Cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos para niños de zonas rurales costeras del Ecuador: Construcción, validez relativa y calibración

RESUMEN Los Cuestionarios de Frecuencia de Consumo de Alimentos son herramientas de investigación ampliamente utilizadas a nivel poblacional para evaluar la ingesta alimentaria, especialmente en niños. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron construir y determinar la validez relativa del Cuestionario de Frecuencia de Consumo de Alimentos (CFCA) para la evaluación de la ingesta entre niños ecuatorianos en edad escolar. Fueron incluidos 100 niños entre 6 y 8 años de edad de zonas costeras rurales del Ecuador. Las madres completaron 1 CFCA y 2 Recordatorios de 24 horas (R24h, estándar oro). Se utilizaron correlaciones de Pearson, Kappa ponderado y el método de Bland Altman para evaluar su validez. Se aplicaron modelos de regresión lineal incluyendo el R24h como variable dependiente y CFCA como variable independiente para derivar factores de calibración. Los coeficientes de Pearson oscilaron entre -0,03 y 0,24. Los valores de Kappa variaron entre -0,05 y 0,24, los gráficos de Bland-Altman se encuentran entre los límites cerca de la línea media y los factores de calibración oscilaron entre -0,01 a 0,16. Después de aplicar los factores de calibración, las ingestas medias de energía, macro y micro nutrientes fueron similares a las obtenidas en el R24h. El CFCA fue considerado apropiado para evaluar consumo de energía y nutrientes, sin embargo, debido a su concordancia débil a moderada este debe ser corregido mediante los valores de calibración. Asimismo, este CFCA es una herramienta útil para la evaluación de la dieta y la relación entre la dieta y la enfermedad en este grupo poblacional.

ABSTRACT Food frequency questionnaires are research tools widely used at the population level to assess food intake, especially in childhood. The objectives of this study were to develop and determine the relative validity of the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) for the evaluation of food intake among Ecuadorian schoolchildren. One hundred children from rural coastal areas of Ecuador, aged 6 to 8 years, were included. Mothers completed 1 FFQ frequency and two 24-hour recalls (R24h gold standard). Pearson correlation, weighted Kappa and the Bland Altman method were used to assess validity. Linear regression models were used including R24h as a dependent variable and FFQ as an independent variable to derive calibration factors. The Pearson coefficients ranged between -0.03 and 0.24. The Kappa values varied between -0.05 and 0.24, the Bland-Altman plots were between the limits near the midline and the calibration factors ranged from -0.01 to 0.16. The FFQ was considered appropriate to evaluate energy and nutrient consumption, however, due to its weak to moderate agreement this must be corrected using calibration values. This FFQ is a useful tool for evaluating diet and the relationship between diet and disease in this population group.

Incidence of thyroid diseases: Results from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil)

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate incidence of subclinical and overt hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Subjects and methods: The Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) is a prospective cohort study of 15,105 civil servants, examined at baseline and over a 4-year follow-up. This analysis included 9,705 participants with normal thyroid function at baseline, follow-up information about thyroid function and with no report of using drugs that may interfere in the thyroid function. Thyroid function was defined by TSH/FT4 levels or routine use of thyroid hormones/anti-thyroid medications. Annual and cumulative (over 4-year) incidence rates were presented as percentages (95% Confidence Intervals). Results: The incidence of all overt and subclinical thyroid disease was 6.7% (1.73%/year): 0.19% for overt hyperthyroidism (0.048%/year), 0.54% for subclinical hyperthyroidism (0.14%/year), 1.98% for overt hypothyroidism (0.51%/year), and 3.99% for subclinical hypothyroidism (1.03%/year). The incidence of all thyroid diseases was higher in women, when compared to men, with a low women:men ratio (1.36). For Blacks the highest incidence was for overt hyperthyroidism, while for Whites, the highest incidence was for overt hypothyroidism. However, the highest incidence of overt hyperthyroidism was detected in Asian descendants. The presence of antithyroperoxidase antibodies at baseline was associated with higher incidence of overt thyroid diseases. Conclusion: These results showed a high incidence of hypothyroidism, which is compatible with a country with a more-than-adequate iodine intake. The low women:men ratio of the incidence of thyroid dysfunction highlights the importance of the diagnosis of thyroid diseases among men in Brazil.

Health behavior-related indicator of lifestyle: application in the ELSA-Brasil study.

Various behaviors are considered health enhancing. Nevertheless, according to the current scientific literature, four health behaviors are considered particularly risky in view of their association with a group of chronic diseases: 1) smoking; 2) excessive alcohol consumption; 3) poor diet; and 4) lack of physical activity. Theoretically, it should be possible to make improvements to one's health by maximizing the number of healthy behaviors and minimizing the unhealthy ones. However, in reality, the different behaviors interconnect to create more complex lifestyles. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to present the construction of a lifestyle indicator based on health behaviors selected in the ELSA-Brazil study. This indicator revealed two lifestyles: less healthy and healthier lifestyles. The model proved adequate and was confirmed using latent class analysis (LCA). Agreement was 83.2 between the indicator and the LCA results, with a kappa coefficient of 0.65. Women were more likely to have a healthier lifestyle than men, reinforcing the scientific consistency of the indicator, since this finding is in agreement with data from the scientific literature. The indicator created to define lifestyle was found to have scientific consistency and validity; therefore, its use can be recommended for future population-based studies concerning the promotion of health and healthy lifestyles.

