among SC and GC than controls, with no statistically significant difference when comparing these findings between SC and GC.

Real-time-guided bone regeneration around standardized critical size calvarial defects using bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and collagen membrane with and without using tricalcium phosphate: an in vivo micro-computed tomographic and histologic experiment in rats.

The aim of the present real time in vivo micro-computed tomography (µCT) and histologic experiment was to assess the efficacy of guided bone regeneration (GBR) around standardized calvarial critical size defects (CSD) using bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), and collagen membrane (CM) with and without tricalcium phosphate (TCP) graft material. In the calvaria of nine female Sprague-Dawley rats, full-thickness CSD (diameter 4.6 mm) were created under general anesthesia. Treatment-wise, rats were divided into three groups. In group 1, CSD was covered with a resorbable CM; in group 2, BMSCs were filled in CSD and covered with CM; and in group 3, TCP soaked in BMSCs was placed in CSD and covered with CM. All defects were closed using resorbable sutures. Bone volume and bone mineral density of newly formed bone (NFB) and remaining TCP particles and rate of new bone formation was determined at baseline, 2, 4, 6, and 10 weeks using in vivo µCT. At the 10th week, the rats were killed and calvarial segments were assessed histologically. The results showed that the hardness of NFB was similar to that of the native bone in groups 1 and 2 as compared to the NFB in group 3. Likewise, values for the modulus of elasticity were also significantly higher in group 3 compared to groups 1 and 2. This suggests that TCP when used in combination with BMSCs and without CM was unable to form bone of significant strength that could possibly provide mechanical "lock" between the natural bone and NFB. The use of BMSCs as adjuncts to conventional GBR initiated new bone formation as early as 2 weeks of treatment compared to when GBR is attempted without adjunct BMSC therapy.

Ridge preservation surgery after single and multiple adjacent tooth extractions: a microcomputed tomography study in dogs.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine, before implant placement, the outcome of ridge preservation surgery after extractions of one or more adjacent teeth on the dimensions of the edentulous ridge. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nineteen extraction sites in four dogs were randomly divided into three groups: group 1 = single premolars (n = 7 sites); group 2 = two adjacent premolars (n = 6 sites); group 3 = three adjacent premolars (n = 6 sites). Extraction was followed by ridge preservation surgery using a combination of xenograft and collagen membrane after full-thickness flap reflection. All animals were sacrificed 4 months later, and each extraction site was sectioned in the sagittal plane so that alveolar bone measurements could be made in both the buccolingual and apicocoronal directions using microcomputed tomography. RESULTS: Mean buccolingual width of the ridges postsurgery was 4.80 ± 2.78 mm, 4.98 ± 2.65 mm, and 4.79 ± 2.79 mm in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The mean vertical distance from the cementoenamel junction to the crest of the ridge was 1.94 ± 0.42 mm, 2.05 ± 0.48 mm, and 2.60 ± 0.67 mm in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. No statistically significant difference was seen between single and multiple extraction sites. CONCLUSION: Ridge preservation surgery results in a similar pattern of bone remodeling in the horizontal and vertical dimensions of the edentulous ridge after single and multiple adjacent tooth extractions.

Periodontal Status and Whole Salivary Cytokine Profile Among Smokers and Never-Smokers With and Without Prediabetes.

