Cytotoxic Natural Products from the Jurassic Relict Osmunda regalis L.

The Jurassic relict Royal fern, Osmunda regalis L., is widely distributed across temperate zones in the Northern and Southern hemispheres. Even though this species has been utilised for centuries as a medicinal plant, its phytochemical composition mainly remains unknown. As part of our ongoing research to identify potential lead compounds for future anticancer drugs, 17 natural products were characterised from the aerial parts of Osmunda regalis L. Fifteen of these compounds were identified in this species for the first time, including the six previously undescribed compounds kaempferol 3-O-(2''-O-(2'''-α-rhamnopyranosyl)-ß-glucopyranosyl)-ß-glucopyranoside, quercetin 3-O-(2''-O-(2'''-α-rhamnopyranosyl)-ß-glucopyranosyl)-ß-glucopyranoside, kaempferol 3-O-(2''-O-(2'''-α-rhamnopyranosyl-6'''-O-(E)-caffeoyl-)-ß-glucopyranosyl)-ß-glucopyranoside, 3-methoxy-5-hydroxy-4-olide, 4-hydroxy-3-(3'-hydroxy-4'-(hydroxyethyl)-oxotetrafuranone-5-methyl tetrahydropyranone, and 4-O-(5-hydroxy-4-oxohexanoyl) osmundalactone. The molecular structures were determined by combining several 1D and 2D NMR experiments, circular dichroism spectroscopy, and HRMS. Determination of cytotoxicity against AML MOLM-13, H9c2, and NRK cell lines showed that two isolated lactones exhibited significant cytotoxic activity.

Smartphone application versus written material for smoking reduction and cessation in individuals undergoing low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening for lung cancer: a phase II open-label randomised controlled trial.

Background: Counseling, nicotine replacement, and other cessation medications have been proven effective in smoking cessation. The wide-scale adoption of smartphones and other mobile devices has opened new possibilities for scalable and personalized smoking cessation approaches. The study investigated whether a smartphone application would be more effective than written material for smoking cessation and reduction in smoking in individuals undergoing low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening for lung cancer (NCT05630950). Methods: This randomized controlled trial enrolled 201 current smokers with marked smoking history (smoked ≥15 cigarettes/day for ≥25 years or smoked ≥10 cigarettes/day for ≥30 years). Participants were stratified by age and pack-years and randomized in 1:1 fashion to the developed smartphone application (experimental arm) or written material (standard of care). All the subjects underwent LDCT screening. Self-reported smoking cessation at three and six months were the primary endpoints of the study. The smoking-related secondary endpoints of the study were the percentage of individuals who had reduced the number of smoked cigarettes/d from the baseline. Findings: Between Nov 18, 2022, and Apr 14, 2023, 201 patients were screened at Oulu University Hospital, Finland, of whom all were randomly assigned to smartphone application (n = 101) or written cessation material (n = 100); 200 were included in the full analysis set. Study arms were well-balanced for all the studied demographic factors. Subjects randomized to the smartphone application arm had significantly higher rates for self-reported smoking cessation at three (19.8 versus 7.1%; OR 3.175 CI 95% 1.276-7.899) and six months (18.8 versus 7.1%; OR 2.847 CI 95% 1.137-7.128). In the experimental arm, individuals with a frequent use of the application had a higher chance for smoking cessation at three (p < 0.001) and six months (p = 0.003). Interpretation: The study showed that the developed smartphone application increases the likelihood for smoking cessation in individuals undergoing lung cancer LDCT screening. Funding: AstraZeneca, Roche, and Cancer Foundation Finland.

Area-based disparities in non-small-cell lung cancer survival.

