Heart rate and lower limb muscle activity on cycle ergometer / Frequência cardíaca e atividade muscular dos membros inferiores em cicloergômetro / Frecuencia cardíaca y actividad muscular de los miembros inferiores en cicloergómetro

ABSTRACT Introduction: Muscle activity in the pedal stroke movement on a cycle ergometer can be measured by surface electromyography, as an effective and improved method for studying muscle action and objectively determining the different action potentials of the muscles involved in specific movements. Heart rate behavior is an important factor during exercise with load. Objective: To identify heart rate behavior and pattern of muscle activity of the rectus femoris and vastus medialis in healthy subjects in the pedaling dynamic at different loads, submaximal test, on an instrumented cycle ergometer. Methods: 20 healthy adults were evaluated. Heart rate measurement was performed, together with electromyographic analysis, in the time domain, of the rectus femoris and vastus medialis muscles during incremental exercise of the lower limbs on the cycle ergometer. Results: Heart rate behavior presented significant difference for p≥0.05 in relation to increased loads. The EMG signal intensity from the vastus medialis muscle (normalized RMS value) in each quadrant of the pedaling cycle showed significant difference for p≥0.05 in relation to quadrants I, II and IV and significant difference for p≥0.05 in relation to quadrants III and IV. In the rectus femoris (RF) muscle, there was significant difference for p≥0.05 in relation to quadrants I, II and IV and significant difference for p≥0.05 in relation to quadrants I, II and III. Conclusion: An increase in heart rate proportional to the increase in load was observed, as well as an increase in the amplitude of the electromyographic signal proportional to the increase in load. It was possible to identify the pattern of muscle activation in the studied quadrants during pedal stroke movements, independent of load. Level of evidence III; Study of non-consecutive patients; without uniform application of the "gold" standard reference.

RESUMO Introdução: A atividade muscular no gesto motor da pedalada no cicloergômetro pode ser mensurada por meio da eletromiografia de superfície. A eletromiografia de superfície tem sido um método efetivo e aprimorado para estudar a ação muscular, determinando com objetividade os diferentes potenciais de ação dos músculos empenhados em movimentos específicos. O comportamento da frequência cardíaca tem relação importante durante o exercício com carga. Objetivo: Identificar o comportamento da frequência cardíaca e o padrão da atividade muscular do reto femoral e vasto medial em indivíduos saudáveis na dinâmica da pedalada em diferentes cargas, teste submáximo, no cicloergômetro instrumentado. Métodos: Foram avaliados 20 adultos saudáveis, realizando-se a mensuração da frequência cardíaca e a análise eletromiográfica no domínio do tempo dos músculos reto femoral e vasto medial durante o exercício incremental dos membros inferiores em cicloergômetro. Resultados: O comportamento da frequência cardíaca apresentou diferença significante para p ≥ 0,05 com relação ao incremento das cargas. A intensidade do sinal EMG do músculo vasto medial (valor RMS normalizado) em cada quadrante do ciclo da pedalada mostrou diferença significativa para p ≥ 0,05 com relação aos quadrantes I, II e IV e diferença significativa para p ≥ 0,05 com relação aos quadrantes III e IV. No músculo reto femoral (RF) verificou-se diferença significativa para p ≥ 0,05 com relação aos quadrantes I, II e IV e diferença significativa para p ≥ 0,05 com relação aos quadrantes I, II e III. Conclusão: Constatou-se aumento da frequência cardíaca proporcional ao incremento das diferentes cargas e também se evidenciou um aumento na amplitude do sinal eletromiográfico proporcional ao incremento da carga. Foi possível identificar o padrão da ativação dos músculos com relação ao ciclo da pedalada nos quadrantes estudados, independentemente do nível da carga. Nível de evidência III; Estudo de pacientes não consecutivos; sem padrão de referência "ouro" aplicado uniformemente.

RESUMEN Introducción: La actividad muscular en el gesto motor de la pedaleada en el cicloergómetro se puede medir por medio de la electromiografía de superficie. La electromiografía de superficie ha sido un método efectivo y mejorado para estudiar la acción muscular, determinando con objetividad los diferentes potenciales de acción de los músculos empeñados en movimientos específicos. El comportamiento de la frecuencia cardíaca tiene relación importante durante el ejercicio con carga. Objetivo: Identificar el comportamiento de la frecuencia cardíaca y el patrón de la actividad muscular del recto femoral y vasto medial en individuos en la dinámica de la pedaleada en el cicloergómetro instrumentado. Métodos: Se evaluaron 20 adultos saludables, realizándose la medición de la frecuencia cardíaca y el análisis electromiográfico en el dominio del tiempo de los músculos recto femoral y vasto medial durante el ejercicio incremental de los miembros inferiores en cicloergómetro. Resultados: El comportamiento de la frecuencia cardíaca presentó una diferencia significativa para p ≥ 0,05 con relación al incremento de las cargas. La intensidad de la señal EMG del músculo vasto medial (valor RMS normalizado) en cada cuadrante del ciclo de la pedaleada mostró diferencia significativa para p ≥ 0,05 con relación a los cuadrantes I, II y IV y diferencia significativa para p ≥ 0,05 con relación a los cuadrantes III y IV. En el músculo recto femoral (RF) se verificó diferencia significativa para p ≥ 0,05 con relación a los cuadrantes I, II y IV, y diferencia significativa para p ≥ 0,05 con relación a los cuadrantes I, II y III. Conclusión: Se constató aumento de la frecuencia cardíaca proporcional al incremento de las diferentes cargas y también se evidenció un aumento en la amplitud de la señal electromiográfica proporcional al incremento de la carga. Fue posible identificar el patrón de la activación de los músculos con relación al ciclo de la pedaleada en los cuadrantes estudiados, independientemente del nivel de la carga. Nivel de evidencia III; Estudio de pacientes no consecutivos; sin patrón de referencia "oro" aplicado uniformemente.

