Skin pharmacokinetics of miltefosine in the treatment of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis in South Asia.

INTRODUCTION: Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) arises as a dermal complication following a visceral leishmaniasis (VL) infection. Current treatment options for PKDL are unsatisfactory, and there is a knowledge gap regarding the distribution of antileishmanial compounds within human skin. The present study investigated the skin distribution of miltefosine in PKDL patients, with the aim to improve the understanding of the pharmacokinetics at the skin target site in PKDL. METHODS: Fifty-two PKDL patients underwent treatment with liposomal amphotericin B (20 mg/kg) plus miltefosine (allometric dosing) for 21 days. Plasma concentrations of miltefosine were measured on study days 8, 15, 22 and 30, while a punch skin biopsy was taken on day 22. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed to evaluate the distribution of miltefosine into the skin. RESULTS: Following the allometric weight-based dosing regimen, median miltefosine concentrations on day 22 were 43.73 µg/g (IQR: 21.94-60.65 µg/g) in skin and 33.29 µg/mL (IQR: 25.9-42.58 µg/mL) in plasma. The median individual concentration ratio of skin to plasma was 1.19 (IQR: 0.79-1.9). In 87% (45/52) of patients, skin exposure was above the suggested EC90 PK target of 10.6 mg/L associated with in vitro susceptibility. Simulations indicated that the residence time of miltefosine in the skin would be more than 2-fold longer than in plasma, estimated by a mean residence time of 604 versus 266 hours, respectively. CONCLUSION: This study provides the first accurate measurements of miltefosine penetration into the skin, demonstrating substantial exposure and prolonged retention of miltefosine within the skin. These findings support the use of miltefosine in cutaneous manifestations of leishmaniasis. In combination with parasitological and clinical data, these results are critical for the future optimization of combination therapies with miltefosine in the treatment of PKDL.

Redução aberta de fratura nasal: relato de caso / Open reduction of nasal fracture: case report / Reducción aberta de la fractura nasal: reporte de un caso

As fraturas nasais são de grande incidência dentre as fraturas faciais, podendo envolver também outras estruturas da face. O diagnóstico é baseado no exame físico, o qual muitas vezes é dificultado devido ao edema formado na região. A palpação dos contornos ósseos, verificação de presença de crepitação nasal, alterações de permeabilidade e assimetrias locais são algumas das alterações sugestivas de fraturas nasais. Além disso, a inserção do ligamento cantal medial pode ser perdida devido ao trauma ou devido ao deslocamento ósseo em que ele se encontra inserido. Exames de imagem, como radiografias e Tomografias Computadorizadas, são utilizados para a visualização das fraturas ósseas e planejamento cirúrgico. A redução aberta dos ossos nasais é indicada para fraturas de maior complexidade e cominuição, tendo em vista o adequado reposicionamento dos ossos, cartilagens e ligamentos deslocados. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo é relatar a redução aberta de uma fratura dos ossos nasais com perda de inserção do ligamento cantal medial direito, sob anestesia geral... (AU)

Nasal fractures are of great incidence among facial fractures, and may also involve other facial structures. The diagnosis is based on physical examination, which is often hampered due to the edema formed in the region. Palpation of bone contours, checking for the presence of nasal crackling, changes in permeability and local asymmetries are some of the changes suggestive of nasal fractures. In addition, the insertion of the medial canthal ligament may be lost due to trauma or due to the bone displacement in which it is inserted. Imaging exams, such as radiographs and CT scans, are used for visualizing bone fractures and surgical planning. The open reduction of the nasal bones is indicated for fractures of greater complexity and comminution, in view of the appropriate repositioning of the bones, cartilage and dislocated ligaments. Thus, the aim of this study is to report the open reduction of a fracture of the nasal bones with loss of insertion of the right medial canthal ligament, under general anestesia... (AU)

Las fracturas nasales son de gran incidencia entre las fracturas faciales, y también pueden involucrar otras estructuras faciales. El diagnóstico se basa en el examen físico, que a menudo se ve obstaculizado por la inflamación que se forma en la región. La palpación de los contornos óseos, confirmación de la presencia de crepitantes nasales, alteraciones de la permeabilidad y asimetrías locales son algunas de las alteraciones sugestivas de fracturas nasales. Además, la inserción del ligamento cantal medial puede perderse debido a un traumatismo o al desplazamiento del hueso en el que se inserta. Las pruebas de imagen, como las radiografías y las tomografías computadorizadas, se utilizan para visualizar las fracturas óseas y planificar la cirugía. La reducción abierta de los huesos nasales está indicada para las fracturas de mayor complejidad y conminución, en vista del reposicionamiento adecuado de los huesos, cartílagos y ligamentos dislocados. Así, el objetivo de este estudio es relatar la reducción abierta de una fractura de los huesos nasales con pérdida de inserción del ligamento cantal medial derecho, bajo anestesia general... (AU)

AmBisome Monotherapy and Combination AmBisome-Miltefosine Therapy for the Treatment of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Patients Coinfected With Human Immunodeficiency Virus in India: A Randomized Open-Label, Parallel-Arm, Phase 3 Trial.

BACKGROUND: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) presents an increasingly important patient cohort in areas where both infections are endemic. Evidence for treatment is sparce, with no high-quality studies from the Indian subcontinent. METHODS: This is a randomized, open-label, parallel-arm, phase 3 trial conducted within a single hospital in Patna, India. One hundred and fifty patients aged ≥18 years with serologically confirmed HIV and parasitologically confirmed VL were randomly allocated to 1 of 2 treatment arms, either a total 40 mg/kg intravenous liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome; Gilead Pharmaceuticals) administered in 8 equal doses over 24 days or a total 30 mg/kg intravenous AmBisome administered in 6 equal doses given concomitantly with a total 1.4 g oral miltefosine administered through 2 daily doses of 50 mg over 14 days. The primary outcome was intention-to-treat relapse-free survival at day 210, defined as absence of signs and symptoms of VL or, if symptomatic, negative parasitological investigations. RESULTS: Among 243 patients assessed for eligibility, 150 were recruited between 2 January 2017 and 5 April 2018, with no loss to follow-up. Relapse-free survival at day 210 was 85% (64/75; 95% CI, 77-100%) in the monotherapy arm, and 96%, (72/75; 90-100%) in the combination arm. Nineteen percent (28/150) were infected with concurrent tuberculosis, divided equally between arms. Excluding those with concurrent tuberculosis, relapse-free survival at day 210 was 90% (55/61; 82-100%) in the monotherapy and 97% (59/61; 91-100%) in the combination therapy arm. Serious adverse events were uncommon and similar in each arm. CONCLUSIONS: Combination therapy appears to be safe, well tolerated, and effective, and halves treatment duration of current recommendations. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: Clinical Trial Registry India (CTRI/2015/05/005807; the protocol is available online at https://osf.io/avz7r).

