Praxagoras of Cos (4th Century BC) and His Innovative Method of a Diverting Enterocutaneous Fistula to Relieve Small Bowel Obstruction.

Born in an island with huge medical tradition in ancient Greece, Praxagoras of Cos became an esteemed medico-philosopher and surgeon. The evolution made by the Hippocratic School of Medicine further boosted his talent and helped him perform surgical operations, which were believed impossible for his era. Praxagoras introduced an innovative surgical technique to confront small bowel obstruction, by creating an enterocutaneous fistula. This historical review connects all available data to present the life and work of an important medical figure of the ancient Hellenic School.

[Guy Crescent Fagon (1638-1718), first doctor of Louis XIV cut for the stone by George Mareschal (1658-1736)]. / Guy Crescent Fagon (1638-1718), premier médecin de Louis XIV, taillé par Georges Mareschal (1658-1736).

In this paper we sketch the portrait of Professor Guy Crescent Fagon, first doctor of Louis XIV placing emphasis to his vesical stone and to his lithotomy by the first surgeon of the King, George Mareschal.

[Contribution of Etienne-Frederic Bouisson (1813-1884) to the surgical treatment of hypospadias]. / Etienne-Frédéric Bouisson (1813-1884) et le traitement chirurgical de l'hypospadias.

Professor Bouisson was a great surgeon and benefactor of medicine. He exercised successfully the functions of dean, rector and deputy. A great part of his surgical work deal with pediatric urology. Bouisson's dissertation on surgical treatment of hypospadias constitute a crucial turning-point in the history of treatment of this malformation.

[Victor Rochet (1860-1934), founder of Lyons' Urology and his contribution to surgical treatment of hypospadias]. / Victor Rochet (1860-1934), fondateur de l'urologie lyonnaise et son apport a la cure chirurgicale de l'hypospadias.

Through this article we present the scientific portrait of Victor Rochet, founder of Lyons' Urology, and we emphasize on his two procedures of hypospadias' surgical treatment.

[Pierre Franco (1505-1578): famous surgeon and lithotomist of the 16th century]. / Pierre Franco, chirurgien et lithotomiste du 16è siècle.

Pierre Franco, creator of suprapubic lithotomy cataract operation and surgical repair of hernia with preservation of the testis, is considered to be one of the greatest surgeons of the Renaissance and a forerunner of urology.

[The lithiasis of urinary tract and its treatment by Ambroise Paré (1509-1590)]. / La lithiase urinaire et son traitement par Ambroise Paré (1509-1590).

Ambroise Paré, founder of surgery, by his research and books concerning urology, made an enormous contribution to the foundation of this discipline. The treatment of urinary tract's lithiasis in the Works of Paré.

[The "prince of surgery," Antoine Jobert de Lamballe (1799-1867) and the first radical cure of vesico-vaginal fistulae with his method of cystoplasty]. / Le "prince de la chirurgie", Antoine Jobert de Lamballe (1799-1867) et la première cure radicale des fistules vésico-vaginales par sa méthode de cystoplastie par glissement.

Jobert de Lamballe, consultant-physician of Louis-Philippe, first surgeon of Napoleon III, Professor of Clinic Surgery, President of the Academy of medicine and member of the Institute, was a very inventive research worker and provided to the surgical technique of his time an essential contribution to the area of intestinal, urologic, gynecologic and plastic surgery. He died, in 1867, by general paresis.

[Alexis Boyer (1760-1833), eminent surgeon and anatomist and the study of urinary disorders]. / Alexis Boyer (1760-1833), éminent chirurgien et anatomiste et l'étude des troubles mictionnels.

Alexis Boyer, professor of clinical surgery at La Charité, first surgeon of Napoleon, baron of the Empire, left considerable written works covering the whole of external pathology. A great part of his works deals with urological affections, especially with micturition's disorders, in which one can appreciate the astonishingly high level of Boyer's knowledge on this matter, a knowledge which constitutes the germ of urodynamics.

[Louis Ombrédanne (1871-1956) and the cure for hypospadias]. / Louis Ombrédanne (1871-1956) et la cure de l'hypospadias.

Ombrédanne was one of the founders of paediatric surgery. He was the inventor of surgery technics. His methods used in infantile urology became classics, such as hypospadias' operation.

[François Gigot de La Peyronie(1678-1747), benefactor of surgery and supporter of the fusion of medicine and surgery, and the disease that bears his name]. / François Gigot de Lapeyronie (1678-1747), bienfaiteur de la chirurgie et promoteur de la fusion médecine-chirurgie, et la maladie qui porte son nom.

François Gigot de La Peyronie, first surgeon to Louis XV, definitively distinguished surgeons from the company of barbers and, by giving them a charter, placed them on an equal footing with physicians. The creation of Académie Royale de Chirurgie, in 1731, that LAPEYRONIE, presided for 11 years, put an end to the intolerable supremacy of medicine over surgery and contributed to the promotion of surgery. In 1743, he was the first to give a valid description of the disease that bears his name.