Diagnostic Validity of an Isokinetic Testing to Identify Partial Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the diagnostic validity of an isokinetic testing to detect partial injuries on the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). DESIGN: Prospective diagnostic study. SETTINGS: Orthopedic clinic, physiotherapy clinic, orthopedic hospital, and diagnostic/image clinic. PARTICIPANTS: Consecutive patients (n = 29) with unilateral knee complaint submitted to physical examination, magnetic resonance images (MRIs), and isokinetic testing prior to surgery of ACL reconstruction. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The isokinetic torque curves data from extensor and flexor muscles were converted to frequency domain by fast Fourier transformation and compared with healthy contralateral limb. Differences were categorized as unstable knees and these conclusions were compared with patient's physical examinations (doctor's conclusion on ACL integrity) and MRIs (as the radiologist conclusions on ACL integrity). After surgery, all intraoperatively confirmed partial injured patient's data were collected. The diagnostic accuracy measures to compare the conclusions of all 3 professionals included sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, disease prevalence, positive likelihood ratio, and accuracy-all using a confidence interval of 95%. RESULTS: Compared with MRI, the sensitivity of isokinetic test for an ACL partial injury was 90.00%, specificity 83.33%, positive predictive value 52.94%, negative predictive value 97.56%, and accuracy 84.48%. Compared with physical examination, the sensitivity of isokinetic test for an ACL partial injury was 85.71%, specificity 78.43%, positive predictive value 35.29%, negative predictive value 97.56%, and accuracy 79.31%. CONCLUSIONS: This method of isokinetic data analysis through fast Fourier transformation can be used to improve diagnostic accuracy of a difficult detection injury. Even present, a partial ACL injury can produce a stable knee during isokinetic testing and could be used to detect candidates for conservative treatment based on strengthening exercises, reducing surgery risks, and financial and social impact on patient's life.

Geographic distribution and time trends of esophageal cancer in Brazil from 2005 to 2015.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the geographical distribution and time trends of the incidence and lethality of esophageal cancer (EC) in Brazil. The present study conducted an ecological study of EC using records from January 2005 to December 2015 in the Health Informatics Department of the Brazilian Ministry of Health (DATASUS) registry. In addition to demographical data on the population, EC incidence and lethality rates were estimated from hospitalizations and in-hospital mortalities and were adjusted by total available hospital beds. The adjusted EC rates per 100,000 increased from 9.1 in 2005 to 12.1 in 2015. The prevalence among males increased from 69 to 78%, while the female rates remained stable over the same period. Although EC was the most common in South and Southeast Brazil, the rates increased proportionately more in the other regions of the country, especially among males. Geographical analysis revealed higher rates of EC in more urbanized areas, with a coast-to-inland gradient. While rates increased in people older than 50 years, they decreased among people below this age. However, the lethality rates remained stable and high during the study period, overlapping with hospital admission rates. The recent increasing trend in the EC incidence, with shifts from the south towards the north and from more urbanized towards rural areas, suggests that environmental factors are crucial in EC pathogenesis. The concentration of EC in South Brazil may reflect the presence of major environmental factors in association with a possible genetic predisposition. The unchanging high mortality associated with EC in the rapidly aging population suggests that EC will continue to impose a significant social and economic burden in the future.

Postural control analysis during a standardized kick task in soccer athletes / Análise do controle postural durante tarefa controlada do chute em atletas de futebol / Análisis del control postural durante tarea controlada del tiro en atletas de fútbol

ABSTRACT Introduction: Postural control is a determining factor for functional performance and motor skills during sports activities. Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate postural control during the controlled soccer ball kicking task through a biomechanical analysis system. Methods: The sample consisted of 11 professional male athletes recruited using convenience sampling, with a mean age of 22 years. The athletes performed twenty-five precision kicks at a target, with the ball in vertical motion released by means of a hand-held device synchronized with the computed biomechanical measurements. Marking of the lower limb segments involved in the kick and the ball were analyzed by accelerometry, while postural control measures were quantified by a force platform in three axes of movement. The support leg was investigated in single leg stance during all tests on the force platform. The main variables of postural control calculated by stabilographic analysis and computed during the 25 kicks were: center of pressure (COP) displacement area, velocity and frequency of COP oscillation in the anteroposterior and mediolateral directions. The mean was used for final analysis to determine the differences in the three phases: pre-kick, kick, and post-kick. Results: The results revealed significant differences (p <0.01) between the three phases, with the kick phase presenting higher values of postural COP oscillations than the other phases. The COP area and oscillation velocity were the variables with greatest sensitivity to changes in the kick phase, obtaining an effect size of d = 14 and d = 12, respectively. In clinical terms, the increase in COP values reached 557% between the pre-kick and kick phases; this difference was reduced to 241% when compared to post-kick (i.e., difference between kick and post-kick was 316%). Conclusion . These results have important implications for the perception of postural control responses during soccer ball kicks and consequently, for injury prevention when motor and sensory deficits are diagnosed in soccer players. Level of Evidence III; Study of nonconsecutive patients; without consistently applied reference ''gold'' standard.

RESUMO Introdução: O controle postural é um fator determinante para execução de gestos funcionais e desempenho motor durante as atividades esportivas. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi de investigar o controle postural durante a tarefa controlada do chute futebolístico por meio de um sistema de análise biomecânica. Métodos: A amostra foi constituída por 11 atletas profissionais do sexo masculino, recrutados por amostragem por conveniência, com média de idade de 22 anos. Os atletas realizaram vinte e cinco chutes de precisão em direção ao alvo, com a bola em movimento vertical lançada por meio de um dispositivo manual sincronizado com as medidas biomecânicas computadas. A marcação dos segmentos de membro inferior envolvidos no chute e a bola foram analisadas por meio da acelerometria, enquanto as medidas de controle postural foram quantificadas por meio de uma plataforma de força em três eixos do movimento. A perna de apoio foi investigada em apoio unipodal durante todos os testes sobre a plataforma de força. As principais variáveis de controle postural calculadas por uma análise estabilográfica e computadas durante os 25 chutes foram área de deslocamento do centro de pressão (COP), velocidade e frequência de oscilação do COP na direção anteroposterior e médio-lateral. A média foi utilizada para análise final para determinar as diferenças nas três fases: pré-chute, chute e pós-chute. Resultados: Os resultados revelaram diferenças significantes (p < 0,01) entre as três fases, sendo que a fase do chute apresentou valores maiores de oscilações posturais do COP do que as demais fases. A área e a velocidade de oscilação do COP foram as variáveis com maior sensibilidade às mudanças na fase do chute, obtendo magnitude de efeito em d = 14 e d = 12, respectivamente. Clinicamente, o aumento foi de 557% entre as fases pré-chute e chute; essa diferença foi reduzida para 241% na comparação com o pós-chute (ou seja, a diferença entre chute e pós-chute foi de 316%). Conclusões: Esses resultados têm implicações importantes para o reconhecimento das respostas de controle postural durante o chute futebolístico e, consequentemente, para prevenção de lesões quando déficits sensório-motores são diagnosticados em atletas de futebol. Nível de Evidência III; Estudo de pacientes não consecutivos; sem padrão de referência "ouro" aplicado uniformemente.