Posicionamento na rede tem efeitos benéficos em neonatos pré-termo internados em unidade de terapia intensiva

Introdução: A produção de carbapenemases dos tipos KPC e NDM é um importante mecanismo enzimático de resistência aos carbapenêmicos em bactérias da família Enterobacteriaceae. Estas enzimas degradam os antibióticos beta-lactâmicos e são codificadas pelos genes blaKPC e blaNDM, que podem estar localizados em elementos genéticos móveis como plasmídeos e transposons. Objetivos: Avaliar a taxa de positividade de blaKPC e blaNDM em enterobactérias resistentes aos carbapenêmicos recebidos no Intituto Adofo Lutz (IAL) de São José do Rio Preto e pesquisar dados epidemiológicos dos pacientes cujos isolados foram recuperados. Métodos: No período de junho de 2015 a abril de 2019 foram recebidos isolados bacterianos resistentes aos carbapenêmicos da região de São José do Rio Preto. No laboratório de bacteriologia e biologia molecular foram realizadas a extração de DNA e a PCR em tempo real para investigação dos genes blaKPC e blaNDM. Em seguida, foi feito o levantamento dos dados epidemiológicos, tais como, o município de origem, idade e gênero dos pacientes cujos isolados bacterianos foram recuperados. Resultados: A amostragem total do estudo foi de 934 isolados de enterobactérias provenientes de diferentes hospitais localizados em cinco municípios da região. Destes; 93,4% foram positivos para blaKPC, sendo 96,3% em isolados do gênero Klebsiella sp. e 1,85% dos isolados do gênero Enterobacter sp. e da espécie Escherichia coli , respectivamente; 52,5% dos isolados foram obtidos de mulheres e 84,4% de pacientes idosos. O gene blaNDM, foi detectado apenas em três isolados, sendo dois deles provenientes de culturas de vigilância. Conclusão: Os resultados gerados evidenciaram que enterobactérias produtoras de KPC estão disseminadas em todas unidades de saúde dos cinco municípios estudados, sugerindo que os isolados de Klebsiella sp. carreadores de blaKPC possam ser endêmicos nestas instituições. Pudemos também notar o importante papel das culturas de vigilância na prevenção da disseminação de genes de resistência, como observado para blaNDM neste estudo.

Factors related to orientation of search for dental care in high risk pregnancy / Fatores relacionados à orientação de busca pelo atendimento odontológico na gestação de alto risco

Abstract Objectives: to relate the search for dental care during pregnancy to sociodemographic, gestational and dental characteristics. Methods: quantitative approach study with cross-sectional design carried out with high-risk pregnant women, from January to May 2018. Statistical analysis was performed using Pearson's chi-square association test and Fisher's exact test, followed by logistic regression analysis and odds ratio calculation. Results: the final sample was composed of 190 pregnant women and the guidance for seeking dental care was significantly related to issues related to Prenatal Dental Care, regarding safety (p = 0.025), effective search (p < 0.0001) and the Unit Basic Health Care as a place of assistance (p = 0.0018). Pregnant women who did not receive search guidance are 19.6 more likely to not seek this service (p <0.001), when they seek it without guidance, they have 6.3 more chances to seek private services (p = 0.014) and when they do not receive guidance, they are 4.5 more likely to not feel secure in relation to this assistance (p = 0.005). Conclusion: the guidance and encouragement provided by the health team is paramount in pregnant woman's decision to seek assistance, especially in the context of Primary Health Care, and is characterized as a strategic tool in reducing insecurities related to dental treatment during pregnancy.

Resumo Objetivos: relacionar a orientação de busca pelo atendimento odontológico durante a gestação com características sociodemográficas, gestacionais e odontológicas. Métodos: estudo de abordagem quantitativa com delineamento transversal realizado junto a gestantes de alto risco, no período de janeiro a maio de 2018. A análise estatística foi conduzida pelo teste de associação qui-quadrado de Pearson e teste exato de Fisher, seguida pela análise de regressão logística e cálculo da odds ratio. Resultados: a amostra final foi composta por 190 gestantes e a orientação de busca foi significativamente relacionada às questões relativas ao Pré-Natal Odontológico, quanto à segurança (p=0,025), à busca efetiva (p<0,001) e à Unidade Básica de Saúde como local da assistência (p=0,0018). Gestantes que não receberam orientação de busca apresentam 19,6 mais chances de não buscar este serviço (p<0,001), quando o buscam sem orientação dispõe de 6,3 mais chances de ser por serviços privados (p=0,014) e quando não recebem orientação têm 4,5 mais chances de não sentir segurança em relação a esta assistência (p=0,005). Conclusão: a orientação e o incentivo realizados pela equipe de saúde são primordiais na decisão da gestante em buscar pela assistência, especialmente no âmbito da Atenção Primária em Saúde, e caracteriza-se como uma ferramenta estratégica na redução de inseguranças relacionadas ao tratamento odontológico no período gestacional.

