Clinical, radiographic and restorative parameters for short tuberosity implants placed in smokers: a retrospective study with 5 year follow-up.

This study aimed to estimate and compare the clinical, radiographic, and restorative parameters around short tuberosity implants (STIs) placed in cigarette smokers (CS) and never smokers (NS). In this 60-month follow-up retrospective study, a total of 50 (37 males + 13 females) individuals who had received 82 dental implants were included. These participants were categorized into two groups as follows: (i) Group-1: 25 self-reported systemically healthy CS with 43 STIs; and (ii) Group-2: 25 self-reported systemically healthy NS with 39 STIs. In both groups, peri-implant plaque index (PI), probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BOP), and crestal bone loss (CBL) and restorative parameters were measured at 12 and 60 months of follow-up. Group comparisons were performed utilizing the Kruskal-Wallis test. The significance level was set at p < 0.05. In CS and NS, the mean age of participants was 58.5 and 60.7 years, respectively. No statistically significant differences were observed in the overall mean levels of PD and CBL around STIs among CS and NS. However, a statistically significant increase was observed in the mean scores of BOP and PI around STIs in the NS and CS at 12 and 60 months follow-up, respectively. In both groups, the loosening of the implant was the most frequently encountered type of STI failure. The outcomes of the present study suggest that STIs placed in maxillary tuberosity can show reliable clinical, radiographic, and restorative stability among cigarettes smokers and non-smokers. However, the role of smoking status and oral hygiene cannot be disregarded in this scenario.

Disinfection of acrylic denture resin polymer with Rose Bengal, Methylene blue and Porphyrin derivative in photodynamic therapy.

AIM: The study aimed to assess the effect of in-vitro chlorhexidine and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) disinfection protocols against acrylic resin specimens colonized with S. mutans, S. aureus, E. coli, and C. albicans. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Reference strains of S. mutans, S. aureus, E. coli, and C. albicans were tested. Sixteen blocks of acrylic specimens were prepared by heat-cure acrylic resin and contaminated by in-vitro biofilm growth. Specimens in group 1, group 2 and group 3 were treated with Rose Bengal (RB), methylene blue (MB) 500 mg/L and porphyrin derivative (PD) 5 ml respectively, for the sensitization of biofilms. All photosensitizers (PS) were activated by LED at different wavelength. CHX was prepared in sterile distilled water and applied for 60 s. Each contaminated specimen was sprayed on all its surfaces with the aforementioned photosensitizers and control CHX. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) model was used to test the effect of the treatments and Tukey multiple comparison tests to compare means OF CFU/mL (log10) for exposed E. coli, C. albicans, S aureus, and S. mutans RESULTS: Specimens treated with 0.12% CHX (control) demonstrated a significant reduction in CFU/mL (log10) for exposed E. coli; 2.04±0.07 CFU/mL, C. albicans; 2.09±0.85 CFU/mL, S aureus; 3.04±0.11 CFU/mL, and S. mutans; 2.54±0.91 CFU/mL. The intragroup comparison revealed E.coli did not exhibit a decrease in reduction CFU/mL (log10) when acrylic resin irradiated with RB 5 µm. Whereas, CFU/mL (log10) values of S.aureus; 3.62±0.68 and S.mutans; 3.41±0.13 plummeted (p<0.05). Intergroup comparison showed E.coli values to display comparable reduction when disinfected with MB 500 mg/L and 0.12% CHX; 3.16±0.34 and 2.04±0.07 CFU/mL (log10) (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Photosensitizers (RB, MB, PD) are selective in reducing bacterial count on acrylic resin blocks. CHX was found to be effective against all bacteria E.coli, C.albicans, S.aureus, and S.mutans at a concentration of 0.12%.