RESUMEN Introducción . El control postural es un factor determinante para la ejecución de gestos funcionales y desempeño motor durante las actividades deportivas. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar el control postural durante la tarea controlada del tiro futbolístico por medio de un sistema de análisis biomecánico. Métodos: La muestra fue constituida por 11 atletas profesionales del sexo masculino reclutados por muestreo por conveniencia y con promedio de edad de 22 años. Los atletas realizaron veinticinco disparos de precisión en dirección al objetivo, con la pelota en movimiento vertical lanzada por medio de un dispositivo manual sincronizado con las medidas biomecánicas computadas. La marcación de los segmentos de la extremidad inferior involucrados en el tiro y la pelota fueron analizadas mediante acelerometría, mientras que las medidas de control postural fueron cuantificadas por medio de una plataforma de fuerza en tres ejes del movimiento. La pierna de apoyo fue investigada en apoyo unipodal durante todas las pruebas sobre la plataforma de fuerza. Las principales variables de control postural calculadas por un análisis estabilográfico y computadas durante los 25 disparos fueron área de desplazamiento del centro de presión (COP), velocidad y frecuencia de oscilación del COP en la dirección anteroposterior y medio-lateral. El promedio fue utilizado para análisis final para determinar las diferencias en las tres fases: pre-disparo, disparo, y post-disparo. Resultados: Los resultados revelaron diferencias significativas (p < 0,01) entre las tres fases, siendo que la fase del disparo presentó valores mayores de oscilaciones posturales del COP que las demás fases. El área y la velocidad de oscilación del COP fueron las variables con mayor sensibilidad a los cambios en la fase del disparo, obteniendo magnitud de efecto en d = 14 y d = 12, respectivamente. Clínicamente, el aumento fue del 557% entre las fases pre-disparo y disparo; esta diferencia se redujo al 241% en comparación con la fase post-disparo (es decir, la diferencia entre disparo y post-disparo fue de 316%). Conclusiones: Estos resultados tienen implicaciones importantes para el reconocimiento de las respuestas de control postural durante el tiro futbolístico y consecuentemente, para prevención de lesiones cuando se diagnostica déficit sensorio-motor en atletas de fútbol. Nivel de Evidencia III; Estudio de pacientes no consecutivos; sin patrón de referencia "oro" aplicado uniformemente.

Impact of an early physiotherapy program after kidney transplant during hospital stay: a randomized controlled trial / Impacto de um programa precoce de fisioterapia após transplante renal durante a internação: um estudo clínico randomizado controlado

Abstract Introduction: Cardiorespiratory and musculoskeletal dysfunctions are common in the postoperative period of kidney transplant patients and are often accompanied by low exercise tolerance. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of an early physiotherapy program during hospital stay on functional capacity and peripheral and respiratory muscle strength after kidney transplant. Methods: An open, randomized clinical trial was conducted in patients undergoing living donor kidney transplant. Sixty-three patients were included (intervention group-IG: n = 30; control group-CG: n = 33). IG received an early physiotherapy program from first postoperative day until hospital discharge and CG received standard care. The variables of interest were measured preoperatively and at discharge except for respiratory muscle strength and vital capacity (VC), which were also measured on the first postoperative day. Functional capacity was evaluated through six-minute walk test (6MWT); peripheral and respiratory muscle strength using a dynamometer and manovacuometer, respectively; and VC through spirometer. Results: After surgery, there was a reduction in functional walking capacity and peripheral muscle strength without different between groups (p > 0.05); however, respiratory muscle strength was significantly higher in IG (p < 0.001) at hospital discharge, when comparing with CG. Conclusions: An early physiotherapy program during hospitalization for patients undergoing living donor kidney transplant caused a lower reduction in respiratory muscle strength and without additional benefits in the functional capacity, when compared to a control group, although the clinical relevance of this finding is uncertain.

Resumo Introdução: Distúrbios cardiorrespiratórios e musculoesqueléticos são comuns no período pós-operatório de pacientes de transplante renal, e são frequentemente acompanhados por baixa tolerância a exercícios. Objetivo: O presente estudo pretendeu avaliar o impacto de um programa precoce de fisioterapia durante a internação sobre a capacidade funcional e força muscular periférica e respiratória após transplante renal. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo clínico randomizado aberto com pacientes submetidos a transplantes renais com doadores vivos. Sessenta e três pacientes foram incluídos (grupo de intervenção GI: n = 30; grupo de controle - GC: n = 33). O GI recebeu o programa precoce de fisioterapia a partir do primeiro dia de pós-operatório até a alta hospitalar e o GC recebeu tratamento padrão. As variáveis de interesse foram medidas no pré-operatório e na alta, exceto por força muscular respiratória e capacidade vital (CV), que foram medidas no primeiro dia de pós-operatório. A capacidade funcional foi avaliada através do teste da caminhada dos seis minutos (TC6); força muscular periférica e respiratória com o uso de um dinamômetro e um manovacuômetro, respectivamente; e a CV por meio de um espirômetro. Resultados: Após a cirurgia houve reduções na capacidade funcional de caminhar e na força muscular respiratória sem diferenças entre os grupos (p > 0,05); contudo, a força muscular respiratória foi significativamente mais elevada no GI (p < 0,001) no momento da alta hospitalar em comparação ao GC. Conclusões: O programa precoce de fisioterapia oferecido durante a internação dos pacientes submetidos a transplantes renais com doadores vivos produziu uma menor redução da força muscular respiratória e não resultou em benefícios adicionais na capacidade funcional, apesar da relevância clínica desse achado ser incerta.

Impact of an early physiotherapy program after kidney transplant during hospital stay: a randomized controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION: Cardiorespiratory and musculoskeletal dysfunctions are common in the postoperative period of kidney transplant patients and are often accompanied by low exercise tolerance. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of an early physiotherapy program during hospital stay on functional capacity and peripheral and respiratory muscle strength after kidney transplant. METHODS: An open, randomized clinical trial was conducted in patients undergoing living donor kidney transplant. Sixty-three patients were included (intervention group-IG: n = 30; control group-CG: n = 33). IG received an early physiotherapy program from first postoperative day until hospital discharge and CG received standard care. The variables of interest were measured preoperatively and at discharge except for respiratory muscle strength and vital capacity (VC), which were also measured on the first postoperative day. Functional capacity was evaluated through six-minute walk test (6MWT); peripheral and respiratory muscle strength using a dynamometer and manovacuometer, respectively; and VC through spirometer. RESULTS: After surgery, there was a reduction in functional walking capacity and peripheral muscle strength without different between groups (p > 0.05); however, respiratory muscle strength was significantly higher in IG (p < 0.001) at hospital discharge, when comparing with CG. CONCLUSIONS: An early physiotherapy program during hospitalization for patients undergoing living donor kidney transplant caused a lower reduction in respiratory muscle strength and without additional benefits in the functional capacity, when compared to a control group, although the clinical relevance of this finding is uncertain.