BACKGROUND: In the Nordic countries, universal healthcare access has been effective in reducing socioeconomic disparities in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) management. However, other factors, such as proximity to healthcare facilities, may still affect access to care. This study aimed at investigating the influence of residential area on NSCLC survival. METHODS: This population-based study utilized hospital records to identify NSCLC patients who underwent their initial treatment at Vaasa Central Hospital between January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2020. Patients were categorized based on their postal codes into urban areas (≤50 km from the hospital) and rural areas (>50 km from the hospital). Survival rates between these two groups were compared using Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: A total of 321 patients were included in the study. Patients residing in rural areas (n = 104) exhibited poorer 12-month survival rates compared to their urban counterparts (n = 217) (unadjusted Hazard Ratio [HR]: 1.38; 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.01-1.89; p = 0.042). After adjusting for factors such as performance status, frailty, and stage at diagnosis in a multivariate Cox regression model, the adjusted HR increased to 1.47 (95% CI: 1.07-2.01; p = 0.017) for patients living in rural areas compared to those in urban areas. INTERPRETATION: The study findings indicate that the distance to the hospital is associated with increased lung cancer mortality. This suggests that geographical proximity may play a crucial role in the disparities observed in NSCLC survival rates. Addressing these disparities should involve strategies aimed at improving healthcare accessibility, particularly for patients residing in rural areas, to enhance NSCLC outcomes and reduce mortality.

Role of patient characteristics in adherence to first-line treatment guidelines in breast, lung and prostate cancer: insights from the Nordic healthcare system.

OBJECTIVES: This study investigates the influence of socioeconomic status, health literacy, and numeracy on treatment decisions and the occurrence of adverse events in patients with breast, lung, and prostate cancer within a Nordic healthcare setting. DESIGN: A follow-up to a cross-sectional, mixed-methods, single-centre study. SETTING: A Nordic, tertiary cancer clinic. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 244 participants with breast, lung and prostate cancer were initially identified, of which 138 first-line treatment participants were eligible for this study. First-line treatment participants (n=138) surpassed the expected cases (n=108). INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable as this was an observational study. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: The study's primary endpoint was the rate of guideline adherence. The secondary endpoint involved assessing treatment toxicity in the form of adverse events. RESULTS: Guideline-adherent treatment was observed in 114 (82.6%) cases. First-line treatment selection appeared uninfluenced by participants' education, occupation, income or self-reported health literacy. A minority (3.6%) experienced difficulties following treatment instructions, primarily with oral cancer medications. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicated lesser cancer health disparities regarding guideline adherence and treatment toxicity within the Nordic healthcare framework. A causal connection may not be established; however, the findings contribute to discourse on equitable cancer health provision.

Is there still a social gradient in respiratory symptoms? A population-based Nordic EpiLung-study.

BACKGROUND: Respiratory symptoms are a common public health issue that can partly be attributed to preventable risk factors, such as tobacco smoking and occupational exposure, which are more common in individuals with lower socioeconomic status. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to evaluate the social gradient in respiratory symptoms in Nordic countries. METHODS: This study included participants aged 30-65 years from five cross-sectional population-based questionnaire surveys in 2016 in Finland and Sweden (N = 25,423) and in 2017-2019 in Norway (N = 27,107). Occupational skill levels 1 and 2 (occupations requiring compulsory education) were combined and compared to skill levels 3 and 4 (occupations requiring upper secondary and tertiary education). Meta-analysis was conducted to obtain pooled age- and sex adjusted odds ratios (aORs) of associations between occupational skill and the respiratory symptoms including recurrent wheeze, dyspnoea, and productive cough. RESULTS: In the meta-analysis, recurrent wheeze, dyspnoea, and productive cough showed a social gradient. The participants with occupational skill 1 and 2 had higher risk for recurrent wheeze (aOR 1.78, 95% CI 1.34-2.22) and dyspnoea (aOR 1.59, 95% CI 1.29-1.90) compared to occupational skill 3 and 4 in Sweden and Finland. Similarly increased risk was observed for combined assessment of dyspnoea and wheeze (aOR 1.05, 95% CI 1.03-1.07) in Norway. In a meta-analysis including all three countries, the aOR for productive cough was 1.31 95% CI 1.07-1.56. CONCLUSIONS: Occupations with lower, compared to higher, skill levels were associated with an increased risk of recurrent wheeze, dyspnoea, and productive cough.