Clinical and immunological peri-implant parameters among cigarette and electronic smoking patients treated with photochemotherapy: A randomized controlled clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Although studies have been done that evaluated the effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in cigarette smokers and vapers, however, literature on the impact of these types of smoking on peri-implant parameters lack. The present clinical trial assessed the effectiveness of PDT as an adjunctive therapeutic modality in the treatment of peri-implant mucositis (p-iM) in individuals vaping e-cigs and cigarette smokers. METHODS: Individuals with p-iM were divided into three groups. (a) Group 1: Cigarette smokers with p-iM (b) Group 2: Vapers (e-cigarette smokers) with p-iM, (c) Group 3: Non-smokers with p-iM. Plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP) and probing depth (PD) were calculated. Pro-inflammatory biomarkers including matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were quantified using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. All assessments were performed at baseline (before treatment) and 12 weeks post treatment. Full mouth disinfection (FMD) was done with the ultrasonic scaler and copious irrigation. The photodynamic therapy (PDT) was done with a diode laser (wavelength: 670 nm, power: 150 mW, density: 1.1 W/cm2). Methylene blue photosensitizer (0.005% concentration) was incorporated inside the periimplant pockets (10 seconds at a depth of 3 mm), and the pockets were irradiated a flexible tip for one minute on the buccal and lingual surfaces. The session of PDT was performed only once at baseline. RESULTS: Twenty-five cigarette-smokers (Group 1), 21 electronic cigarette smokers (Group 2) and 25 never-smokers (Group 3) participated in the study. The mean age of the selected participants in groups 1, 2 and 3 was 29.5, 27.8, and 30.2 years, respectively. Statistically significant reduction in PI and PD parameters was observed on baseline and at 12 weeks in all groups. BOP significantly increased in group 1 and 2 at 12 weeks. A statistically significant reduction from baseline to 12 weeks was reported in the biomarker levels for all the study groups. CONCLUSION: PDT with adjunctive mechanical debridement reduced the plaque index and probing depth, while increased bleeding on probing, in addition to reducing pro-inflammatory biomarkers in tobacco smokers.

Clinical peri-implant health and biological bone marker levels in tobacco users treated with photodynamic therapy.

BACKGROUND: What impact does tobacco smoking have on photodynamic therapy (PDT) outcome is still unknown. The aim of the present clinical trial was to evaluate the clinical, radiographic, and biological bone markers after provision of PDT in cigarette, e-cigarette, and never-smokers with peri-implantitis (PI) at 6 months post treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-five healthy patients with PI were divided into three groups: Group I: cigarette smokers; Group II: e-cigarettes users; Group III: never-smokers. Full-mouth mechanical debridement with adjunctive methylene blue-mediated PDT was performed. Clinical recordings included peri-implant plaque index (Pi), bleeding on probing (BOP) and probing depth (PD). Peri-implant sulcular fluid was collected for the assessment of biological bone biomarkers including receptor activator of nuclear factor-ligand (RANK-L) and osteoprotegrin (OPG). All assessments were performed at baseline, 3 months and 6 months. P-value of <0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: BOP in Group II and III significantly reduced at 3 months (p < 0.05). Group I showed significant reduction only at 6 months (p < 0.05). Mean PD showed no statistically significant difference between the groups at any time-point. Inter-group comparison showed Group III demonstrating statistically significantly reduced mean RANK-L levels at both 3 and 6 months (p < 0.05). A slight increase in the OPG levels were observed at 3 months and followed by a slight decrease at 6 months for all the study groups when compared with baseline values, however, these values did not show statistical significance (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Adjunctive PDT helped in reducing the clinical peri-implant inflammation. However, no significant change was observed for biological bone biomarkers among tobacco smokers.

Assessment of advanced glycation end products in the peri-implant sulcular fluid among moderate cigarette-smokers and nonsmokers with peri-implantitis.

BACKGROUND: It is hypothesized that the levels of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are higher in the peri-implant sulcular fluid (PISF) of cigarette-smokers than nonsmokers with peri-implantitis. PURPOSE: The purpose was to compare the levels of AGEs in the PISF among moderate cigarette-smokers and nonsmokers with peri-implantitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cigarette-smokers and nonsmokers with peri-implantitis and nonsmokers without peri-implantitis were included. A questionnaire was used to gather information related to smoking habit, duration of implants in function and demographic traits. In all groups, peri-implant plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), crestal bone loss (CBL) and probing depth (PD). The PISF was collected and levels of AGEs were measured. Group comparisons were performed and P < .01 was nominated as pointer of statistical significance. RESULTS: Fourteen smokers with peri-implantitis (12 males and 2 females), 15 nonsmokers with peri-implantitis (14 males and 1 female) and 15 nonsmokers without peri-implantitis (13 males and 2 females) were included. Smokers with peri-implantitis had a smoking history of 22.7 ± 0.3 pack years. The mesial and distal CBL, PI, and PD were significantly higher in smokers with peri-implantitis than nonsmokers with (P < .01) and without peri-implantitis (P < .01). The GI was significantly higher in smokers (P < .01) and nonsmokers with peri-implantitis (P < .01) compared with nonsmokers without peri-implantitis. The levels of AGEs were significantly higher among smokers with peri-implantitis (552.8 ± 87.2 pg/mL) (P < .01) compared with nonsmokers with (141.6 ± 64.9 pg/mL) and without (88.1 ± 27.3 pg/mL) peri-implantitis. The levels of AGEs were significantly higher among nonsmokers with (141.6 ± 64.9 pg/mL) (P < .01) than without (88.1 ± 27.3 pg/mL) peri-implantitis. CONCLUSION: The levels of AGEs expressed in the PISF are higher among moderate cigarette-smokers than nonsmokers with peri-implantitis.