Microvascular oxygen extraction during maximal isometric contraction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease / Extração microvascular de oxigênio durante contração isométrica máxima em pacientes com DPOC não hipoxêmicos

Abstract Introduction: COPD presents decrease in oxidative metabolism with possible losses of cardiovascular adjustments, suggesting slow kinetics microvascular oxygen during intense exercise. Objective: To test the hypothesis that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients have lower muscle performance in physical exercise not dependent on central factors, but also greater muscle oxygen extraction, regardless of muscle mass. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 11 COPD patients and nine healthy subjects, male, paired for age. Spirometry and body composition by DEXA were evaluated. Muscular performance was assessed by maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) in isokinetic dynamometer and muscle oxygen extraction by the NIRS technique. Student t-test and Pearson correlation were applied. A significance level of p<0.05 was adopted. Results: Patients had moderate to severe COPD (FEV1 = 44.5 ± 9.6% predicted; SpO2 = 94.6 ± 1.6%). Lean leg mass was 8.3 ± 0.9 vs. 8.9 ± 1.0 kg (p =0.033), when comparing COPD and control patients, respectively. The decreased muscle oxygen saturation corrected by muscle mass was 53.2% higher (p=0.044) in the COPD group in MVIC-1 and 149.6% higher (p=0.006) in the MVIC-2. Microvascular extraction rate of oxygen corrected by muscle mass and total work was found to be 114.5% higher (p=0.043) in the COPD group in MVIC-1 and 210.5% higher (p=0.015) in the MVIC-2. Conclusion: COPD patients have low muscle performance and high oxygen extraction per muscle mass unit and per unit of work. The high oxygen extraction suggests that quantitative and qualitative mechanisms can be determinants of muscle performance in patients with COPD.

Resumo Introdução: DPOC (doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica) apresenta diminuição no metabolismo oxidativo com prejuízos dos ajustes cardiovasculares, sugerindo cinética de oxigênio microvascular lenta durante exercício intenso. Objetivo: Testar hipótese que pacientes com DPOC apresentam não só menor performance muscular em exercício físico não dependente dos fatores centrais, mas também maior extração muscular de O2 independentemente da massa muscular. Métodos: Estudo transversal, 11 pacientes DPOC e 9 indivíduos saudáveis, gênero masculino, pareados pela idade. Avaliado espirometria, composição corporal, performance muscular por contração isométrica voluntária máxima (CIVM) em dinamometria isocinética e extração muscular de oxigênio pela técnica de NIRS. Teste t-Student e correlação de Pearson foram aplicados. Adotado p<0,05 como nível de significância. Resultados: Pacientes com DPOC moderado para grave (VEF1 = 44,5 ± 9,6 % predito; SpO2 = 94,6 ± 1,6 %). Massa magra do membro inferior foi de 8,3 ± 0,9 vs. 8,9 ± 1,0 Kg (p= ,033), comparando DPOC e controle respectivamente. A redução saturação muscular de O2 corrigido pela massa muscular foi 53,2 % maior (p=0,044) no grupo DPOC na CIVM-1 e 149,6% maior (p=0,006) na CIVM-2. A taxa de extração microvascular de O2 corrigida pela massa muscular e trabalho total apresentou-se 114,5% maior (p=0,043) no grupo DPOC na CIVM-1 e 210,5% maior (p= 0,015) na CIVM-2. Conclusão: Pacientes com DPOC apresentam baixa performance muscular e alta extração de O2 por unidade de massa muscular e por unidade de trabalho. A elevada extração de O2 sugere que mecanismos quantitativos e qualitativos podem ser determinantes da performance muscular em pacientes com DPOC.

Análise eletromiográfica de músculos da coluna vertebral durante a marcha em diferentes formas de carregar o bebê / Electromyographic analysis of the spinal muscles during the gait in different ways to carry a baby

Introdução: A forma de carregar o bebê pode causar desequilíbrios em músculos relacionados à coluna vertebral. Objetivos: Investigar a atividade elétrica dos músculos trapézio fibras descendentes e eretores lombares durante a marcha na simulação de carregar um bebê. Métodos: 20 voluntárias, destras e saudáveis participaram das coletas durante a marcha em esteira na simulação do ato de carregar o bebê em diferentes formas: 1) posição horizontal; 2) posição vertical; 3) suporte tipo "canguru" e 4) suporte tipo "sling". Os resultados eletromiográficos foram analisados pela análise da intensidade do sinal eletromiográfico dos músculos trapézio fibras descendentes e eretores espinhais lombares bilateralmente. Resultados: A ANOVA de dois fatores indicou que a forma de carregar (F(4,59)=17,1 p<0,001) e lado (F(1, 59)=89,6 p<0,001) afetaram a intensidade da atividade do músculo eretor espinhal e também a forma de carregar (F(4, 59)=6,4 p<0,001) e lado (F(1, 59)=59,9 p<0,001) do músculo trapézio fibras descendentes. Conclusões: O suporte canguru gerou menor ativação em músculos espinhais durante a quando comparado a outras situações.

Introduction: The way to carry the baby may cause imbalances in muscles related to the spine. Objectives: To investigate the electrical activity of the muscles trapezius descending fibers and lumbar erector during the simulation of carrying a baby. Methods: 20 volunteers right-handed and healthy participate of the study during walking on a treadmill to simulate the act of carrying the baby in different ways: 1) horizontal position; 2) vertical position; 3) Support Type "kangaroo" and 4) Support Type "sling". The EMG results were analyzed by analysis of the intensity of the electromyographic signal of the muscles trapezius fibers descendants and spinal lumbar erector bilaterally. Results: A two-way ANOVA indicated that the way of loading (F(4, 59)=17.1 p <0,001) and next (F(1, 59)=89.6 p <0.001) affected the intensity of the activity spinal erector muscles and also the way of loading (F(4, 59)=6.4 p <0.001) and next (F(1, 59)=59.9 p <0.001) of the trapezius muscle fibers descendants. Conclusions: Kangaroo support generated less activation in spinal muscles during when compared to other situations.