Eficácia das palmilhas customizadas na melhora da distribuição da pressão plantar em pacientes com neuropatia diabética: Protocolo de um ensaio clínico randomizado e controlado / Efficacy of customized insoles in the improvement of plantar pressure in patients with diabetic neuropathy: Protocol of a randomized and controlled clinical trial

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a influência das palmilhas customizadas na pressão plantar de diabéticos com neuropatia em comparação ao grupo sham. MÉTODOS: O método do estudo, devidamente registrado no Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos ­ REBEC (Clinical Trial Brazilian Register) (http://www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/) RBR-5NQK4K, incluiu um ensaio clínico randomizado, controlado, prospectivo, duplo-cego, com uma amostra de 46 voluntários que serão randomizados aleatoriamente numa razão de 1: 1 para serem direcionados aos grupos intervenção e controle. O grupo intervenção receberá palmilhas customizadas, com barra retrocapital e placa de etil vinil acetato (EVA) no mesmo formato da barra retrocapital, com a finalidade de reduzir a pressão no antepé. No grupo controle, as palmilhas planas serão confeccionadas sem nenhum objetivo terapêutico. Este projeto foi conduzido de acordo com o padrão de protocolo para ensaios clínicos randomizados (SPIRIT). Junto com a avaliação clínica, serão coletados dados demográficos da amostra para identificar e confirmar a presença de neuropatia periférica, em seguida, será avaliada a podobarografia e, por fim, os pacientes responderão ao questionário FAAM para avaliação da funcionalidade do pé. O desfecho primário será a análise dos pontos de pressão em KiloPascal (kPa) no pé dos pacientes com neuropatia diabética por meio da podobarografia nos pacientes do grupo intervenção e controle. O desfecho secundário será a funcionalidade do pé nas atividades de vida diária através do questionário FAAM (Foot and Ankle Ability Measure), considerando os voluntários na avaliação inicial, 3º e 6º meses. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS: os futuros resultados deste estudo nos mostrarão principalmente se há ou não uma alteração estrutural na análise da pressão plantar decorrente do uso contínuo da palmilha, além de avaliar se o uso da palmilha terapêutica é eficaz na funcionalidade do pé nos mesmos portadores quando comparado à palmilha sham.

| OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of customized insoles in the plantar pressure of diabetes patients with neuropathy in comparison to the sham group. METHODS: The work method, duly registered at the Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos ­ REBEC (Clinical Trial Brazilian Register) (http://www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/) RBR-5NQK4K, includes a randomized, controlled, prospective, doubleblinded clinical trial, with a sample of 46 volunteers that will be randomly randomized in a 1: 1 ratio to be referred to intervention and control groups. The intervention group will receive customized insoles, with a retrocapital bar and an ethyl vinyl acetate plaque (EVA) in the same shape as the retrocapital bar, in order to reduce the pressure on the forefoot. In the control group, flat insoles will be prepared without any therapeutic objective. This project was developed according to the standard protocol for randomized clinical trials (SPIRIT). Along with the clinical evaluation, demographic data of the sample will be collected to identify and confirm the presence of peripheral neuropathy, next, the pedobarographic will be evaluated, and finally, the patients will answer the FAAM questionnaire to assess foot functionality. The primary outcome will be analyzing pressure points in KiloPascal (kPa) in the patients' feet through pedobarographic of the patients in the intervention and control groups. The secondary outcome will be the foot functionality in activities of daily living through the FAAM (Foot and Ankle Ability Measure), considering the volunteers in the initial evaluation, third and sixth months. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: Mainly, results of this study will show whether there is a structural alteration in the analysis of the plantar pressure due to the continuous use of insoles and present the evaluation of whether the use of therapeutic insoles improves the foot functionality of the same users when compared to sham insoles.

Methylene Blue for the Treatment of Health Conditions: a Scoping Review

HIGHLIGHTS This scoping review summarizes the findings of clinical trials using methylene blue (MB) for the treatment of various health conditions. This research method allowed mapping main findings, clarifying research topics, and identifying gaps in the literature.

Abstract studies evaluating effective drugs for health conditions are of crucial importance for public health. Methylene blue (MB) is an accessible synthetic drug that presents low toxicity and has been used in several health areas due to its effectiveness. Objective: this scoping review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of relevant research regarding the use of MB for the treatment of health conditions. Methods: a five-stage framework Arksey and O'maley scoping review was conducted. The literature was searched in Cochrane Library database using Mesh term "methylene blue". Data were collected by two independent reviewers and submitted to descriptive synthesis. Results: The search resulted in 429 records, from which 16 were included after exclusion criteria were applied. The therapeutic use of MB was identified for acute conditions (malaria and septic shock), chronic conditions (discogenic back pain, bipolar disorder, refractory neuropathic pain, and post-traumatic stress disorder), and postoperative care (vasoplegic syndrome, and pain after haemorrhoidectomy, lumbar discectomy, and traumatic thoracolumbar fixation). Conclusion: there is much evidence emerging from clinical trials about the therapeutic use of MB for acute, chronic, and postoperative conditions; however, many gaps were identified, which open further avenues for future research.

Qualificação da residência multiprofissional em saúde: opiniões críticas de preceptores / Qualification of multiprofessional residence in health: critical opinions of preceptors / Qualificación de la residencia multiprofesional en salud: opiniones críticas de preceptores

Objetivo: realizar reflexão sobre a percepção de preceptores quanto ao aprimoramento de programas de Residência Multiprofissional em Saúde, em nível hospitalar. Método: estudo qualitativo, realizado por meio de entrevista individual com profissionais da saúde (preceptores) (n=34), junto a residentes multiprofissionais de um hospital universitário do Estado do Paraná, Brasil. As informações foram angariadas por meio de questionário e analisadas. Resultados: os preceptores investigados vislumbram pela melhoria na qualificação do programa e pelo fortalecimento de estratégias, sobre dois prismas. O primeiro refere-se ao capital humano, englobando reforços na consolidação das relações interpessoais e de habilidades de comunicação. O outro considera a gestão do trabalho, com vistas a potencializar de forma mais efetiva a organização do processo de trabalho. Conclusão: sugere-se que gestores de hospitais invistam na capacitação de seus agentes formadores, também no que tange a importância do processo avaliativo institucional, com vistas a angariar e regular a qualidade das residências

Objective: to reflect on the perception of preceptors regarding the improvement of Multiprofessional Health Residency programs at the hospital level. Method: qualitative study, conducted by means of an individual interview with health professionals (preceptors) (n = 34), with multiprofessional residents of a university hospital in the State of Paraná, Brazil. The information was collected through a questionnaire and analyzed. Results: the preceptors investigated look for the improvement in the qualification of the program and the strengthening of strategies, on two prisms. The first refers to human capital, encompassing reinforcements in the consolidation of interpersonal relations and communication skills. The other considers the work management, with a view to maximizing the organization of the work process more effectively. Conclusion: it is suggested that hospital managers invest in the training of their training agents, also regarding the importance of the institutional evaluation process, with a view to raising and regulating the quality of residences

Objetivo: realizar reflexión sobre la percepción de preceptores encuanto al perfeccionamiento de programas de Residencia Multiprofesional en Salud, a nível hospitalario. Método: estúdio cualitativo, realizado por medio de entrevista individual com profesionales de la salud (preceptores) (n = 34), junto a residentes multiprofesionales de un hospital universitário del Estado de Paraná, Brasil. La información fue recopilada por medio de uncuestionario y se analizó. Resultados: los preceptores investigados vislumbran por la mejora em La calificación del programa y por el fortalecimiento de estrategias, sobre dos prismas. El primero se refiere al capital humano, englobando refuerzos en la consolidación de las relaciones interpersonales y de habilidades de comunicación. El otro considera la gestión del trabajo, con miras a potenciar de forma más efectiva la organización del proceso de trabajo. Conclusión: se sugiere que gestores de hospitales inviertan en la capacitación de sus agentes formadores, también en lo que se refiere a la importância del proceso de evaluación institucional, con miras a recaudar y regular la calidad de las residencias

Host transcriptomic signature as alternative test-of-cure in visceral leishmaniasis patients co-infected with HIV.

