Evaluación económica de sistemas de riego para plantaciones de palma aceitera en la Zona Norte de Colombia / Economic Assessment of Irrigation Systems for Oil Palm Plantations at the Colombian Northern Zone

El déficit de agua es uno de los factores más limitantes para la obtención de altos rendimientos en los cultivos. Junto con esto, se debe mencionar que el agua se está convirtiendo en un ecurso escaso debido a condiciones relacionadas con el cambio climático, lo cual implica que cuando un productor decide regar sus cultivos, la eficiencia del sistema para el uso de agua debe ser un factor a considerar. Este artículo presenta los resultados de una investigación que pretende evaluar desde un punto de vista económico dos sistemas de riego empleados en plantaciones de palma de aceite de Colombia: el sistema de riego por aspersión (ra) y el sistema de riego por inundación (ri). Además, dentro del análisis se consideró un escenario en el que el productor no utiliza ningún sistema de riego (sr). Con respecto a los métodos de evaluación económica se utilizaron: la tasa interna de retorno, el costo unitario, el ingreso neto y el periodo de recuperación de la inversión. Los resultados indican que, a un precio de $ 365.000 por tonelada de rff, 70 Revista Palmas. Bogotá (Colombia) vol. 39 (1) 69 - 85, enero - marzo 2018 Introducción El rendimiento potencial de la palma de aceite se ve limitado, entre otros factores, por el déficit de agua. Esta situación se traduce en una brecha entre el potencial que ofrecen los materiales genéticos desarrollados y el rendimiento que en realidad obtienen los productores de sus cultivos. En ese sentido, la oferta hídrica determina el potencial de producción de un cultivo (Van Ittersum et al., 2013). En el caso de la palma de aceite, Corley & Tinker (2014) refieren que el déficit de agua es el factor climático que probablemente más afecta los rendimientos de este cultivo. A partir de lo anterior, se podría afirmar que el rendimiento esperado de un cultivo en regiones con déficit de este recurso, estará principalmente en función de las soluciones que se adopten para superar esta condición limitante. Entre estas se encuentran la adopción de materiales genéticos con tolerancia a la sequía, la implementación de sistemas de riego que permitan suplir el déficit (Lobell, Cassman & Field, 2009), y/o la adopción de otras prácticas que contribuyan a mitigar el efecto de la sequía en el suelo y que a su vez favorezcan la retención de la humedad existente, tal como el uso de residuos orgánicos (Beltrán, Pulver, Guerrero & Mosquera, 2015). De acuerdo con Woittiez et al. (2017), el rendimiento de la palma de aceite se reduce con precipitaciones inferiores a 2.000 mm/año, o si se presentan meses con precipitaciones inferiores a 100 mm. En el caso de las regiones palmeras de Colombia ambas condiciones son ciertas. Por ejemplo, en la Figura 1 se puede ver la precipitación mensual de cuatro plantaciones de la Zona Norte durante cuatro años. Es posible observar que al menos durante cuatro meses del año se registran precipitaciones que no superan los 100 mm. Establecer cultivos de palma aceitera con un sistema de riego por aspersión es la mejor alternativa desde el punto de vista económico. De esta manera, la tir resulta ser 4 % mayor con ra comparado con ri, y un 8 % superior en comparación con sr. Así mismo, el costo unitario es 7 % menor con ra comparado con ri, y 9 % más bajo en comparación con sr. Por su parte, los ingresos netos son 20 % más altos en ra comparado con ri, y 63 % superiores en comparación con sr. Por último, la amortización llega antes en ra en comparación con ri y sr. Este trabajo presenta además resultados para el análisis de sensibilidad que se llevó a cabo sobre el precio del agua y el precio pagado por rff

