Impact of socioeconomic status on cancer care in Southeast Texas: a retrospective population-based cohort study.

Background: Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers are the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Disparities in healthcare frequently stem from variations in socioeconomic status (SES). This study investigated the influence of socioeconomic factors such as gender, race, age, and geography on time to treatment initiation (TTI) and survival outcomes. Methods: The study analyzed SES data, including age, race, geography, and insurance status, from GI cancer patients treated at Baptist Hospitals of Southeast Texas (BHSET) from 2012 to 2017. Logistic regression was performed for risk association. The primary outcomes were survival time and TTI. Results: Of 517 GI cancer patients, 359 had colorectal cancer. African Americans had higher treatment delays (odds ratio [OR]: 5.89, confidence interval [CI]: 4.02-8.62) than Caucasians (OR: 0.16, CI: 0.11-0.23). Patients >80 years had poorer survival (OR: 2.91, CI: 1.80-4.72) than younger ones. Those living 30 + miles from BHSET had longer TTI (OR: 1.85, CI: 1.19-2.87), especially within the colorectal cancer cohort (OR: 2.20, CI: 1.29-3.74). Medicare Advantage was linked to longer TTI (OR: 1.50, CI: 1.01-2.23). Medicare patients without supplemental insurance had lower survival overall (OR: 1.79, CI: 1.05-3.06) and among colorectal cancer patients (OR: 2.13, CI: 1.14-3.98). Conclusion: Addressing SES disparities and implementing targeted interventions is imperative to ensure equitable access to timely and effective cancer care.

Unilateral choroidal metastases as an unusual presentation of small cell lung cancer.

The choroid, rich in vasculature, is a common site for ocular metastases, predominantly from breast and lung cancer. Unlike breast cancer, which may cause bilateral involvement, lung cancer typically leads to unilateral lesions. Adenocarcinoma is the primary lung cancer subtype associated with choroidal metastasis, while small cell lung cancer (SCLC) infrequently involves the choroid. In our case, a 69-year-old man with hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease presented with right eye visual disturbances and was diagnosed with choroidal metastasis. Subsequent imaging revealed lung cancer with widespread metastasis. Despite treatment postponement due to deteriorating health, the patient's condition worsened, leading to palliative care discharge. Despite its rarity, choroidal involvement in SCLC warrants further investigation to enhance diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. This case highlights the importance of meticulous evaluation and interdisciplinary care to optimize outcomes in patients with SCLC and choroidal metastasis.

The Current Landscape of Clinical Trials for Immunotherapy in Pancreatic Cancer: A State-of-the-Art Review.

BACKGROUND: Pancreatic cancer remains a lethal malignancy with a 5-year survival rate below 6% and about 500,000 deaths annually worldwide. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma, the most prevalent form, is commonly associated with diabetes, chronic pancreatitis, obesity, and smoking, mainly affecting individuals aged 60 to 80 years. This systematic review aims to evaluate the efficacy of immunotherapeutic approaches in the treatment of pancreatic cancer. METHODS: A systematic search was conducted to identify clinical trials (Phases I-III) assessing immunotherapy in pancreatic cancer in PubMed/Medline, CINAHL, Scopus, and Web of Science, adhering to PRISMA Statement 2020 guidelines. The final search was completed on May 25, 2024. Ongoing trials were sourced from ClinicalTrials.gov and the World Health Organization's International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP). Keywords such as "pancreatic," "immunotherapy," "cancer," and "clinical trial" were used across databases. Gray literature was excluded. RESULTS: Phase I trials, involving 337 patients, reported a median overall survival (OS) of 13.6 months (IQR: 5-62.5 months) and a median progression-free survival (PFS) of 5.1 months (IQR: 1.9-11.7 months). Phase II/III trials pooled in a total of 1463 participants had a median OS of 12.2 months (IQR: 2.5-35.55 months) and a median PFS of 8.8 months (IQR: 1.4-33.51 months). CONCLUSIONS: Immunotherapy shows potential for extending survival among pancreatic cancer patients, though results vary. The immunosuppressive nature of the tumor microenvironment and diverse patient responses underline the need for further research to optimize these therapeutic strategies.