BACKGROUND: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) treatment in HIV patients very often fails and is followed by high relapse and case-fatality rates. Hence, treatment efficacy assessment is imperative but based on invasive organ aspiration for parasite detection. In the search of a less-invasive alternative and because the host immune response is pivotal for treatment outcome in immunocompromised VL patients, we studied changes in the whole blood transcriptional profile of VL-HIV patients during treatment. METHODS: Embedded in a clinical trial in Northwest Ethiopia, RNA-Seq was performed on whole blood samples of 28 VL-HIV patients before and after completion of a 29-day treatment regimen of AmBisome or AmBisome/miltefosine. Pathway analyses were combined with a machine learning approach to establish a clinically-useful 4-gene set. FINDINGS: Distinct signatures of differentially expressed genes between D0 and D29 were identified for patients who failed treatment and were successfully treated. Pathway analyses in the latter highlighted a downregulation of genes associated with host cellular activity and immunity, and upregulation of antimicrobial peptide activity in phagolysosomes. No signs of disease remission nor pathway enrichment were observed in treatment failure patients. Next, we identified a 4-gene pre-post signature (PRSS33, IL10, SLFN14, HRH4) that could accurately discriminate treatment outcome at end of treatment (D29), displaying an average area-under-the-ROC-curve of 0.95 (CI: 0.75-1.00). INTERPRETATION: A simple blood-based signature thus holds significant promise to facilitate treatment efficacy monitoring and provide an alternative test-of-cure to guide patient management in VL-HIV patients. FUNDING: Project funding was provided by the AfricoLeish project, supported by the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (EU FP7).

The reasons to include the serology of human T-lymphotropic virus types 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2) in the clinical follow-up of patients with viral hepatitis B and C in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: The WHO established targets for 2030 to globally reduce new viral hepatitis B and C infections by 90% and deaths by 65% and recommends searching for coinfections that increase the progression of chronic liver infections towards cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. AIMS AND METHODOLOGY: This study aimed to add information concerning the influence of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and type 2 (HTLV-2) infections in hepatitis B and C, since in Brazil, these human retroviruses are endemic but neglected. Serum samples from 1,910 patients with hepatitis B and 1,315 with hepatitis C from São Paulo, southeast Brazil, that were previously tested and grouped for HIV and HTLV-1/-2 coinfections were analyzed for hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) loads measurements and subsequent clearance using data from laboratory records. KEY RESULTS: Briefly, the lowest HBV viral load (VL) was detected in HBV/HTLV-2 coinfected patients, regardless of whether they were infected with HIV (all comparisons p<0.05). In contrast, higher HCV VL was detected in HCV/HIV, HCV/HIV/HTLV-1/-2 coinfected patients (all p<0.05), and the lowest HCV VL was detected in HCV/HTLV-2 coinfected patients. Curiously, 61.1% of the patients with HBV/HTLV-2 coinfection had an undetectable HBV VL at the beginning of the study versus 21.4% in the patients with HBV/HTLV-1 coinfection. Although the percentages of undetectable HCV loads in HCV/HTLV-1 and HCV/HTLV-2 coinfected patients were quite similar, during follow-up, more HCV clearance was detected in patients with HCV/HTLV-2 coinfection [OR 2.65; 95% IC (1.17-5.99)]. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS: HTLV-2 positively impacts HBV and HCV viral loads and HCV clearance, while HIV and/or HTLV-1 negatively impacts HCV viral load. Thus, the search for HTLV-1/-2 in viral hepatitis B and C infected patients has virological prognostic value, which is a strong reason to suggest including HTLV serology in the follow-up of patients.

Role of asymptomatic and symptomatic humans as reservoirs of visceral leishmaniasis in a Mediterranean context.

BACKGROUND: In the Mediterranean basin, Leishmania infantum is the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), a zoonosis in which the dog is the primary domestic reservoir, although wildlife may have a leading role in the sylvatic cycle of the disease in some areas. Infections without disease are very frequent. There is limited information regarding the role that VL patients and asymptomatic infected individuals could be playing in the transmission of L. infantum. Xenodiagnosis of leishmaniasis has been used in this descriptive study to explore the role of symptomatic and asymptomatic infected individuals as reservoirs in a recent focus of leishmaniasis in southwestern Madrid, Spain. METHODOLOGY AND MAIN FINDINGS: Asymptomatic blood donors (n = 24), immunocompetent patients who were untreated (n = 12) or treated (n = 11) for visceral leishmaniasis (VL), and immunocompromised patients with VL (n = 3) were enrolled in the study. Their infectivity to Phlebotomus perniciosus was studied by indirect xenodiagnosis on peripheral blood samples. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction of blood samples from immunocompetent patients untreated for VL and immunocompromised untreated, treated and under secondary prophylaxis for VL was performed. Antibodies against Leishmania were studied by indirect fluorescent antibody and rK39-immunochromatographic tests. A lymphoproliferative assay with a soluble Leishmania antigen was used to screen for leishmaniasis infection in the healthy population. Sixty-two xenodiagnostic tests were carried out and 5,080 sand flies were dissected. Positive xenodiagnosis was recorded in four patients, with different sand fly infection rates: 1 immunosuppressed HIV / L. infantum coinfected asymptomatic patient, 1 immunosuppressed patient with multiple myeloma and symptomatic active VL, and 2 immunocompetent patients with untreated active VL. All blood donors were negative for both xenodiagnosis and conventional PCR. CONCLUSIONS / SIGNIFICANCE: There is no consensus amongst authors on the definition of an 'asymptomatic case' nor on the tools for screening; we, therefore, have adopted one for the sake of clarity. Immunocompetent subjects, both infected asymptomatics and those treated for VL, are limited in number and appear to have no epidemiological relevance. The impact is limited for immunocompetent patients with untreated active VL, whilst immunosuppressed individuals undergoing immunosuppressive therapy and immunosuppressed individuals HIV / L. infantum coinfected were the most infectious towards sand flies. It is noteworthy that the HIV / L. infantum coinfected patient with asymptomatic leishmaniasis was easily infectious to sand flies for a long time, despite being under continuous prophylaxis for leishmaniasis. Accordingly, screening for latent Leishmania infection in HIV-infected patients is recommended in scenarios where transmission occurs. In addition, screening for VL in HIV-infected patients who have spent time in VL-endemic areas should also be implemented in non-endemic areas. More research is needed to better understand if some asymptomatic coinfected individuals contribute to transmission as 'super-spreaders'.