BACKGROUND: Whole salivary interleukin (IL)-1ß and IL-6 in smokers and never-smokers with prediabetes remains uninvestigated. The aim of this study is to assess the periodontal status and whole salivary IL-1ß and IL-6 levels among smokers and never-smokers with and without prediabetes (controls). METHODS: Ninety-five males (45 with prediabetes and 50 systemically healthy controls) were included. Twenty-seven controls and 29 patients with prediabetes were smokers. Periodontal parameters (plaque index, bleeding on probing, probing depth, clinical attachment loss, and marginal bone loss) were measured, and the number of missing teeth were recorded. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels were recorded. Unstimulated whole saliva samples were collected, unstimulated whole salivary flow rate (UWSFR) was determined, and IL-1ß and IL-6 levels were measured. P values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: FBG (P <0.05) and HbA1c (P <0.05) levels were higher among patients with prediabetes than controls. All patients with prediabetes were hyperglycemic. UWSFR was significantly higher among controls than among patients with prediabetes (P <0.05). Periodontal parameters and whole salivary IL-1ß and IL-6 levels were comparable among smokers and never-smokers with prediabetes. Among controls, periodontal parameters and whole salivary IL-1ß and IL-6 levels were higher among smokers than never-smokers (P <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Among controls, periodontal inflammation was worse, and whole salivary IL-1ß and IL-6 levels are higher in smokers than never-smokers. Among patients with prediabetes, periodontal inflammation and whole salivary IL-1ß and IL-6 levels were comparable between smokers and never-smokers.

Periodontal disease in habitual cigarette smokers and nonsmokers with and without prediabetes.

INTRODUCTION: : Prediabetes and habitual cigarette smoking are significant risk factors contributing to periodontal disease. The aim was to assess the clinical and radiological markers of periodontal disease in habitual cigarette smokers and nonsmokers with and without prediabetes. METHODS: Sixty-eight individuals with prediabetes (test group; 34 smokers and 34 nonsmokers) and 68 medically healthy individuals (control group; 34 smokers and 34 nonsmokers) were included. Sociodemographic information, duration of smoking habit and number of cigarettes smoked daily were recorded through a questionnaire. Fasting blood glucose levels and periodontal inflammatory conditions (plaque index [PI], bleeding on probing [BOP] and probing pocket depth [PPD] of 4 to <6 mm and ≥6 mm) were recorded. In both groups, marginal bone loss (MBL) was measured on digital panoramic radiographs. RESULTS: Cigarette smokers and nonsmokers in the test group had significantly higher fasting blood glucose level when compared with cigarette smokers in the control group (P < 0.001). In the test group, there was no significant difference in PI, BOP, PPD (4 to <6 mm and ≥6 mm) and MBL among cigarette smokers and nonsmokers. Cigarette smokers in the control group had significantly higher PI (P < 0.001), PPD (4 to <6 mm; P < 0.001), PPD ≥6 mm (P < 0.01) and MBL (P < 0.05) than nonsmokers. BOP was significantly reduced in smokers when compared with nonsmokers in the control group (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Cigarette smokers without prediabetes exhibit significantly severe periodontal disease than nonsmokers. In subjects with prediabetes, the severity of periodontal disease seems to be over shadowed by the hyperglycemic state, obscuring the effect of habitual smoking.

Effect of single and contiguous teeth extractions on alveolar bone remodeling: a study in dogs.

BACKGROUND: Tooth extraction is associated with dimensional changes in the alveolar ridge. The aim was to examine the effect of single versus contiguous teeth extractions on the alveolar ridge remodeling. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Five female beagle dogs were randomly divided into three groups on the basis of location (anterior or posterior) and number of teeth extracted - exctraction socket classification: group 1 (one dog): single-tooth extraction; group 2 (two dogs): extraction of two teeth; and group 3 (two dogs): extraction of three teeth in four anterior sites and four posterior sites in both jaws. The dogs were sacrificed after 4 months. Sagittal sectioning of each extraction site was performed and evaluated using microcomputed tomography. RESULTS: Buccolingual or palatal bone loss was observed 4 months after extraction in all three groups. The mean of the alveolar ridge width loss in group 1 (single-tooth extraction) was significantly less than those in groups 2 and 3 (p < .001) (multiple teeth extraction). Three-teeth extraction (group 3) had significantly more alveolar bone loss than two-teeth extraction (group 2) (p < .001). The three-teeth extraction group in the upper and lower showed more obvious resorption on the palatal/lingual side especially in the lower group posterior locations. CONCLUSION: Contiguous teeth extraction caused significantly more alveolar ridge bone loss as compared with when a single tooth is extracted.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma arising around osseointegrated dental implants.