Comparing the efficacy and safety of endovascular therapy versus surgical revascularization for critical limb-threatening ischemia: A systematic review and Meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Critical limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) is a severe manifestation of peripheral artery disease (PAD) that can lead to limb amputation and significantly reduce quality of life. In addition to guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT), endovascular therapy and surgical revascularization are the two revascularization options for CLTI. In recent years, there has been an ongoing debate about the best approach for CLTI patients. The purpose of this meta-analysis is to examine the current evidence and compare the clinical outcomes of endovascular therapy and surgical revascularization for CLTI. METHODS: We conducted a systematic search of electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science) for studies comparing the outcomes of endovascular therapy versus surgery in patients with CLTI. The primary outcomes were major adverse limb events (MALE) and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), while secondary outcomes included risk of bleeding, wound complications, readmission, unplanned reoperation, acute renal failure, and length of hospital stay. Pooled data was analyzed using the fixed-effect model or the random-effect model in Review Manager 5.3. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool were used to assess the bias of included studies. RESULTS: A total of 16 studies (47,609 patients) were included in this meta-analysis. The overall effect favors surgery over endovascular intervention in terms of MALE [odds ratio (OR) 1.13, 95% CI (1.01-1.28), P = 0.04]. Endovascular therapy is associated with lower MACE rates compared to surgery [OR 0.62, 95% CI (0.51-0.76), P < 0.00001]. Furthermore, the risk of bleeding, wound complications, readmission, unplanned reoperation, acute renal failure as well as the length of hospital stay was lower for endovascular intervention. Finally, there was no statistically significant difference in 30-day mortality between the two groups [OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.79-1.12, P = 0.52; Fig. 3i], and the pooled studies were homogeneous [P = 0.39; I2 = 5%]. CONCLUSION: Surgery may be the preferred treatment option for CLTI patients, as it is associated with a lower risk of MALE than endovascular therapy. However, endovascular therapy may be associated with a lower risk of MACE and lower rates of bleeding, wound complications, readmission, unplanned reoperation, acute renal failure, and shorter hospital stays. There was no statistically significant difference in 30-day mortality between the two groups. Ultimately, the decision to use endovascular therapy or surgery as the primary treatment strategy should be based on a multi-disciplinary team approach with careful consideration of patient characteristics and anatomy.

Survival Outcomes in Stage IV Gastric Cancer Patients with Krukenberg Tumors: A Systematic Review and Meta Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Stage IV gastric cancer patients with Krukenberg tumors typically exhibit poor survival outcomes, often less than 2 years. The management of this tumor subgroup remains non-standardized, and the impact of oophorectomy on survival remains uncertain. In this study, we systematically analyzed survival outcomes among gastric cancer patients with ovarian metastases who underwent standard chemotherapy, surgical resection of ovarian metastases, or combined chemotherapy and surgery. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and observational studies retrieved from MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase, and the Cochrane Library until January 25, 2024, applying the Boolean logic. Participants included individuals with pathologically and radiologically confirmed ovarian metastasis or clinically symptomatic cases with imaging evidence. Statistical analyses were performed using R (v.4.3.2., Vienna). The study was registered with PROSPERO (ID-CRD42023488373). RESULTS: A total of 1502 patients from 17 retrospective studies were pooled for analysis of overall survival (OS) outcomes. The OS in the standard chemotherapy cohort, as determined by the random effects model, was 6.708 months (95% CI 3.867 to 9.548; P<0.0001), with non-significant heterogeneity (I2 = 5.5%). In the surgical resection cohort, OS was 12.786 months (95% CI 6.9 to 18.671; P<0.0001), with low heterogeneity (I2 = 0%). In the combined chemotherapy and surgical resection cohort, OS was 16.228 months (95% CI 12.254 to 20.202), with insignificant heterogeneity (I2 = 0%). CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis offers key insights into survival outcomes associated with different therapeutic modalities in gastric cancer with Krukenberg metastases. It provides valuable evidence for clinical decision-making and future research directions. While the combined approach of chemotherapy and surgery demonstrates the highest effect size for OS, careful consideration of patient-centric approaches is essential in the oncological care landscape.

Which should you choose for post operative atrial fibrillation, carvedilol or metoprolol? A systemic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) is the most common arrhythmic complication following cardiac surgery. Current guidelines suggest beta-blockers for the prevention of POAF. In comparing metoprolol succinate with carvedilol, the later has sparked interest in its usage as an important medication for POAF prevention. METHODS: We considered randomized controlled studies (RCTs) and retrospective studies that evaluated the efficacy of carvedilol versus metoprolol for the prevention of POAF. After literature search, data extraction, and quality evaluation, pooled data were analyzed using either the fixed-effect or random-effect model using Review Manager 5.3. The Cochrane risk of bias tool was used to assess the bias of included studies. The incidence of POAF was the primary endpoint, while mortality rate and bradycardia were secondary outcomes. RESULTS: In meta-analysis 5 RCTs and 2 retrospective studies with a total of 1000 patients were included. The overall effect did not favor the carvedilol over metoprolol groups in terms of mortality rate [risk ratio 0.45, 95 % CI (0.1-1.97), P=0.29] or incidence of bradycardia [risk ratio 0.63, 95 % CI (0.32-1.23), P=0.17]. However, the incidence of POAF was lower in patients who received carvedilol compared to metoprolol [risk ratio 0.54, 95 % CI (0.42-0.71), P < 0.00001]. CONCLUSION: In patients undergoing cardiac surgery, carvedilol may minimize the occurrence of POAF more effectively than metoprolol. To definitively establish the efficacy of carvedilol compared to metoprolol and other beta-blockers in the prevention of POAF, a large-scale, well-designed randomized controlled trials are required.