Reproducibility and construct validity of three non-invasive instruments for assessing the trunk range of motion in patients with low back pain / Reproducibilidad y validad del constructo de tres instrumentos no invasivos para evaluar la amplitud de movimiento de la columna en pacientes con dolor lumbar / Reprodutibilidade e validade do construto de três instrumentos não invasivos para a avaliação da amplitude de movimento da coluna em pacientes com dor lombar

Although there is a wide variety of methods and instruments aiming to assess the trunk range of motion, there is uncertainty regarding their construct validity and reproducibility. The objective of this study was to verify the construct validity and intra and inter-rater reproducibility of the goniometer, inclinometer and electrogoniometer in measuring the trunk range of motion in patients with history of low back pain. The measurement properties of reliability, agreement and construct validity were tested in 58 patients with low back pain using a test-retest design at baseline and after 24 to72 hours. All instruments showed good construct validity (r>0.60) as well as good levels of intra and inter-rater reliability with measurement errors ranging from 2.83 to 16.42 degrees. Among the assessed movements, the inclinometer, goniometer and electrogoniometer instruments can be considered as having good levels of construct validity and reproducibility for the assessment of trunk range of motion in patients with low back pain.

Mismo con una gran variabilidad de métodos e instrumentos disponibles para evaluar la amplitud de movimiento de la columna, son raros los métodos cuantitativos precisos de mensuración. El objetivo de eso estudio fue verificar la reproductibilidad intra- e inter-examinadores y validad del constructo entre medidas de amplitud de movimiento de la columna en pacientes con dolor en la región lumbar, las cuales fueron obtenidas con los instrumentos goniómetro, inclinómetro y electrogoniómetro. La reproductibilidad y validad del constructo de instrumentos fueron testadas en 58 pacientes con dolor en la región lumbar en un diseño de test y re-test, en la línea de base y después de 24 a 72 horas. Todos los instrumentos presentaron buena correlación entre sí (r>0,60), lo que reflete buena validad del constructo, y tuvieron buenos niveles de confiabilidades inter- e intra-examinadores. Entre todos los movimientos evaluados, el inclinómetro presentó un error absoluto inter- e intra-examinador que varió del 6,20 al 7,52 y 6,75 al 11,89 grados; y lo goniómetro mostró uno del 15 al 7,85 y 2,83 al 8,06 grados; y lo electrogoniómetro con uno entre 3,27 al 16,42 y 2,72 al 8,06 grados. Por lo tanto, los instrumentos aplicados pueden ser considerados con buenos niveles de validad del constructo y reproducibles para evaluación de la amplitud de movimiento en pacientes con dolor en la región lumbar.

Apesar da grande variabilidade de métodos e instrumentos disponíveis para avaliar a amplitude de movimento da coluna, são escassos os métodos quantitativos precisos de mensuração. O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a reprodutibilidade intra e interexaminadores e a validade de construto entre as medidas de amplitude de movimento da coluna em pacientes com dor lombar, obtidas com os instrumentos goniômetro, inclinômetro e eletrogoniômetro. A reprodutibilidade e a validade do construto dos instrumentos foram testadas em 58 pacientes com dor lombar num delineamento de teste-reteste, na linha de base e após 24 a 72 horas. Todos os instrumentos apresentaram boa correlação entre si (r>0,60), refletindo boa validade do construto, e obtiveram bons níveis de confiabilidades inter e intraexaminadores. Entre todos os movimentos avaliados, o inclinômetro apresentou um erro absoluto inter e intraexaminador que variou de 6,20 a 7,52 e 6,75 a 11,89 graus respectivamente; o goniômetro mostrou um erro de 3,15 a 7,85 e 2,83 a 8,06 graus, respectivamente; e o eletrogoniômetro, entre 3,27 a 16,42 e 2,72 a 8,06 graus, respectivamente. Dessa forma, todos os instrumentos utilizados podem ser considerados com bons níveis de validade do construto e reprodutíveis para avaliação da amplitude de movimento em pacientes com dor lombar.

Ecological study of gastric cancer in Brazil: geographic and time trend analysis.

AIM: To investigate the geographic distributions and time trends of gastric cancer (GC) incidence and mortality in Brazil. METHODS: An ecological study of the DATASUS registry was conducted by identifying hospitalizations for GC between January 2005 and December 2010. The data included information on the gender, age, and town of residence at the time of hospital admission and death. RESULTS: The GC rates, adjusted according to available hospital beds, decreased from 13.8 per 100000 in 2005 to 12.7 per 100000 in 2010. The GC rates decreased more among the younger age groups, in which the male-to-female difference also decreased in comparison to the older age groups. Although the lethality rates tended to increase with age, young patients were proportionally more affected. The spatial GC distribution showed that the rates were higher in the south and southeast. However, while the rates decreased in the central-west and south, they increased in the northern regions. A geographic analysis showed higher rates of GC in more urbanized areas, with a coast-to-inland gradient. Geographically, GC lethality overlapped greatly with the hospital admission rates. CONCLUSION: The results of this study support the hypothesis of a critical role for environmental factors in GC pathogenesis. The declining rates in young patients, particularly males, suggest a relatively recent decrease in the exposure to risk factors associated with GC. The spatial distribution of GC indicates an ongoing dynamic change within the Brazilian environment.

Static postural balance in healthy individuals: comparisons between three age groups / Equilíbrio postural estático em indivíduos saudáveis: comparações entre três grupos etários / Equilibrio postural estático en individuos sanos: las comparaciones entre los tres grupos de edad

The aim of the study was to compare static postural balance of healthy individuals of three age groups in different conditions of support and vision. Seventy one individuals, divided into 3 groups, were analyzed: young group (YG: 22.2 ± 2.1 years), middle aged group (MAG: 50.7 ± 5.7 years) and older individuals group (EG: 66.8 ± 5.4 years). Their balance was tested on a force platform, under 3 support and 3 visual conditions. Measures included: total (TD), anterior-posterior (APD) and mediolateral displacement (MLD) of the center of pressure (CoP). ANOVA revealed significant differences for interactions between group X support conditions and group X visual conditions for the 3 variables (p<0.01), with greater displacements for the MAG and EG groups during single-leg stance with partial and occluded vision (p<0.05). Static postural balance decreased over time in healthy individuals, and conditions of support and visual negatively affected balance with the increment of age.

