RESUMO
Introduction: Introduction: severe obesity has had a greater increase than non-severe obesity in Chilean schoolchildren during the last years. We do not know whether the cut-off point currently used to define severe obesity in children (BMI ≥ + 3 DE, WHO-2007 curves) is associated with a greater biological risk in our population. Objective: to describe and compare cardiometabolic risk in schoolchildren with severe vs. non-severe obesity. Methods: a secondary analysis of a sample of 3,325 schoolchildren was performed, in which cardiometabolic risk factors were studied. The prevalence of these was compared in the subsample of 589 schoolchildren with obesity according to whether it was severe or not, and the respective ORs were calculated. Results: mean age was 11.4 ± 0.98 years, 46 % were girls, and 11.5 % of the sample had severe obesity, with a higher prevalence of most of the factors studied and no differences in chronic disease, obesity or education in parents, or physical activity of the child. The risk of those with severe obesity for central obesity, insulin resistance, high blood pressure, and metabolic syndrome reached an OR of 12.9, 3.2, 2.67, and 1.92, respectively, as compared to those with non-severe obesity. Conclusion: this definition of severe obesity in childhood favors the identification of children with higher cardiometabolic comorbidity, which allows to focus the efforts of secondary prevention and its most timely treatment.
Introducción: Introducción: la obesidad grave ha tenido un mayor aumento que la obesidad no grave en los escolares chilenos durante los últimos años. Desconocemos si el punto de corte actualmente utilizado para definir la obesidad grave (IMC ≥ + 3 DE, curvas OMS-2007) se asocia a un mayor daño biológico en nuestra población pediátrica. Objetivo: describir y comparar el riesgo cardiometabólico en escolares con obesidad grave y no grave. Método: se realizó un análisis secundario de una muestra de 3325 escolares en los que se estudiaron los factores de riesgo cardiometabólico. Se comparó la prevalencia de estos factores en los que presentaban obesidad según fuera esta grave o no, calculándose los OR respectivos. Resultados: de los 589 sujetos con obesidad, con una media de edad de 11,4 ± 0,98 años, el 46 % eran de género femenino y el 11,5 % presentaban obesidad grave, con mayor prevalencia de la mayoría de los factores estudiados y sin diferencias en cuanto a antecedentes parentales de enfermedad crónica u obesidad, educación de los padres y actividad física del niño. Los niños con obesidad grave tenían un mayor riesgo de obesidad central (OR: 12,9), resistencia insulínica (OR: 3,2), HTA (OR: 2,67) y síndrome metabólico (OR:1,92). Conclusión: esta definición de obesidad grave en la niñez favorece la identificación de los niños con mayor comorbilidad cardiometabólica, lo cual permite focalizar los esfuerzos de prevención secundaria y su tratamiento más oportuno.
Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares , Síndrome Metabólica , Obesidade Mórbida , Obesidade Infantil , Índice de Massa Corporal , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Obesidade Mórbida/complicações , Obesidade Mórbida/epidemiologia , Obesidade Infantil/complicações , Obesidade Infantil/epidemiologia , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Breastfeeding (BF) can be a protective factor against obesity and its associated metabolic complications. OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between breastfeeding history and present obesity, metabolic syndrome (MS) and insulin resistance (IR). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Cross-sectio nal study in 20 public schools in Santiago, Chile. Anthropometry and blood pressure were assessed. Blood lipids, glucose, insulin and HOMA index were measured in a fast blood sample. Parents answe red a survey on BF. MS was defined according to Cook's criteria and IR as HOMA > 90th percentile. Parents answered a survey about the antecedent of breastfeeding. Chi2 and Fischer tests were used (SSPS). RESULTS: 3,278 surveys were valid. Average age: 11.4 ± 1 years, 52.3% were female. Most of them (98.2%) were breasted, with a 15.9% prevalence of obesity versus 18.6% in the group that was not breastfed (p = 0.039). There was a non-significant trend of higher prevalence in MS and its components (except IR) in the non-breastfed group. The group breastfed from three to six months had a lower prevalence of obesity and MS components than the 0 to 3 months group ; the effect was the opposite when BF lsted longer than nine months. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of obesity was higher in children that did not received breastfeeding. A longer breastfeeding time during the first semester of life was associated with lower prevalence of obesity and metabolic complications.