Physical Activity and Lipid Profile in the ELSA- Brasil Study / Atividade Física e Perfil Lipídico no Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil)

Abstract Background: Regular physical activity (PA) induces desirable changes in plasma levels of high- and low-density lipoproteins (HDL and LDL, respectively) and triglycerides (TG), important risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases. However, doubts whether intensity and duration have equivalent benefits remain. Objective: To assess the association of PA intensity and duration with HDL, LDL and TG levels. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 12,688 participants from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) baseline, who were not on lipid-lowering medication. After adjustment for important covariates, multiple linear regression was used to assess the association of PA intensity and duration with HDL, LDL and TG (natural logarithm) levels. Results: Both moderate and vigorous PA and PA practice ≥ 150 min/week were significantly associated with higher HDL and lower TG levels. Vigorous PA was associated with lower LDL only on univariate analysis. After adjustments, moderate and vigorous PA increased mean HDL level by 0.89 mg/dL and 1.71 mg/dL, respectively, and reduced TG geometric mean by 0.98 mg/dL and 0.93 mg/dL, respectively. PA practice ≥ 150 min/week increased mean HDL level by 1.05 mg/dL, and decreased TG geometric mean by 0.98 mg/dL. Conclusion: Our findings reinforce the benefits of both PA parameters studied on HDL and TG levels, with a slight advantage for vigorous PA as compared to the recommendation based only on PA duration.

Resumo Fundamento: A prática regular de atividade física (AF) induz alterações desejáveis nos níveis das lipoproteínas de alta densidade (HDL) e de baixa densidade (LDL) e dos triglicérides (TG), importantes fatores de risco cardiometabólico, mas persistem dúvidas se intensidade e duração da AF têm benefícios equivalentes. Objetivo: Investigar a associação da intensidade e da duração da AF com os níveis de HDL, LDL e TG. Métodos: Estudo transversal com 12.688 participantes da linha de base do Estudo Longitudinal da Saúde do Adulto que não usavam medicação para controle de lipídeos. Regressão linear múltipla foi usada para avaliar a associação, após ajustes por fatores sociodemográficos e de saúde, entre a intensidade e a duração da AF e os níveis de HDL, LDL e TG (logaritmo natural). Resultados: AF moderada e vigorosa bem como a prática de AF ≥ 150 min/semana foram associadas a maiores níveis de HDL. Maior intensidade de AF e AF ≥ 150 min/semana foram associadas a menores níveis de TG. Após ajustes, AF moderada e AF vigorosa aumentaram a média de HDL em 0,89 mg/dL e 1,71 mg/dL, respectivamente, e reduziram a média geométrica de TG em 0,98 mg/dL e 0,93 mg/dL, respectivamente. AF ≥ 150 min/semana aumentou a média de HDL em 1,05 mg/dL e reduziu a média geométrica de TG em 0,98 mg/dL. Conclusão: Nossos resultados reforçam os benefícios da AF sobre níveis de HDL e TG, sugerindo vantagem para a intensidade vigorosa quando comparada à recomendação baseada apenas na duração da AF.

Associations of dairy intake with glycemia and insulinemia, independent of obesity, in Brazilian adults: the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil).

BACKGROUND: Inverse associations between dairy intake and the risk of type 2 diabetes have been shown, but more studies are needed, especially from low- and middle-income countries. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to describe the association between dairy products and direct measures of glycemic status in adults without known diabetes. DESIGN: The Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) includes 15,105 adults, aged 35-74 y, enrolled from universities and research institutions in 6 Brazilian capital cities. We excluded participants with a known diabetes diagnosis, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. Dairy consumption was assessed by a food-frequency questionnaire, and we computed servings per day for total and subgroups of dairy. Associations with fasting blood glucose (FG) and fasting insulin, 2-h postload glucose (PG), 2-h postload insulin (PI), glycated hemoglobin (Hb A1c), and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were assessed through multivariable linear regression analysis with adjustment for demographic characteristics, behavioral risk factors, other dietary factors, and anthropometric measurements. RESULTS: The sample size after exclusions was 10,010. The intake of total dairy was inversely associated with FG (linear ß for dairy servings/d = -0.46 ± 0.2 mg/dL), PG (-1.25 ± 0.5 mg/dL), PI (-1.52 ± 0.6 mg/dL), Hb A1c (-0.02 ± 0.0%), and HOMA-IR (-0.04 ± 0.0) after adjustment for all covariates (P < 0.05 for all). The findings were consistent across categories of sex, race, obesity status, and dairy fat amount (reduced-fat vs. full-fat dairy). Fermented dairy products showed particularly strong inverse associations with the outcomes, with adjusted differences for a 1-serving/d increment of -0.24 (95% CI: -0.46, -0.02) mg/dL for FG, -0.86 (-1.42, -0.30) mg/dL for PG, and -0.01% (-0.02%, 0.00%) for Hb A1c. Myristic acid was the only nutrient that appeared to mediate the association between dairy intake and glycemia. CONCLUSION: Dairy intake, especially fermented dairy, was inversely associated with measures of glycemia and insulinemia in Brazilian adults without diagnosed diabetes. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.com as NCT02320461.