Oral health of neonates: mothers perception of lingual frenotomy performed in a university hospital / Saúde bucal de neonatos: percepção das mães sobre a frenotomia lingual realizada em um hospital universitário

ABSTRACT Objective: The study sought to know mothers' perception of neonates on lingual frenotomy performed by a dental care program of a university hospital in Paraná Methods: It is a descriptive research with a qualitative approach, developed with mothers of newborns and whose children were submitted to a lingual frenzy procedure during maternal hospitalization (n = 09). Data were collected through a focus group interview and analyzed according to the content analysis technique Results: It was identified five thematic nuclei linked to lingual frenotomy in infants: 'maternal impressions agaisnt the professional indication'; 'Family trial'; 'Need to perform frenotomy'; 'Feelings after the completion of the frenotomy'; 'Changes in baby behavior'. The main maternal impressions were linked to fear and suffering related to the babies reaction. Regarding to the need to perform the lingual frenotomy, the intrinsic opinions were initially divergent, however, all evidenced that the procedure was indispensable for the baby, mainly for speech. After the frenotomy completion, the mothers reported well-being for the improvement in the lingual physiology and babies' quality of life, with emphasis on breastfeeding and improvement in the baby's behavior Conclusion: The results obtained are encouraging for the hospital managers to consider, in their clinical protocols, the technique of lingual frenotomy in newborns, with a view to facilitating mothers' access to the procedure, qualifying breastfeeding and consequently expanding the maternal and child bond.

RESUMO Objetivo: Conhecer a percepção de mães de neonatos sobre a frenotomia lingual, realizada por um programa de atenção odontológica de um hospital universitário do Paraná. Métodos: Trata-se de pesquisa descritiva com abordagem qualitativa, desenvolvida junto a mães de recém-nascidos e cujos filhos sofreram o procedimento de frenotomia lingual durante a internação materna (n=09). Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista em grupo focal e analisados conforme a técnica de análise de conteúdo. Resultados: Identificou-se cinco núcleos temáticos atrelados a frenotomia lingual em bebês: 'impressões maternas frente a indicação profissional'; 'julgamento da família'; 'necessidade de realização da frenotomia'; 'sentimentos após a realização da frenotomia'; 'alterações no comportamento do bebê'. As principais impressões maternas estavam atrelados ao medo e sofrimento relacionadas à reação dos bebês. Quanto à necessidade de realização da frenotomia lingual, as opiniões intrínsecas foram inicialmente divergentes, entretanto, todas evidenciaram que o procedimento era indispensável ao seu bebê, principalmente para a fala. Após a realização da frenotomia, as mães relataram bem-estar pela melhoria na fisiologia lingual e qualidade de vida dos bebês, com ênfase na amamentação e melhora no comportamento do bebê. Conclusão: Os resultados alcançados são encorajadores para gestores de hospitais considerarem, em seus protocolos clínicos, a técnica da frenotomia lingual em recém-nascidos, com vistas à facilitação do acesso de mães ao procedimento, à qualificação da amamentação materna e à consequente ampliação do vínculo maternoinfantil.

Propranolol and ascorbic acid in control of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva flare-ups due to accidental falls.

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a rare, intractable and devastating genetic connective tissue disorder characterized by progressive ectopic ossification in the soft tissues and skeleton. Three patients, one teenage girl (P1), one male adult (P2) and one male child (P3), were studied and treated with FOPCON (combined formulation of 14 mg of propranolol and 250 mg of ascorbic acid), given three times per day. P1 started treatment in March 2012, P2 in October 2012 and P3 in July 2015. The clinical follow-up of these three patients, before initiating treatment with FOPCON, showed that FOP flare-ups used to occur frequently and that under FOPCON therapy, none of these patients had flare-ups. The striking feature of this treatment with FOPCON, is that, all three cases suffered accidental falls with documented injures until complete healing and that where major flare-ups should occur, injures or sequels, there was none. The present clinical observation shows that ascorbic acid plus the nonspecific beta blocker propranolol can be effectively useful, when administered previously and continually, in the prophylaxis of FOP flare-ups, especially for accidental falls. In this regard, FOPCON could be a prophylactic aid in cases of surgery of patients with FOP, hoping that it may benefit patients from having the severe sequels, characteristic of heterotopic bone formation. All three patients reported, to date, they no longer had flare-ups nor heterotopic ossification and showed normal scar healing.

Estado Nutricional e Qualidade de Vida em Indivíduos com Câncer Assistidos por Organização não Governamental / Nutritional Status and Quality of Life in Individuals with Cancer Assisted by a non-Governmental Organization / Estado Nutricional y Calidad de Vida en Individuos con Câncer Asistidos por Organización no Gubernamental