O objetivo do estudo foi comparar o equilíbrio postural estático de indivíduos saudáveis de três faixas etárias em diferentes condições de apoio e de visão. Foram analisados 71 sujeitos, divididos em 3 grupos: jovens (GJ: 22,2±2,1 anos); meia idade (GMI: 50,7±5,7 anos) e idosos (GI: 66,8±5,4 anos). O equilíbrio foi testado numa plataforma de força, em 3 condições de apoio e 3 condições de visão, avaliando-se o deslocamento total (DT), ântero-posterior (DAP) e médio-lateral (DML) do centro de pressão (CP). ANOVA mostrou interação grupo X condições de apoio e grupo X condições visuais, nas 3 variáveis estudadas (p<0,01), com maiores deslocamentos no GMI e GI no apoio unipodal com visão parcial e ausente (p<0,05). O equilíbrio postural estático em indivíduos saudáveis diminuiu ao longo do tempo e que as condições de apoio e de visão podem afetá-lo negativamente com o avançar da idade.

El objetivo del estudio fue comparar el equilibrio postural estático de individuos sanos de tres grupos de edad em diferentes condiciones de apoyo y visón. Fueran analizados 71 sujetos, divididos en 3 grupos: jóvenes (GJ: 22,2±2,1 años), de mediana edad (GME: 50,7±5,7 años) y ancianos (GA: 66,8±5,4 años). El equilibrio fue probado en una plataforma de fuerza, em 3 condiciones de apoyo y 3 condiciones de visión, evaluando el desplazamiento total (DT), anteroposterior (DAP) y mediolateral (DML) del centro de presión (CP). ANOVA mostró interacción grupo X condiciones de apoyo y grupo X condiciones visuales, en las 3 variables (p<0,01), con grandes desplazamientos en GME y GA en apoyo unipodal con visión parcial y ausente (p<0,05). El equilibrio postural estático disminuyó en individuos sanos con el tiempo y que las condiciones de apoyo y de visión pueden afectarle negativamente con la edad.

Efeitos da estabilização segmentar lombar no equilíbrio de tronco em paraplégicos / Effects of lumbar segmental stabilization in paraplegics' trunk balance

Objetivo: Analisar o efeito da técnica de estabilização segmentar no equilíbrio de tronco (ET) em paraplégicos. Material e Métodos: Participaram do estudo cinco sujeitos, do sexo masculino (31,2 ± 12,93 anos) com diagnóstico de lesão medular (T6 a L1) e submetidos à avaliação eletromiográfica dos músculos multífido lombar (ML) e transverso do abdômen (TrA) e do ET, em duas posições (mãos nos joelhos e braços cruzados), antes e após quatro semanas de treino de estabilização segmentar lombar (ESL). As comparações das médias da Root Mean Square (RMS) do sinal EMGs e do deslocamento do centro de pressão (CP), pré e pós-treino foram realizadas no Software SPSS (15.0), utilizando os testes t Student e Wilcoxon, com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Houve diferença significativa na RMS do sinal EMGs (P=0,043) para os dois músculos analisados (ML e TrA) e também no deslocamento total do CP entre as avaliações pré e pós-treino, tanto na posição de mãos nos joelhos (P=0,014) quanto na posição de braços cruzados (P=0,022). Conclusão: Os resultados mostram que o protocolo de ESL empregado foi eficiente na melhora no equilíbrio do tronco e na ativação dos músculos ML e TrA.

Objective: To analyze the effect of segmental stabilization on paraplegics' trunk balance. Material and Methods: This study included five male subjects (31.2 ± 12.93 years) diagnosed with spinal cord injury (T6 to L1). They were submitted to electromyographic evaluation of the lumbar multifidus (LM) and transversus abdominus (TrA) muscles, in addition to TB assessment in two positions (hands on knees and crossed arms), before and after four weeks of lumbar segmental stabilization (LSS) training. The comparisons of the Root Mean Square (RMS) of the EMGs signal and of the displacement of the pressure center (PC) pre- and post-training were conducted on SPSS software (15.0). The Student and Wilcoxon tests were used, with significance level of 5%. Results: There was significant difference in the RMS of the EMGs signal (p=0.043) for the two muscles analyzed (LM and TrA) and in the total displacement of the PC between pre- and post-training, both in the hands on knees position (p=0.014) and in the crossed arms position (p=0.022). Conclusion: The findings showed that the LSS protocol was efficient in improving the balance of the trunk and the activation of the TrA and LM muscles.

Electromyographic preactivation pattern of the gluteus medius during weight-bearing functional tasks in women with and without anterior knee pain / Padrão de pré-ativação eletromiográfica do glúteo médio durante atividades funcionais com descarga de peso em mulheres com e sem dor anterior do joelho

BACKGROUND: Proximal factors have been proposed to influence the biomechanics of the patellofemoral joint. A delayed or diminished gluteus medius (GM) activation, before the foot contact on the ground during functional activities could lead to excessive femur adduction and internal rotation and be associated with anterior knee pain (AKP). There are few studies on this topic and the results were inconclusive, therefore, it is necessary to investigate the GM preactivation pattern during functional activities. OBJECTIVE: To compare the GM electromyographic (EMG) preactivation pattern during walking, descending stairs and in single leg jump task in women with and without AKP. METHODS: Nine women clinically diagnosed with AKP and ten control subjects with no history of knee injury participated in this study. We evaluated GM EMG linear envelope before the foot contact on the ground during walking and GM onset time and EMG linear envelope during descending stairs as well as in a single leg vertical jump. Mann-Whitney U tests were used to determine the between-group differences in GM EMG preactivation pattern. RESULTS: No between-group differences were observed in GM linear envelope during walking (P=0.41), GM onset time and linear envelope during descending stairs (P=0.17 and P=0.15) and single leg jump (P=0.81 and P=0.33). CONCLUSIONS: Women with AKP did not demonstrated altered GM preactivation pattern during functional weight bearing activities. Our results did not support the hypothesis that poor GM preactivation pattern could be associated with AKP.