Cytotoxic Natural Products Isolated from Cryptogramma crispa (L.) R. Br.

Parsley fern, Cryptogramma crispa, is a common fern in arctic-alpine regions, and even though this species has been known since ancient times and has been presumed to cause the poisoning of horses, its natural products have not previously been investigated. Here, we characterise 15 natural products isolated from the aerial parts of Cryptogramma crispa, including the previously undescribed compound 3-malonyl pteroside D. The structure determinations were based on several advanced 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic techniques, Circular Dichroism spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry. The pteroside derivatives exhibited selective moderate cytotoxic activity against the acute myeloid leukaemia MOLM13 cell line and no cytotoxicity against the normal heart and kidney cell lines, suggesting that their potential anticancer effect should be further investigated.

Socioeconomic status and lifestyle patterns in the most common cancer types-community-based research.

INTRODUCTION: As the global burden of chronic cancer increases, its correlation to lifestyle, socioeconomic status (SES) and health equity becomes more important. The aim of the present study was to provide a snapshot of the socioeconomic and lifestyle patterns for different cancer types in patients at a Nordic tertiary cancer clinic. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a descriptive observational study, questionnaires addressed highest-attained educational level, occupational level, economy, relationship status, exposures, and lifestyle habits. The questionnaire was distributed to all cancer patients attending the cancer clinic. Treating physicians added further information about the cancer disease, including primary origin, pathology report, TNM-classification and stage. RESULTS: Patients with lung cancer had the lowest SES, and patients with gastrointestinal (GI) cancer, other cancer types and prostate cancer had the second, third and fourth lowest SES, respectively. However, breast cancer patients had the highest SES. Lifestyle and exposure patterns differed among the major cancer types. Lung cancer patients reported the highest proportion of unfavourable lifestyle and exposure patterns, and patients with GI cancer, prostate cancer and other cancer types had the second, third and fourth highest proportion of unfavourable lifestyle and exposure patterns, respectively. The most favourable exposure and lifestyle patterns were observed in breast cancer patients. CONCLUSIONS: The present study indicated significant socioeconomic and lifestyle differences among cancer types at a Nordic cancer centre, with differences in lifestyle being more prominent than socioeconomic differences.

Interaction of smoking and social status on the risk of respiratory outcomes in a Swedish adult population: A Nordic Epilung study.

BACKGROUND: Evidence abounds on the independent roles of social class and smoking in relation to obstructive airway diseases, but data are sparse on the impact of their interaction. We evaluated whether and to what extent social class and smoking interact in relation to risk of respiratory diseases in adults. METHODS: Data from the population-based studies, West Sweden Asthma Study (WSAS, n = 23,753) and Obstructive Lung Disease in Northern Sweden studies (OLIN, n = 6519), were used, constituting randomly selected adults aged 20-75 years. Bayesian network analysis was used to estimate the probability for the interaction between smoking and socioeconomic status in relation to respiratory outcomes. RESULTS: Occupational and educational SES modified the association between smoking and the probability of allergic and non-allergic asthma. Former smokers who were at intermediate non manual employees and manual workers in service had higher probability of allergic asthma compared to professionals and executives. Furthermore, former smokers with primary education had higher probability of non-allergic asthma than those with secondary and tertiary education. Similarly, former smokers among professionals and executives had higher probability of non-allergic asthma than manual and home workers and primary educated. Likewise, allergic asthma due to former smoking was higher among highly educated compared to low educated. CONCLUSIONS: Beyond their independent roles, socioeconomic status and smoking interact in defining the risk of respiratory diseases. Clearer understanding of this interaction can help to identify population subgroups at most need of public health interventions.