PURPOSE: This literature review investigates the occurrence of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) around osseointegrated dental implants (DI). METHODS: Databases were searched from 1989 up to and including November 2011. The eligibility criteria were as follows: (1) original studies, (2) clinical studies and case reports, (3) reference lists of the relevant original and review articles, (4) intervention: occurrence of OSSC around osseointegrated DI, and (5) articles published only in English language. RESULTS: Fourteen studies were included. In nine studies, the dental implant patients with diagnosed OSCC had previously been exposed to cancer. In five studies, the patients presented with a history of habitual tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption. CONCLUSION: OSCC is more likely to arise around osseointegrated DI in patients with a previous history of cancer. However, the role of other factors including tobacco and alcohol usage cannot be disregarded.

Tissue reactions to various suture materials used in oral surgical interventions.

A variety of suture materials are available for primary wound closure following oral surgical procedures. The aim was to review the tissue reactions to the various suture materials used in oral surgical interventions. Databases were searched using the following keywords: cotton, nylon, polyglecaprone 25, polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE), Polyglactin 910, polyglycolic acid (PGA), polylactic acid, silk, surgery, suture, and tissue reaction. Articles published only in English language were included. Seventeen studies were included. Two studies reported that polyglecaprone 25 had positive effects on wound-healing as compared to silk. Six studies reported that silk elicits more intense tissue inflammatory response and delayed wound healing as compared to other suture materials (including ePTFE, polyglecaprone-25, PGA, and nylon). Polyglactin 910 sutures were associated with the development of stitch abscess in one clinical study. Eight studies reported that tissue reactions are minimal with nylon sutures. Tissue reactions to suture materials used for oral surgical interventions may vary depending on the surface properties and bacterial adherence properties of the material.

Rapidly progressive periodontal disease associated with human immunodeficiency virus.

Severe periodontal inflammation with generalized dental plaque accumulation, spontaneous and severe gingival bleeding, fungal infection, and interdental papillae necrosis are presented in a patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Bite-wing radiographs revealed a generalized horizontal alveolar bone loss of 7-8 millimetres in both arches. Erythematous patches were noted on the gingival mucosa in both jaws. DNA testing was performed to indentify the periodontopathogens. The patient had no signs or symptoms of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. This case-report presents the massive periodontal destruction that occurred in a patient infected with HIV. Therefore, it is highly recommended that patients infected with HIV should be regularly monitored to aid in early detection and to provide proper management of periodontal inflammatory conditions to minimize its destruction.

Oral health status in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

UNLABELLED: Leukemia is a malignancy of the bone marrow. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common pediatric malignancy and accounts for nearly 75% of all newly diagnosed leukemias and 25% of all malignancies in childhood. The aim of the present study was to review the oral health status in children with ALL. Databases were explored using various combinations of the following keywords: "acute lymphoblastic leukemia", "children", "inflammation", "pediatric", "periodontal disease" and "periodontitis". Oral inflammatory conditions including chelitis, gingivitis, herpetic gingivostomatitis, mucositis, oral candidiasis, periodontitis and ulcerations are common manifestations in children with ALL. RESULTS: Periodontal inflammatory conditions and oral mucositis were reported to be significantly higher in children with ALL as compared to healthy controls. Tooth morphological disorders including agenesis, microdontia, short roots and developmental defects in the enamel and dentin were more often observed in children with ALL as compared to healthy controls. Children with ALL have a reduced salivary flow rate, which makes them more susceptible to dental caries as compared to healthy children. Malocclusion due to microdontia may also trigger temporomandibular joint disorders in children with ALL; however, this relationship needs further investigations. CONCLUSION: Oral inflammatory conditions including mucositis and gingivitis are common in children with ALL as compared to healthy children. Tooth morphological disorders including microdontia and enamel and dentin are common manifestations in children with ALL.

Cytokine profile in the gingival crevicular fluid of periodontitis patients with and without type 2 diabetes: a literature review.