CONTEXTUALIZAÇÃO: Tem sido proposto que fatores proximais influenciam a biomecânica da articulação fêmoro-patelar. Um atraso ou diminuição da ativação do glúteo médio (GM) antes do contato do pé no solo, durante atividades funcionais, poderia levar a adução e rotação interna excessiva do fêmur e provocar a dor anterior do joelho (DAJ). Existem poucos estudos sobre o assunto, e os resultados não foram conclusivos; assim, há necessidade de estudar a pré-ativação do GM durante atividades funcionais. OBJETIVO: Comparar o padrão de pré-ativação eletromiográfica (EMG) do GM durante a caminhada, descida de degraus e salto unipodal entre mulheres com e sem DAJ. MÉTODOS: Nove mulheres com diagnóstico clínico de DAJ e dez mulheres sem história de lesão no joelho participaram do estudo. Avaliou-se a envoltória linear do sinal EMG do GM antes do contato do pé no solo, durante caminhada; o tempo de ativação do GM e a envoltória linear do sinal EMG durante descida de degraus e salto unipodal. Utilizou-se o teste Mann-Whitney para determinar a diferença intergrupos no padrão de pré-ativação EMG do GM. RESULTADOS: Não se encontrou nenhuma diferença intergrupos na envoltória linear do GM durante caminhada (P=0.41), no tempo de ativação e na envoltória linear, durante descida de degraus (P=0.17 e P=0.15) e salto unipodal (P=0.81 e P=0.33). CONCLUSÕES: Mulheres com DAJ não apresentaram alterações significativas no padrão de pré-ativação do GM durante atividades funcionais. Os presentes resultados não sustentam a hipótese de que o pobre padrão de pré-ativação do GM esteja envolvido na DAJ.

Effect of low-power gallium-aluminum-arsenium noncoherent light (640 nm) on muscle activity: a clinical study.

BACKGROUND DATA: Studies have shown the significant effects of electromagnetic irradiation in the visible region, with laser as an irradiation source. However, the effect of LEDs (light-emitting diodes) irradiation in similar wavelengths is not known. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this clinical study was to verify the effects of the LED (640 nm with 40 nm full bandwidth at half maximum) on muscle activity. METHODS: The study was done with 30 test subjects, of both genders, aged 23 ± 3 years, with a mean weight of 60 kg, divided into three groups (n = 10). Fatigue was induced through the maximum power of a bite, for 60 s in two overlaid occlusal platforms, coupled to a load cell and to a biologic signal-acquisition device. LED irradiation of the right masseter muscle was applied to all subjects. The left muscle received placebo treatment. Irradiation was applied in eight points on the right masseter muscle (transcutaneous), 1.044 J per point, 2.088 J per point, or 3.132 J per point, 0.116 W, 0.522 cm(2) spot size, 0.816 cm spot Ø, continuous wave, perpendicular to the skin. RESULTS: An increase in muscle activity was observed after irradiation with 1.044 J per point (p < 0.05). A significant increase (p < 0.01) in the time before fatigue was observed in the irradiated muscle with 2.088 J per point, without a change in the force of contraction (p > 0.05). This change was not observed with 1.044 J per point and 3.132 J per point. The results suggest a dose-dependent relation with this kind of noncoherent irradiation in the red region of the electromagnetic spectrum in the muscle-fatigue process. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that LED can be used as a clinical tool to increase muscle activity (1.044 J per point) and to prevent fatigue (2.088 J per point), without change in the muscle force.

Análise eletromiográfica do músculo trapézio descendente durante a oclusão cêntrica forçada / Electromyographic analyses of the upper trapezius muscle during maximal clenching effort

Introdução: A alteração da oclusão e a posição da mandíbula podem afetar os músculos do pescoço, devido à relaçãoexistente entre os sistemas mastigatório e cervical. Assim, realizamos um estudo do comportamento da atividade eletromiográfica (EMG) do músculo trapézio descendente em indivíduos com oclusão clinicamente normal, durante a mordida em esforço máximo com posicionamento de dois parafilmes de algodão (10 mm de espessura). Método: Fizeramparte do estudo, 19 indivíduos normais sendo 14 mulheres (média de idade: 25,4 ± 4,14 anos) e 5 homens (média de idade: 24,11± 3,28 anos). Para a análise da amplitude do sinal EMG foi utilizado 40% e 60% da contração voluntária máxima (CVM) do músculo trapézio descendente. O sinal EMG foi coletado com freqüência de amostragem de 2 kHz e o valor em RMS (root mean square) foi obtido por janela móvel de 200 ms. Para comparar a amplitude do sinal em RMS nas condições pré e pós oclusão cêntrica forçada, foi utilizado o teste-t de Student, com nível de significânciaadotado de p < 0.05. Resultados: A comparação entre os valores em RMS nas condições pré e pós a oclusão cêntrica forçada, não alteram a amplitude do sinal EMG do músculo trapézio descendente com 40% (t=1.1, p=O,36) e 60% (t=0.91, p=O,ll) da CVM. Conclusão: Nesse estudo foi possível concluir que a oclusão cêntrica forçada não exerce influência sobre a atividade do músculo trapézio descendente em indivíduos com oclusão clinicamente normais.

Introduction: Alteration of the occlusion and the position of the jaw can affect the muscles of the neck, due to a relationship between the masticatory and cervical systems. This study evaluated the performance of theelectromyographic (EMG) activity of the upper trapezius muscle in individuais displaying clinically normal occlusionduring a bite at maximum effort, with positioning of two cotton parafilm (10 mm thick). Method: A total of nineteennormal individuais participated in the study, 14 of which were women (average age of 25.4 ± 4.14 years), and 5 were men (average age of 24.11 ± 3.28 years). The root mean square (RMS) amplitude of the upper trapezium muscle with 40% and 60% of maximal voluntary contraction were analyzed under pre- and post-maximal clenching effort conditions in centric occlusion. The EMG signal was collected with a sampling frequency of 2 kHz and the value in RMS (root mean square) was obtained by a moving window of 200 ms. The paired Student's t-test was used to compare RMS under pre and post-maximal c1enching effort conditions. In this exploratory study, the levei of significance of each eomparison was set to p < 0.05. Results: The values obtained in RMS demonstrated that a post-maximal elenehing effort, as eontrasted with a pre-maximal clenching effort, as contrasted with a pre-maximal clenching effort, does not alter the amplitude of EMG signal of upper trapezius muscle under conditions with 40% (t=1.1, p=O,36) and 60% (t=0.91, p=O,l1) of maximal voluntary contraction as demonstrated. Conclusion: This study concluded that the forced centric occlusion does not affect the activity of the upper trapezius muscle in normal individuals.

Eccentric hip muscle function in females with and without patellofemoral pain syndrome.