Introdução: As organizações não governamentais têm assumido papel complementar ao sistema de saúde na assistência ao paciente oncológico. A identificação das particularidades dos pacientes atendidos por essas instituições faz-se necessária para que melhores abordagens sejam definidas. Objetivo: Analisar a relação entre estado nutricional e qualidade de vida em indivíduos com câncer assistidos por uma organização não governamental. Método: Estudo seccional com indivíduos com câncer, realizado de agosto a outubro 2017. Aplicou-se um questionário com informações socioeconômicas, antropométricas e condições de saúde. Para avaliar a qualidade de vida, utilizou-se o questionário EORTC-QLQ-C30. Resultados: Dos 163 pacientes, a maioria era do sexo feminino e o tipo de câncer mais prevalente foi o de mama (26%). A maioria (58,6%) apresentava excesso de peso (39,5% sobrepeso e 19,1% obesidade, respectivamente), sendo o câncer de mama o tipo mais associado a esse estado nutricional. Observou-se que a qualidade vida global foi satisfatória (76,0±20,74), exceto na função emocional (54,2±32,81). Nas escalas de sintomas, os domínios mais afetados foram insônia (41,5±43,84), seguida de dor (34,6±36,17) e constipação (32,9±42,55). Pacientes desnutridos apresentaram significativamente mais náuseas e vômitos e menos diarreia (p<0,001).Pacientes com perda de peso grave apresentaram pior função social; e aqueles com perda de peso moderada relataram maior perda de apetite e diarreia (p<0,01). Conclusão: O estado nutricional teve impacto na qualidade de vida dos indivíduos com câncer, assistidos pela organização não governamental, demonstrando a importância de abordagem multiprofissional nessas instituições que possa beneficiar esses pacientes.

Introduction: Non-governmental organizations have assumed a complementary role to the health care system for cancer patients. Identification of the particularities of patients assisted by those institutions is necessary for defining better approaches. Objective: To analyze the relationship between nutritional status and quality of life in individuals with cancer assisted by a non-governmental organization. Method: Cross-sectional study with individuals with cancer ̧ from August to October 2017. A structured questionnaire was applied with socioeconomic information, anthropometric and health conditions. EORTC-QLQ-C30 was used to evaluate quality of life. Results: From 163 patients, the majority were female and the most prevalent type of cancer were breast (26%). Most (58.6%) were overweight (39.5% pre-obese and 19.1% obesity, respectively), with breast cancer being more associated with this nutritional status. It was observed that overall quality of life was satisfactory (76.0±20.74), except in emotional function (54.2±32.81). At symptoms scales, the most affected domains were insomnia (41.5±43.84), followed by pain (34.6±36.17) and constipation (32.9±42.55). Malnourished patients had significantly more nausea and vomiting and less diarrhea (p<0.001). Patients with severe weight loss had worse social function and those with moderate weight loss reported greater loss of appetite and diarrhea (p<0.01). Conclusion: Nutritional status had an impact on the quality of life of cancer patients assisted by the non-governmental organization, demonstrating the importance of multiprofessional approaches in these institutions that could benefit those patients.

Introducción: Organizaciones no gubernamentales han asumido papel complementario al sistema de salud en asistencia al paciente oncológico. Identificación de particularidades de pacientes atendidos por esas instituciones se hace necesaria para que se definen mejor enfoques. Objetivo: Analizar la relación entre estado nutricional y calidad de vida en individuos con câncer asistidos por una organización no gubernamental. Método: Estudio seccional con individuos con câncer, en el período de agosto a octubre de 2017. Se aplicó un cuestionario con informaciones socioeconómicas, antropométricas y condiciones de salud. Para evaluar la calidad de vida se utilizó el cuestionario EORTC-QLQ-C30. Resultados: De los 163 pacientes, la mayoría era del sexo femenino y el tipo de cáncer más prevalente fue de mama (26%). La mayoría (58,6%) presentaba exceso de peso (39,5% sobrepeso y 19,1% obesidad, respectivamente), siendo el cáncer de mama más asociado a ese estado nutricional. Se observó que la calidad de vida global fue satisfactoria (76,0±20,74), excepto en la función emocional (54,2±32,81). En las escalas de síntomas, los dominios más afectados fueron insomnio (41,5±43,84), seguida de dolor (34,6±36,17) y constipación (32,9±42,55). Los pacientes desnutridos presentaron significativamente más náuseas y vómitos y menos diarrea (p<0,001). Los pacientes con pérdida de peso grave presentaron una peor función social y aquellos con pérdida de peso moderada reportaron mayor pérdida de apetito y diarrea (p<0,01). Conclusión: El estado nutricional tuvo impacto en la calidad de vida de los individuos con cáncer asistidos por la organización no gubernamental, demostrando la importancia de enfoque multiprofesional en esas instituciones que puedan beneficiar a esos pacientes.

Percepção de mães sobre cuidados de saúde bucal ofertados na residência em Neonatologia / Mother's perception about oral health care accomplished in residence in neonatology

Introdução: A avaliação materna acerca da oferta de serviços de saúde destinada ao cuidado em saúde de neonatos destaca-se como importante referencial de qualidade, no âmbito hospitalar. Objetivo: analisar a percepção de mães sobre cuidados de saúde bucal trazidos por profissionais de Odontologia residentes em Neonatologia. Material e método: Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva com abordagem qualitativa às mães de neonatos que estiveram internados na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal do Hospital Universitário Regional dos Campos Gerais. Resultado: Inicialmente, a informação da presença do cirurgião-dentista na equipe de cuidados à saúde neonatal foi encarada com surpresa pelas participantes, porém somente até que a ações fossem destacadas. Após o esclarecimento, a maioria das entrevistadas expressou satisfação, motivação e segurança em relação ao atendimento odontológico e admiração pela oferta deste serviço de saúde, em um hospital público. Conclusão: A percepção da participação do cirurgião-dentista na equipe de saúde foi avaliada de maneira positiva pelas mães participantes, ao ser evidenciada a atuação deste no âmbito hospitalar. O levantamento realizado fortalece a necessidade de continuidade e ampliação das ações de promoção e prevenção em saúde, promovendo, desta forma, o incentivo precoce e o empoderamento das mães e familiares de neonatos.

Introduction: The maternal evaluation about the provision of health services for neonatal health care stands out as an important quality reference in the hospital setting. Objetive: to analyze the perception of mothers on oral health care brought by dental professionals residing in Neonatology. Materials and method: This is a descriptive research with a qualitative approach to the mothers of neonates who were hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit of the Regional University Hospital of Campos Gerais. Result: Initially the information on the presence of the dental surgeon in the neonatal health care team was viewed with surprise by the participants, but only until the actions were highlighted. After clarification, most interviewees expressed satisfaction, motivation and safety regarding dental care and admiration for the offer of this health service in a public hospital. Conclusion: The perception of the participation of the dental surgeon in the health team was evaluated in a positive way by the participating mothers, when it was evidenced the performance of this in the hospital scope. The survey strengthens the need for continuity and expansion of health promotion and prevention actions, promoting in this way the early encouragement and empowerment of mothers and their families.