BACKGROUND: Periodontitis may occur in patients with and without type 2 diabetes (T2D). It may be hypothesized that the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) cytokine profile in patients with periodontitis with poorly controlled T2D may differ from the GCF cytokine profile in medically healthy individuals with periodontitis. The aim was to review the cytokine profiles in the GCF of patients with periodontitis with and without T2D. METHODS: Databases were searched from 1988 to August 2011 using different combinations of various keywords. Titles and abstracts of articles that satisfied the eligibility criteria were screened by the authors and checked for agreement. Only articles published in English were included. RESULTS: Ten studies were included. Two studies reported GCF concentrations of interleukin (IL)-6 to be higher in patients with periodontitis with T2D compared to medically healthy patients with periodontitis. Two studies showed GCF IL-6 levels to be higher in periodontitis with T2D compared to medically healthy subjects without periodontitis. In one study GCF levels of IL-17, IL-23, and interferon-γ were higher in patients with periodontitis with T2D compared to medically healthy patients with periodontitis. In one study, GCF concentrations of IL-8 were significantly higher in patients with periodontitis with T2D compared to medically healthy individuals with periodontitis. Three studies reported GCF levels of IL-1α to be significantly higher in patients with periodontitis with T2D compared to medically healthy individuals with periodontitis. CONCLUSION: The GCF cytokine profile in patients with and without T2D seems to be governed by the intensity of periodontal inflammation and the role of T2D in this regard is rather secondary.

Effect of enamel matrix derivative protein on the healing of standardized epithelial wounds: a histomorphometric analysis in vivo.

The enamel matrix derivative (EMD) is a preparation of the enamel matrix proteins secreted by the Hertwig's epithelial root sheath. It has been shown that EMD promotes periodontal wound healing; however, the significance of the protein in repairing skin wounds is insufficiently addressed. The aim of this in vivo histomorphometric investigation was to analyse the effect of EMD protein on the healing of standardised epithelial wounds. Dorsal skin of 22-week-old female guinea pigs (n = 33) was scarified and divided into test- (topical application of EMD) and control-sites (sutured and allowed to heal). Animals were euthanised at specific time intervals and the specimens were then evaluated histomorphometrically. The mean widths of the external wound gaps (WGs) in the test- and control-sites at the 5th, 20th and 35th day of healing were 5·89, 3·6 and 1·01 mm and 6·41, 5·02 and 3·43 mm, respectively. Histomorphometric analysis showed a statistically significant difference in the WGs between the test- and control-sites. A significant increase in the formation of organised connective tissue matrix, collagen fibres and early muscle formation was observed in the test-sites as compared with the control-sites. Within the limits of this study, it is concluded that topical application of the EMD on standardised epithelial allows early wound closure and promotes healing as compared to when the defects are merely sutured.

Comparison of self-perceived oral health, periodontal inflammatory conditions and socioeconomic status in individuals with and without prediabetes.

INTRODUCTION: The aim was to compare the self-perceived oral health, periodontal inflammatory conditions and socioeconomic status (SES) in patients with and without prediabetes. METHODS: Thirty-nine individuals [19 patients with prediabetes (test group) and 20 control individuals (control group)], at least 20 years old were included. Plaque index, bleeding on probing, probing depth (4 to <6 mm and ≥6 mm) and number of missing teeth were recorded. Fasting blood glucose levels were recorded, and marginal bone loss was measured on radiographs. SES, education status, self-perceived oral health, family history of diabetes and tobacco habits were also investigated. RESULTS: Mean ages of individuals in the test and control groups were 40.6 and 42.3 years, respectively. Plaque index, bleeding on probing, probing depth (4 to <6 mm and ≥6 mm) and number of missing teeth were higher in the test group as compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Premolar and molar marginal bone loss was higher in the test group as compared with the control group (P < 0.001). Self-perceived bleeding gums was more often reported by individuals in the test group as compared with the control group. A poor SES and education status was higher among individuals in the test group as compared with the control group (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Self-perceived gingival bleeding and clinical periodontal inflammation were severe in patients with prediabetes as compared with controls. An underprivileged SES aggravated periodontal conditions in patients with prediabetes.