CONTEXT: Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is a common knee condition in athletes. Recently, researchers have indicated that factors proximal to the knee, including hip muscle weakness and motor control impairment, contribute to the development of PFPS. However, no investigators have evaluated eccentric hip muscle function in people with PFPS. OBJECTIVE: To compare the eccentric hip muscle function between females with PFPS and a female control group. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Musculoskeletal laboratory. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: two groups of females were studied: a group with PFPS (n = 10) and a group with no history of lower extremity injury or surgery (n = 10). INTERVENTION(S): Eccentric torque of the hip musculature was evaluated on an isokinetic dynamometer. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Eccentric hip abduction, adduction, and external and internal rotation peak torque were measured and expressed as a percentage of body mass (Nm/kg x 100). We also evaluated eccentric hip adduction to abduction and internal to external rotation torque ratios. The peak torque value of 5 maximal eccentric contractions was used for calculation. Two-tailed, independent-samples t tests were used to compare torque results between groups. RESULTS: Participants with PFPS exhibited much lower eccentric hip abduction (t(18) = -2.917, P = .008) and adduction (t(18) = -2.764, P = .009) peak torque values than did their healthy counterparts. No differences in eccentric hip external (t(18) = 0.45, P = .96) or internal (t(18) = -0.742, P = .47) rotation peak torque values were detected between the groups. The eccentric hip adduction to abduction torque ratio was much higher in the PFPS group than in the control group (t(18) = 2.113, P = .04), but we found no difference in the eccentric hip internal to external rotation torque ratios between the 2 groups (t(18) = -0.932, P = .36). CONCLUSIONS: Participants with PFPS demonstrated lower eccentric hip abduction and adduction peak torque and higher eccentric adduction to abduction torque ratios when compared with control participants. Thus, clinicians should consider eccentric hip abduction strengthening exercises when developing rehabilitation programs for females with PFPS.

Electromyographic evaluation of mandibular biomechanic / Evaluación electromiográfica de la biomecánica mandibular

The study of the craniomandibular biomechanics is related to the system of predominant lever and of the relation between function and mechanically induced deformations. This study has the purpose of evaluating the chewing muscular dynamics in the surface electromyography. Seventeen people of both sex, medium aged about 25, were selected, white skin and presenting Class I of Angle without apparent sign and symptom. The electromiographic data were obtained bilaterally from the masseter muscles, anterior temporal portion at the rest position and isometric position. Medtrace® passive bipolar surface electrodes were used coppled to a pre-amplifier, forming a circuit corresponding to a differential circuit. The registrations of the electric signals were caught by EMG- 800C equipment of Brazil EMG System Ltda with eigth channels, sample frequency of 2 KH and 16 bits resolution, digital filter with a band pass of 20-500 Hz. A comparison was through "t" Student or a Man- Whitney test according to the normality or not of the distribution, respectively. The results have shown important differences between the tasks but without sexual dimorphism. All these results indicate to the electrical activity of the temporal muscle in its anterior portion was bigger than the masseter muscle in rest position and the masseter muscle presented a higher potential of action than the anterior temporal muscle in isometric.

El estudio de la biomecánica craneomandibular se relaciona con el sistema de palanca predominante y la relación entre la función y deformaciones mecánicamente inducidas. Este estudio tuvo el propósito de evaluar la dinámica muscular de la masticación en la superficie electromiográfica en 17 personas de ambos sexos, con edad media de 25 años, de piel blanca y que presentaban clase I de Angle, sin aparentes signos y síntomas. Los datos electromiográficos fueron obtenidos bilateralmente desde los músculos maseteros, la porción anterior del músculo temporal en posición de descanso y en posición isométrica. Electrodos bipolares de superficie pasiva Medtrace ® fueron utilizados acoplados a un pre-amplificador, formando un circuito que corresponde a un circuito diferencial. Los registros de las señales eléctricas fueron capturados por el equipo EMG- 800C de Brazil EMG System Ltda. con 8 canales, frecuencia de muestreo de 2 KH y 16 bits de resolución, un filtro digital con una banda de paso de 20-500 Hz. La comparación fue hecha mediante "t" Student o la prueba Man-Whitney de acuerdo con la normalidad o no, de la distribución, respectivamente. Los resultados mostraron importantes diferencias entre las tareas realizadas, pero sin dimorfismo sexual. Todos estos resultados muestran a la actividad eléctrica del músculo temporal en su porción anterior, mayor que el músculo masetero en posición de reposo, y que el músculo masetero presenta un mayor potencial de acción que la parte anterior del músculo temporal en posición isométrica.

Eletromiografia de superfície da musculatura supra-hióidea durante a deglutição de idosos sem doenças neurológicas e idosos com Parkinson / Surface electromyography of the suprahyoid muscles during deglutition of elderly people without eurological diseases and with Parkinson disease

OBJETIVO: investigar as diferenças entre os achados eletromiográficos dos músculos supra-hióideos direito e esquerdo durante a deglutição de um líquido e um pastoso fino, em sujeitos idosos com doença de Parkinson e idosos sem doença neurológica. MÉTODOS: 30 sujeitos de ambos os sexos participaram deste estudo, 15 idosos sem doença neurológica e os demais com doença de Parkinson. Todos foram submetidos a um protocolo de avaliação clínica e avaliação eletromiográfica de superfície. RESULTADOS: foram constatadas diferenças significantes nos valores entre os sujeitos (f=14.4 e p= 0.000) e entre os lados (f=4.4 e p=0.0037). Em relação ao tempo de duração da contração muscular durante a deglutição as diferenças foram significantes apenas entre as consistências (f=8.2 e p=0.005). CONCLUSÃO: a amplitude eletromiográfica foi menor nos sujeitos com doença de Parkinson e maior nos músculos supra-hiódeos do lado direito em ambos os grupos. A duração da contração muscular não diferiu significativamente entre os sujeitos com doença de Parkinson e idosos sem doença neurológica e foi menor para a consistência líquida.

PURPOSE: to investigate differences between electromyographic samples of right and left suprahyoid muscles during deglutition of thickened liquids and liquid consistencies by elderly people with Parkinson disease and elderly people without any neurological disease. METHODS: 30 subjects, from both genders, took part in this study. Fifteen were elderly without neurological disease whereas the others showed Parkinson disease. All of them were submitted to a clinical evaluation protocol and surface electromyography. RESULTS: significant amplitude difference was found between subjects (f=14.4 and p=0.000) and between sides (t=4,4 and p=0.0037). As for muscular contraction time, the differences were just significant between the consistencies (f=8.2 and p=0.005). CONCLUSION: the electromyographic amplitude was shorter for subjects with Parkinson disease and this amplitude was higher in both groups at the right side. The duration of the muscular contraction did not display significant difference between the subjects with Parkinson disease and elderly without neurological disease. This duration was shorter during the deglutition of liquid consistencies.