Conhecimento de gestantes sobre o teste da linguinha em neonatos / Knowledge of pregnant women about the neonatal tongue screening test

Introdução: O diagnóstico e o tratamento precoce de anquiloglossia em bebês favorece o desenvolvimento adequado das funções orofaciais. O conhecimento popular sobre o teste da linguinha (TL) pode disseminar sua realização. Objetivo: Verificar o conhecimento sobre o TL e sua relação com o perfil sociodemográfico de gestantes. Material e método: Foram investigadas 427 gestantes que realizaram o pré-natal em um hospital escola do sul do Brasil, no período de maio a dezembro de 2017. As informações foram obtidas por meio de questionário individual contendo perguntas sobre as características sociais, demográficas e gestacionais da gestante, e o conhecimento sobre o teste da linguinha. Os dados foram analisados por estatística descritiva e as associações realizadas com o teste qui-quadrado. Resultado: Os resultados demonstraram que 33 (7,7%) gestantes conhecem e 45 (10,5%) possuem informações equivocadas sobre o TL. Gestantes com grau de escolaridade (p=0,028) e renda familiar (p=0,002) maiores são mais propensas a conhecer o teste. Profissionais da enfermagem são os principais provedores da informação (64,1%). Conclusão: O conhecimento de gestantes sobre o TL é superficial, especialmente entre as de menor escolaridade e renda, o que acentua a necessidade de estratégias públicas com foco em melhorar a qualidade da assistência oferecida ao binômio mãe-filho.

Introduction: The early diagnosis and treatment of ankyloglossia in infants favors the adequate development of orofacial functions. The knowledge about the tongue screening test (TL) may disseminate its realization. Objective: The aim of this study was to verify the knowledge about the neonatal tongue screening test (TL) and its relation with the sociodemographic profile of pregnant women. Materials and method: A total of 427 pregnant women receiving prenatal care at a school hospital in southern Brazil from May to December 2017 were investigated. The information was collected through an individual questionnaire containing information about the pregnant woman's sociodemographic profile and gestational characteristics and knowledge about the TL. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and the associations performed with the chi-square test. Result: The results showed that 33 (7.7%) of the pregnant women knew and 45 (10.5%) had misinformation about the TL. Pregnant women with higher education (p=0.028) and higher family income (p=0.002) were more likely to know the test. Nursing professionals were the main providers of the information (64.1%). Conclusion: It is possible to conclude that the knowledge of pregnant women about the TL is superficial, especially among those with lower schooling and income, and it emphasizes the need for public strategies focused on improving health care offered to the mother-baby binomial.

A relevância do papel do odontopediatra no diagnóstico e tratamento precoces da mordida cruzada anterior na infância: relato de caso / The relevance of the role of pediatric dentistry in the diagnosis and early treatment of the anterior cross bite in children: case report

A mordida cruzada anterior é uma maloclusão, na qual ocorre um relacionamento vestibulolingual anormal entre os incisivos superiores e inferiores. O diagnóstico precoce realizado pelo odontopediatria evita o comprometimento estético e funcional do sistema estomatognático ao longo do crescimento infantil. Alterações das bases ósseas, musculares, dentárias, traumatismo, perda precoce de dentes decíduos, hábitos de sucção e postura são considerados fatores etiológicos. A atenção precoce do odontopediatra na identificação da mordida cruzada anterior deve ser pautada na experiência e embasamento científico. O organismo infantil em crescimento sugere neste momento pequenas intervenções, as quais podem impactar em resultados futuros valiosos para a promoção de saúde e qualidade de vida do paciente infantil. O tratamento desta maloclusão deve ser iniciado tão logo a alteração seja identificada, e para isso é essencial a identificação e classificação clínica da maloclusão. Atualmente conta-se com diversos dispositivos ortodônticos, de indicações variadas para o tratamento precoce da maloclusão. O odontopediatra, por ser o profissional que atua em dentições decíduas e mistas deve estar apto a exercer a intervenção ortodôntica precocemente para reestabelecer a saúde e promover qualidade de vida ao pequeno paciente(AU)

The anterior crossbite is a malocclusion, in which an abnormal vestibulolingual relationship occurs between the upper and lower incisors. The early diagnosis performed by pediatric dentistry avoids the aesthetic and functional impairment of the stomatognathic system throughout child growth. Alterations of bone, muscle, dental bases, trauma, early loss of deciduous teeth, sucking habits and posture are considered etiological factors of this malocclusion. The early attention of the pediatric dentist in the identification of malocclusion should be based on experience and scientific background. The growing infant organism at this time suggests small interventions, which may impact valuable future outcomes for oral and general health promotion. The treatment of this malocclusion should be started as soon as the alteration is identified, and for this the identification and clinical classification of the malocclusion is essential. Several orthodontic devices are currently available, with varied indications for the early treatment of malocclusion. The pediatric dentist, because he is the professional that works in deciduous and mixed dentitions, must be able to exert orthodontic intervention early to restore health and promote quality of life for the small patient(AU)

Toxicity assessment and chemical properties of dolomite for use in dentistry / Avaliação da toxicidade e propriedades químicas da dolomita para uso na odontologia

The dolomite (DMT) can affect the metabolism of calcium and hydroxyl ions mineralization. To evaluate the toxicity, chemical properties and release of calcium and magnesium ions about 4 samples of DMT: Bioficina® - DMT I, Flora Pinhais® - DMT II, Dolomitex® - DMT III and Gran-White - DMT IV and hydroxide calcium PA (Biodinâmica® - HCA). Through bioassay Artemia Salina, hydrogen potential (pH), atomic absorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) of 4 samples of DMT was verified that the samples are suitable for potential use in dental materials. XRD and XRF techniques allowed to characterize the spatial conformation of the unit cell of dolomite, crystalline phases, mass percentage of chemical elements present in the samples. The presence of crystalline phases in addition to DMT has been identified as quartz and calcite. Impurities were detected in small amounts (Fe, K, Sr, Tm, S, Cu) and HCa to expectations about 100% portlandite. The pH was measured at concentrations of 1000 µg/mL;750 µg/mL;500 µg/mL;250 µg/ml and 100 ug/ml of the diluted crude extract of the sample at initial (0) and the periods of 24 and 168 hours wich were characterized in alkalinity pattern. In the interpretation of XRD and XRF tests have been detected the presence of silica, calcite and impurities besides the pure DMT in trace amounts in 2 samples while HCa to expectations of approximately 100% portlandite. To determine the toxicity was used the alternative method of lethal concentration 50 (CL50) with the bioassay model Artemia Salina. It resulted in low level of toxicity of DMTs with insignificant difference between times 24 and 48 hours. There was a release of 100ppm calcium and 32 ppm magnesium ions. None of the samples showed a significant percentage of other constituents considered harmful to health. It could be concluded that DMT is non-toxic, alkaline pH, considerable release of calcium ions, with crystalline phase that is characterized as a potential dental use.