Natural Products from Leaves of the Ancient Iranian Medicinal Plant Echium amoenum Fisch. & C. A. Mey.

For several millennia, leaves of Echium amoenum Fisch. & C. A. Mey., an important Iranian medicinal plant with nutritional value as nutraceutical, have been used as tea for the treatment of several conditions, including inflammation. The nutritional value of intake of E. amoenum tea has mainly been correlated to its rich content of mainly water-soluble antioxidants. Although the entire plant is utilized, only natural products of the flowers have previously been thoroughly investigated. The rare natural products bis(3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-methoxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydronaphthalene-2,3-dicarboxylate, 4-Oxy-(E)-caffeoyl-2,3-dihydroxybutanoic acid methyl ester and 4-Oxy-(Z)-caffeoyl-2,3-dihydroxybutanoic acid methyl ester, in addition to the widely distributed compounds rosmarinic acid methyl ester and (E)-caffeic acid, were purified and characterized from leaves of Echium amoenum. The structures were determined by a combination of several 2D NMR spectroscopic techniques, circular dichroism spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry. The fact that bis(3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-methoxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydronaphthalene-2,3-dicarboxylate belongs to a rare group of natural products which have previously been patented for their significant anti-inflammatory activity may rationalize the traditional treatment of inflammations with E. amoenum.

Impact of sex and age on adherence to guidelines in non-small cell lung cancer management.

INTRODUCTION: Age-related disparities in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatment are well known, but few studies have assessed the impact of sex on treatment disparities. Disparities in guideline-adherence may explain the superior survival in women with NSCLC. Therefore, we aimed to define patient- and tumor-related factors associated with non-adherence to guidelines in NSCLC management with a special focus on sex and age. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with NSCLC who received first-line treatment at the Vaasa Central Hospital between 2016 and 2020 were included in the study. The primary outcome was guideline adherence, defined as adherent, undertreatment, or overtreatment considering performance status. A binary logistic regression model was used to calculate the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for non-adherence to treatment guidelines depending on patient- and tumor-related factors. RESULTS: 321 patients were included in the study. Non-adherence was highest in ≥75-year-old women (41.3%), followed by ≥75-year-old men (32.6%), <75-year-old men (27.6%) and lowest in women <75-year-old (19.7%) (p = 0.035). Non-adherent care consisted more often of undertreatment in <75-year-old men than women (26.0% versus 12.1%) and overtreatment in <75-year-old women than men (7.6% versus 1.6%). Non-adherence was associated with stage III disease (aOR 2.21; 95% CI 1.07-4.59), poor pulmonary function (aOR 3.69, 95% CI 1.56-8.71), and Charlson Comorbidity Index 1-2 (aOR 2.09; 95% CI 1.09-4.01). CONCLUSION: Sex- and age-related disparities in guideline adherence were observed in <75-year-old men and in ≥75-year-olds. Stage III NSCLC was associated with non-adherence.

Effect of adherence to treatment guidelines on overall survival in elderly non-small-cell lung cancer patients.

OBJECTIVES: Mean age at diagnosis of lung cancer is increasing with increasing age in Western populations. The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of adherence to first-line treatment guidelines on overall survival (OS) in elderly patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and reasons for non-adherence to treatment guidelines. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All patients aged ≥ 65 years diagnosed with NSCLC in Ostrobothnia, Finland, during the years 2016 to 2020 were identified from hospital registries. Adherence of first-line treatment to contemporary treatment guidelines was analysed based on diagnosis, tumour stage and performance status (PS), as was the effect of adherence on OS. RESULTS: A review of hospital registries identified 238 NSCLC patients aged ≥ 65 years. Guideline adherence by stage decreased significantly with age, with 66.4% of patients aged 65 to 74 years, but only 33.3% of those aged > 80 years treated according to guidelines (p < 0.001). Other factors associated with non-adherence to guidelines included poor PS, frailty, and limited lung function. Of the patients with PS 0-2, 26.9% were under-treated according to guidelines. Reasons for under-treatment included comorbidities, decreased lung function, physician decision to reduce treatment intensity or recommend best supportive care, patient choice and PS decline before treatment initiation. Guideline adherence increased overall OS of elderly NSCLC patients in all stages. Elderly PS 2 patients appear to benefit from guideline adherence and active treatment. In contrast, active treatment did not benefit patients with PS 3-4. CONCLUSIONS: Guideline adherence was associated with increased OS in elderly NSCLC patients. Almost 10% of elderly and otherwise fit NSCLC patients were not treated according to guidelines and could have benefitted from more intensive treatment.

