Retraction: A Rare Case of Solitary Schwannoma of Submandibular Gland.

[This retracts the article DOI: 10.7759/cureus.21373.].

A Rare Case of Solitary Schwannoma of Submandibular Gland.

Tumors of the salivary gland constitute a heterogeneous group of variable histological and biological behaviors. Patients with salivary gland tumors typically present with painless swelling. However, several neoplastic and non-neoplastic pathologies can result in salivary gland enlargement. We report the case of a 35-year-old woman complaining of a left neck swelling for 3 months duration. She had no relevant past medical or surgical history. On examination, there was a left submandibular swelling that was firm in consistency, non-tender, non-pulsatile, relatively mobile, and was not tethered to the underlying structures. Otherwise, examination of the head and neck was unremarkable. A CT scan of the neck revealed a well-defined hypodense lesion in the left submandibular region with foci of calcification along with multiple enlarged lymph nodes. After surgical exploration, the submandibular gland region, a mass lesion was found arising from the submandibular gland. Histopathological examination revealed the diagnosis of schwannoma. Salivary gland schwannoma is a very rare form of neurogenic tumor. Surgical resection is the treatment of choice; however, neural deficits are important and common postoperative complications.

Factors associated with tobacco smoking among Saudi college students: A systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: There has been an increase in tobacco smoking among Saudi college students in recent years. However, no study has examined, with a systematic approach, the extent to which specific factors are associated with tobacco smoking among this population. METHODS: PubMed, ProQuest, CINAHL, and Web of Science were utilized to retrieve studies addressing risk factors associated with tobacco smoking among Saudi college students between 2010 and 2019. After confirming their eligibility criteria, studies were imported to the NVivo software for data collection and synthesis. All included articles were critically appraised, based on a modified STROBE. RESULTS: Twenty-one out of 300 studies met the eligibility requirements for inclusion. Riyadh was the location, health-related science was the field of study, and male the gender of the population of most of the included studies. Only one study used a longitudinal design based on a theoretical framework, the rest were cross-sectional and lacked theoretical utilization. Four individual and two social factors were established to have a significant relationship with tobacco smoking behavior among college students in four or more studies. Environmental factors were found to be associated with a change in smoking behavior among Saudi college students based on two studies. CONCLUSIONS: There is a dearth of research in utilizing theoretical frameworks to guide the research in order to propose an intervention program among Saudi college students. Future research should aim to recruit participants from different institutions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), apply other methodological approaches, test other measurements of tobacco smoking, and utilize a theoretical framework.

Smoking tobacco prevalence among college students in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: During the last two decades, several studies have been published regarding the prevalence of tobacco smoking among college students in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). This systematic review and meta-analysis is intended to determine and examine the smoking prevalence in Saudi college students from 2010-2018. METHODS: PubMed, Science Direct, APA PsycNET, Web of Science, and CINAHL were used to search for published articles reporting the smoking prevalence among Saudi college students. After eliminating irrelevant articles, investigators independently assessed the quality of each article, based on Russell & Gregory guidelines. MetaXL software was used to calculate the pooled prevalence among included studies, using the IVhert model. Heterogeneity among the included studies was evaluated, using I2 statistic. Sensitivity analyses were conducted between male and female genders. RESULTS: Of the 295 published articles, 29 articles used a cross-sectional design to determine smoking prevalence among Saudi college students. Most of the studies were conducted in Riyadh at health-science-related colleges; the rest were performed in different cities and colleges. The meta-analysis showed that the pooled estimate of smoking prevalence among college students in the KSA was 17% (95% CI: 11-23%). Saudi male students had a prevalence rate of 26% (95% CI: 24-29%), whereas for Saudi female students the prevalence was 5% (95% CI: 3-7%). CONCLUSIONS: Smoking among Saudi college students was higher than in the majority of regional countries (e.g. Iran). Saudi male students had a higher smoking prevalence than Saudi female college students. Additionally, studies that reported a high prevalence targeted students in specific disciplines. Public health authorities in the KSA should develop a surveillance system that monitors the prevalence of tobacco smoking on campuses. A surveillance system of monitoring tobacco use among Saudi college students could be beneficial in determining the degree of the tobacco problem and in improving current tobacco control programs.