A dolomita (DMT) afeta o metabolismo da mineralização por dissociação em íons cálcio e hidroxila. Avaliar a toxicidade, propriedades químicas e liberação de íons cálcio e magnésio de 4 amostras comerciais: Bioficina® - DMT I, Flora Pinhais® - DMT II, Dolomitex® - DMT III e Gran-White­DMT IV e do hidróxido de cálcio PA(Biodinâmica® - HCa). Com bioensaio Artemia Salina, potencial Hidrogeniônico(pH), absorção atômica, difração de raios X(DRX) e fluorescência de raios X(FRX) foi verificada a adequação do uso potencial para materiais odontológicos. DRX e FRX caracterizaram as fases cristalinas e percentual em massa de elementos químicos. Foi identificada a presença de fases cristalinas além da DMT, como quartzo e calcita. Impurezas foram detectadas e o HCa correspondeu às expectativas de aproximadamente 100% portlandita. O pH foi aferido em concentrações de 1000µg/mL;750µg/mL;500µg/mL;250 µg/mL e 100µg/mL do extrato bruto diluído das amostras nos tempos inicial (0) e 24 e 168horas. Sendo caracterizados no padrão de alcalinidade, DRX e FRX detectaram a presença de sílica, calcita e impurezas em quantidades mínimas em 2 das amostras e o HCa correspondeu às expectativas de aproximadamente 100% de portlandita. A toxicidade resultou em baixo índice com diferença insignificante entre os tempos 24 e 48h. Em média, ocorreu a liberação de íons: 100ppm de cálcio e 32ppm de magnésio. Nenhuma das amostras apresentou porcentagem significativa de constituintes considerados prejudiciais à saúde. Pôde-se concluir que a DMT é atóxica, pH alcalino, considerável liberação de íons cálcio, de fase cristalina que a caracteriza como potencial uso odontológico.

Hepatitis C viral load in HCV-monoinfected and HCV/HIV-1-, HCV/HTLV-1/-2-, and HCV/HIV/HTLV-1/-2-co-infected patients from São Paulo, Brazil

ABSTRACT Co-infections of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and either human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) or type 2 (HTLV-2) have been described as having an impact on HCV viremia and subsequent disease progression. HCV load in serum samples from 622 patients (343 males, 279 females; median age 50.8 years) from São Paulo/southeast Brazil was analyzed using the Abbott Real Time HCV assay (Abbott Molecular Inc., IL, USA). Samples were obtained from HCV-monoinfected (n = 548), HCV/HIV-1- (n = 41), HCV/HTLV-1- (n = 16), HCV/HTLV-2- (n = 8), HCV/HIV/HTLV-1- (n = 4), and HCV/HIV/HTLV-2-co-infected (n = 5) patients, and results were compared among the groups and according to sex. The median HCV load in HCV-monoinfected patients was 5.23 log10 IU/mL and 0.31 log10 higher in men than in women. Increases in viral load of 0.51 log10, 0.54 log10, and 1.43 log10 IU/mL were detected in HCV/HIV-1-, HCV/HTLV-1- and HCV/HIV/HTLV-1-co-infected individuals, respectively, compared with HCV-monoinfected counterparts. In contrast, compared to HCV/HIV co-infected patients, HCV/HTLV-2-co-infected patients had an HCV load of 5.0 log10 IU/mL, whereas HCV/HIV/HTLV-2-co-infected patients had a median load 0.37 log10 IU/mL lower. Significant differences in HCV loads were detected, with males and HCV/HIV-1- and HCV/HIV/HTLV-1-co-infected patients presenting the highest values. Conversely, females and HCV/HTLV-2-co-infected patients exhibited lower HCV loads. Overall, HCV viremia is increased in HIV and/or HTLV-1-co-infection and decreased in HTLV-2 co-infection.

Hepatitis C viral load in HCV-monoinfected and HCV/HIV-1-, HCV/HTLV-1/-2-, and HCV/HIV/HTLV-1/-2-co-infected patients from São Paulo, Brazil

Co-infections of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and either human immunodeficiency virus type1 (HIV-1), human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) or type 2 (HTLV-2) have beendescribed as having an impact on HCV viremia and subsequent disease progression. HCVload in serum samples from 622 patients (343 males, 279 females; median age 50.8 years)from São Paulo/southeast Brazil was analyzed using the Abbott Real Time HCV assay(Abbott Molecular Inc., IL, USA). Samples were obtained from HCV-monoinfected (n = 548),HCV/HIV-1- (n = 41), HCV/HTLV-1- (n = 16), HCV/HTLV-2- (n = 8), HCV/HIV/HTLV-1- (n = 4), andHCV/HIV/HTLV-2-co-infected (n = 5) patients, and results were compared among the groupsand according to sex. The median HCV load in HCV-monoinfected patients was 5.23 log10IU/mL and 0.31 log10higher in men than in women. Increases in viral load of 0.51 log10, 0.54log10, and 1.43 log10IU/mL were detected in HCV/HIV-1-, HCV/HTLV-1- and HCV/HIV/HTLV-1-co-infected individuals, respectively, compared with HCV-monoinfected counterparts. Incontrast, compared to HCV/HIV co-infected patients, HCV/HTLV-2-co-infected patients hadan HCV load of 5.0 log10IU/mL, whereas HCV/HIV/HTLV-2-co-infected patients had a medianload 0.37 log10IU/mL lower. Significant differences in HCV loads were detected, with malesand HCV/HIV-1- and HCV/HIV/HTLV-1-co-infected patients presenting the highest values.Conversely, females and HCV/HTLV-2-co-infected patients exhibited lower HCV loads. Over-all, HCV viremia is increased in HIV and/or HTLV-1-co-infection and decreased in HTLV-2co-infection. (AU)