The combined effect of exposures to vapours, gases, dusts, fumes and tobacco smoke on current asthma.

Smoking, exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and occupational exposure to vapours, gases, dusts or fumes (VGDF) increase asthma symptoms. The impact of combined exposure is less well established. We aimed to evaluate the risk of combined exposure to smoking, ETS and VGDF on the prevalence of current asthma and asthma-related symptoms with a postal survey among a random population of 16,000 adults, aged 20-69 years (response rate 51.5%). The 836 responders with physician-diagnosed asthma were included in the analysis. Of them, 81.9% had current asthma defined as physician-diagnosed asthma with current asthma medication use or reported symptoms. There was a consistently increasing trend in the prevalence of current asthma by increased exposure. The highest prevalence of multiple symptoms was in smokers with VGDF exposure (92.1%) compared to the unexposed (73.9%, p = 0.001). In logistic regression analysis, combined exposure to several exposures increased the risk in all analysed symptoms (p = 0.002-0.007). In conclusion, smoking and exposure to ETS or VGDF increased the prevalence of current asthma and multiple symptoms. The combined exposure carried the highest risk. Preventive strategies are called for to mitigate exposure to tobacco smoke and VGDF.

NSAID-exacerbated respiratory disease: a population study.

BACKGROUND: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may exacerbate respiratory symptoms. A recent European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology position paper recommended the use of an acronym, N-ERD (NSAID-exacerbated respiratory disease), for this hypersensitivity associated with asthma or chronic rhinosinusitis with or without nasal polyposis. Our aim was to estimate the prevalence of N-ERD and identify factors associated with N-ERD. METHODS: In 2016, a cross-sectional questionnaire survey of a random adult population of 16 000 subjects aged 20-69 years was performed in Helsinki and Western Finland. The response rate was 51.5%. RESULTS: The prevalence was 1.4% for N-ERD, and 0.7% for aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD). The prevalence of N-ERD was 6.9% among subjects with asthma and 2.7% among subjects with rhinitis. The risk factors for N-ERD were older age, family history of asthma or allergic rhinitis, long-term smoking and exposure to environmental pollutants. Asthmatic subjects with N-ERD had a higher risk of respiratory symptoms, severe hypersensitivity reactions and hospitalisations than asthmatic subjects without N-ERD. The subphenotype of N-ERD with asthma was most symptomatic. Subjects with rhinitis associated with N-ERD, which would not be included in AERD, had the fewest symptoms. CONCLUSION: We conclude that the prevalence of N-ERD was 1.4% in a representative Finnish adult population sample. Older age, family history of asthma or allergic rhinitis, cumulative exposure to tobacco smoke, secondhand smoke, and occupational exposures increased odds of N-ERD. N-ERD was associated with significant morbidity.

Radiotherapy treatment modification for prostate cancer patients based on PSMA-PET/CT.

BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among men, and its diagnosis and treatment are improving. Our study evaluated how PSMA-PET/CT prior to treatment planning might improve the optimal management of prostate cancer radiotherapy. METHODS: This retrospective pilot study included 43 prostate cancer (PCa) patients referred to our radiation oncologist department, from the urology department, for radiation therapy. 18F-PSMA-PET/CT was ordered by the radiation oncologists mainly due to the lack of resent image staging. The patients were divided into three different groups according to their initially planned treatments: radical radiation therapy (RT) (newly diagnosed PCa patients), salvage RT (patients with biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy), or oligometastatic RT (oligometastatic PCa patients with good response after systemic treatment). RESULTS: Following PSMA-PET/CT, the initially planned RT was changed for 60.5% of the patients due to new findings (metastases and/or recurrent disease). The final treatment choice was effected by PSMA-PET/CT outcome in 60.5% (26/43) of the patients, and in 50% (16/32) of patients, the radiation treatment plan changed following PSMA-PET/CT. Only 39.5% (17/43) of the patients who underwent PSMA-PET/CT were treated according to their initial treatment plans. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that PSMA-PET/CT impacts treatment decisions and the selection of RT as well as adjuvant treatment protocols in the management of prostate cancer.

Gene-Guided Treatment Decision-Making in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer - A Systematic Review.

Decision-making in cancer treatment is part of clinicians' everyday work, and it is especially challenging in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, for whom decisions are clearly dependent on gene alterations or the lack of them. The multimodality of treatments, involvement of gene alterations in defining systemic cancer therapies, and heterogeneous nature of tumors and their responsiveness provide extra challenges. This article reviews the existing literature to 2021 with extra effort to explore the role of genes and gene-driven therapies as part of decision-making. The process and elements in this decision-making participation are recognized and discussed comprehensively. Genetic health literacy aids are provided as a part of the review. Our systematic review, data extraction and analysis found that with current methods and broad gene panels, patients benefit from early molecular testing of liquid biopsy samples. An estimated 79% of liquid biopsy samples showed somatic mutations based on 8 original studies included in the systematic review. When both liquid biopsy samples and tissue samples are evaluated, the sensitivity to detect targetable mutations in NSCLC increases. We recommend early testing with liquid biopsy. Additional effort is needed for the logistics of obtaining and evaluating samples, and tissue samples should be saved and stored for tests that are not possible from liquid biopsy.

Current challenges in applying gene-driven therapies in clinical lung cancer practice.

Over the last twenty years, with the development of gene-driven therapies, numerous new drugs have entered clinical use. Very few of these new drugs are suitable for a large number of patients, and all require molecular genetic testing. In lung cancer, gene-targeted therapy has evolved rapidly and has placed demands on the development of diagnostics and tissue sample preparation and logistics. Rapid diagnosis and prevalence assessment are necessary to determine the prognosis of a lung cancer patient based on the latest research findings. Therefore, the molecular-genetic diagnostic pathway must also be accelerated and matured to do the necessary analyses on small samples. Because lung cancer rebiopsy can be difficult, liquid biopsy techniques should be developed to cover more of the treatable mutations. There are obstacles related to tissue sampling, new genomic techniques and access to gene-driven cancer drugs, including their affordability. With this review and case study, we go into the obstacles faced by our clinic and discuss how to tackle these obstacles in lung cancer. We use lung cancer as an example due to its complexity, though these same obstacles are found in different cancers on a minor scale.

Association of performance in a stair-climbing test with complications and survival after lung cancer resection in the video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery era: population-based outcomes.