Water deficit is among the most limiting factors for obtaining high yields in agricultural crops. Along with this, water is becoming a scarce resource due to climate change, which implies that whenever a grower de-cides to irrigate their crops, the efficiency of the system for water usage must be a factor to be considered. This paper presents the results of a research undertaken in order to assess two irrigation systems used at oil palm plantations in Colombia from an economic perspective, they were: sprinklers irrigation (-*) and, f lood irrigation (2*). A scenario in which the grower does not use any irrigation system (K*) was also con-sidered. Regarding the economic assessment methods we used: internal rate of return (*&&), unit cost, net income, net present value (OQS), and payback period (QU). Results indicate that at a price of XYQ 365.000 per ton of 22U, establishing oil palm crops with sprinklers irrigation systems is the best alternative from an economic angle. With this method, the *&& is 4% higher at -* compared to 2*, and 8% higher compared to K*. The unit cost is 7% lower at -* compared to 2*, and 9% lower compared to K*. Besides, net income is 20% higher at -* than at 2*, and 63% higher compared to K*. Finally, the payback period comes earlier at -*, compared to 2* and K*. This study also provides results for sensitivity analyses carried out for the price of water and for the price paid for 22U.

Venous Ulcers Treated With a Hyaluronic Acid Extracellular Matrix and Compression Therapy: Interim Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are a severe and costly complication of diabetes and may result in foot amputation. CASE REPORT: A 69-year-old man with a 10-year history of type 2 diabetes, who was undergoing routine care for diabetes in the authors' clinic, developed a DFU of his right foot of 4 years' duration. The wound did not respond to conventional treatments, and imaging studies were normal. His 2 biopsies tested negative for malignancy. The DFU was fully removed surgically. Following surgical removal, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) was diagnosed in the histologic study of the wound. CONCLUSION: Clinicians should consider a diagnosis of SCC in any chronic, nonhealing DFU. Early surgical resection of a chronic, nonhealing DFU may prevent development of SCC in an ulcer.

Incorporating wound healing strategies to improve palliation (symptom management) in patients with chronic wounds.

BACKGROUND: Palliative wound care should be centered on symptom management and is a viable option for patients whose chronic wounds do not respond to standard interventions, or when the demands of treatment are beyond the patient's tolerance or stamina. Palliative wound care is the incorporation of strategies that prioritize symptomatic relief and wound improvement ahead of wound healing (total closure). Palliative wound care strategies must also work in conjunction with curative treatment objectives as wounds often heal completely in spite of serious illness and advanced disease. Palliative wound care is much more than pain, exudate and odor management. Common curative treatment goals such as physical correction of the underlying pathology, addressing nutrition and other supportive aspects of care, and sensible (nonharmful) local wound treatments should never be ignored. OBJECTIVE: (1) To provide a fresh and effective approach to palliative wound care by integrating individual clinical expertise with clinical and laboratory evidence from the (curative) wound healing literature and (2) to share our (Calvary Hospital) experience and approach to palliative wound care in an inpatient, home, and outpatient setting. This approach can be summarized with the mnemonic S-P-E-C-I-A-L (S = stabilizing the wound, P = preventing new wounds, E = eliminate odor, C = control pain, I = infection prophylaxis, A = advanced, absorbent wound dressings, L = lessen dressing changes). Throughout this paper we will offer rationale, principles and recipes, for each of the steps of the "SPECIAL" approach in an effort to facilitate the caring for chronic wounds in palliative medicine. CONCLUSIONS: A practical marriage of wound palliation (symptom management) with current wound healing concepts to provide options for the palliative care provider and improve the practice of palliative medicine.

Effect of noncontact normothermic wound therapy on the healing of neuropathic (diabetic) foot ulcers: an interim analysis of 20 patients.

This is the interim analysis of a prospective, randomized, controlled study comparing diabetic foot ulcer healing in patients being treated with either noncontact normothermic wound therapy (Warm-UP; Augustine Medical Inc. Eden Prairie, MN) applied for 1 hour 3 times daily until healing or 12 weeks, or standard care (saline-moistened gauze applied once a day). Surgical debridement and adequate foot off-loading was provided to both groups. Evaluations were performed weekly and consisted of acetate tracings, wound assessment, and serial photography. Twenty patients have completed the trial and both treatment groups were distributed evenly (N = 10). Ulcers treated with noncontact normothermic wound therapy had a greater mean percent wound closure than control-treated ulcers at each evaluation point (weeks 1-12). After 12 weeks, 70% of the wounds treated with noncontact normothermic wound therapy were healed compared with 40% for the control group. In this subset of patients there have been no adverse events associated with noncontact normothermic wound therapy.