INTRODUCTION: With a population-based cohort in the video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) era, we aimed to evaluate the value of the stair-climbing test (SCT) on short- and long-term outcomes of lung cancer surgery. METHODS: All patients operated due to primary lung cancer in Central Finland and Ostrobothnia from 2013 to June 2020 were included. For the analysis, clinical variables including the outcome of SCT and cause-specific mortality were available. Short- and long-term outcomes were compared between <11 m (n=66) and >12 m SCT (n=217) groups. RESULTS: Patients with poor performance (<11 m) had more comorbidities and worse lung function but did not differ in tumour stage or treatment. No differences between groups were observed in major morbidity rate (10.6% versus 11.1%, p=0.918) or median hospital stay (5 (IQR 4-7) versus 4 (IQR 3-7), p=0.179). At 1-year, fewer patients were alive and living at home in the climbing <11 m group (81.3%) compared to the >12 m group (94.2%), p=0.002. No difference was observed in cancer-specific 5-year survival. Non-cancer-specific survival (62.9% versus 83.1%, p<0.001) and overall survival (49.9% versus 70.0%, p<0.001) were worse in the <11 m group. After adjustment for confounding factors, SCT remained as a significant predictor for non-cancer-specific (HR 4.28; 95% CI 2.10-8.73) and overall mortality (HR 2.38; 95% CI 1.43-3.98). CONCLUSIONS: With SCT-based exercise testing, VATS can be performed safely, with a similar major morbidity rate in the poor performance group (<11 m) compared to >12 m group. Poor exercise performance increases non-cancer-specific mortality. Being a major predictor of survival, exercise capacity should be included in prognostic models.

How often segmentectomy is feasible in lung cancer surgery: a population-based evaluation.

OBJECTIVES: Despite promising outcomes in lung cancer surgery, segmentectomy has not gained wide acceptance at the population level. Our aim was to evaluate the potential role of segmentectomy in real-world practice. METHODS: All patients diagnosed with lung cancer and operated between January 2013 and December 2019 in Central Finland and Ostrobothnia were included. This intent-to-treat analysis sub-grouped segmentectomy patients by indications: (i) high-risk patients with stage I disease (n = 40), (ii) ≤20 mm ground-glass opacity (n = 12), (iii) carcinoid (n = 12), (iv) special indication (n = 20) including synchronous and metachronous disease, fissure-crossing tumour, and synchronous other solid cancers requiring surgery, (v) solid ≤2 cm tumour (n = 14) in medically fit patient. To evaluate the potential role of segmentectomy, all preoperative CT scans were re-evaluated. RESULTS: Of 269 patients, in 98 (36.4%) intention of surgery was segmentectomy. Indication was high risk in 40 (14.9%), ground-glass opacity in 12 (4.5%), carcinoid in 12 (4.5%), special indication in 20 (7.4%) and ≤2 cm solid tumour in medically fit patients in 14 (5.2%). The major complication rate was ≤15% in all groups with excellent 3-year recurrence-free survival between 76.5% and 100%. Segmentectomy could have been technically potential in up to 46.8% of patients. This was exactly the rate performed in the last 3-year period of this study. CONCLUSIONS: Performed and potential segmentectomy rates underline the importance of adaptation of this technique with possibility to offer curative surgery to many high risk and special patients with low morbidity and mortality.

Multimorbidity in Finnish and Swedish speaking Finns; association with daily habits and socioeconomic status - Nordic EpiLung cross-sectional study.

Multimorbidity is an emerging public health priority. This study aims to assess the role of lifestyle and socioeconomic status in the prevalence of multimorbidity and chronic diseases by using two language groups that are part of the same genetic subgroup but differ by daily habits. We conducted a cross-sectional survey in 2016 with randomly selected population sample with 4173 responders (52.3%) aged 20-69 years in Western Finland. We included 3864 Finnish participants with Swedish (28.1%) or Finnish (71.9%) as a native language. We used a questionnaire to assess participants' chronic diseases and lifestyle. We determined multimorbidity as a disease count ≥ 2. Finnish speakers were more likely to have a diagnosis of COPD, heart failure, diabetes, reflux disease, chronic kidney failure, and painful conditions than Swedish speakers. The prevalence of multimorbidity was higher for Finnish speakers in the age group of 60-69 years (41.0% vs. 32.0%, p = 0.018) than Swedish speakers. A higher proportion of Finnish speakers smoked, were obese, inactive, and had lower socioeconomic status compared to Swedish speakers. All these factors, in addition to age and female sex, were significant risk factors for multimorbidity. Prevalence of multimorbidity was different in two language groups living in the same area and was associated with differences in lifestyle factors such as smoking, physical inactivity and obesity.