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Aleitamento Materno , Resistência à Insulina , Síndrome Metabólica/prevenção & controle , Obesidade Infantil/prevenção & controle , Criança , Chile/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Síndrome Metabólica/epidemiologia , Obesidade Infantil/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Fatores de Proteção , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
INTRODUCCIÓN: La lactancia materna (LM) puede ser un factor protector de la obesidad y sus complicaciones metabólicas. OBJETIVO: Determinar la asociación entre el antecedente de amamantamiento y la presencia de obesidad, síndrome metabólico (SM) y resistencia insulínica (RI). PACIENTES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal en 20 escuelas públicas de Santiago, Chile. Se evaluó antropometría, presión arterial, perfil lipídico, glicemia, insulinemia e índice HOMA. Los padres respondieron una encuesta sobre el antecedente de LM. Se definió SM según criterios de Cook y RI como HOMA > percentil 90. RESULTADOS: Se recibieron 3.278 encuestas válidas. La edad promedio fue de 11,4 ± 1 años, siendo 52,3% mujeres. La mayoría (98,2%) recibió LM, con una prevalencia de 15,9% de obesidad versus 18,6% en los que no la recibieron (p = 0,039). Hubo una tendencia no significativa a que SM y sus componentes, excepto RI, fueran más prevalentes en el grupo no amamantado. Los escolares que recibieron LM por 3-6 meses presentaron una menor prevalencia de obesidad y de algunos componentes de SM que los que recibieron menor tiempo o no la recibieron; el efecto fue inverso cuando la LM se prolongó por más de 9 meses. CONCLUSIONES: La prevalencia de obesidad fue mayor en los escolares que no fueron amamantados. Durante el primer semestre, la LM de mayor duración se asoció a menor prevalencia de obesidad y complicaciones metabólicas.
INTRODUCTION: Breastfeeding (BF) can be a protective factor against obesity and its associated metabolic complications. OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between breastfeeding history and present obesity, metabolic syndrome (MS) and insulin resistance (IR). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Cross-sectio nal study in 20 public schools in Santiago, Chile. Anthropometry and blood pressure were assessed. Blood lipids, glucose, insulin and HOMA index were measured in a fast blood sample. Parents answe red a survey on BF. MS was defined according to Cook's criteria and IR as HOMA > 90th percentile. Parents answered a survey about the antecedent of breastfeeding. Chi2 and Fischer tests were used (SSPS). RESULTS: 3,278 surveys were valid. Average age: 11.4 ± 1 years, 52.3% were female. Most of them (98.2%) were breasted, with a 15.9% prevalence of obesity versus 18.6% in the group that was not breastfed (p = 0.039). There was a non-significant trend of higher prevalence in MS and its components (except IR) in the non-breastfed group. The group breastfed from three to six months had a lower prevalence of obesity and MS components than the 0 to 3 months group ; the effect was the opposite when BF lsted longer than nine months. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of obesity was higher in children that did not received breastfeeding. A longer breastfeeding time during the first semester of life was associated with lower prevalence of obesity and metabolic complications.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Aleitamento Materno , Resistência à Insulina , Síndrome Metabólica/prevenção & controle , Obesidade Infantil/prevenção & controle , Chile/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Estudos Transversais , Estudos Retrospectivos , Síndrome Metabólica/epidemiologia , Obesidade Infantil/epidemiologia , Fatores de ProteçãoRESUMO
Background: Waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) is a cardiometabolic risk indicator in children. A value greater than or equal to 0.55 is an effective screening tool for identifying obese children with metabolic syndrome. However, it is unclear whether this cutoff can be applied equally to any age or gender. Aim: To analyze the variability of WHtR by age, gender and pubertal stage in elementary school children. Patients and Methods: Cross-sectional study in 2,980 school children (6-14 years old, 51% male) of Santiago, Chile. We measured weight, height and waist circumference and calculated body mass index and WHtR. Pubertal stage was assessed and classified as peripubertal (Tanner I and II) and pubertal (Tanner III, IV and V). Results: The mean age was 9.9 ± 2.3 years, with no gender difference (p = 0.5). Eighty one percent of boys and 59.4% of girls were peripubertal (p < 0.001). The association between age-adjusted WHtR by gender and pubertal stage was not significant (p = 0.409). Therefore mean, standard deviation and percentiles of WHtR were calculated without sex and pubertal stage segmentations. Conclusions: Since WHtR does not vary with age, gender and pubertal status in elementary school children, it is possible to use a single cutoff value, previously defined in this population, to identify children with cardiometabolic risk.
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Adolescente , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Obesidade/fisiopatologia , Razão Cintura-Estatura , Fatores Etários , Chile , Estudos Transversais , Obesidade/diagnóstico , Puberdade/fisiologia , Valores de Referência , Fatores Sexuais , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
Background: Cardiovascular risk factors must be controlled since childhood. Aim: To assess the association of carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) with the components of the metabolic syndrome in Children. Material and Methods: Cross sectional assessment of 299 children aged 11.5 ± 0.9years (58% women) with and without metabolic syndrome components. Anthropometric parameters and blood pressure were measured and a blood sample was obtained to measure blood glucose and lipids. CIMT was measured using high resolution ultrasound. Results: Ninety three percent of children were post puberal, 64% were overweight and 25% had metabolic syndrome. Mean and maximum CIMT correlated with systolic blood pressure (r = 0.21 and 0.21 respectively p < 0.01). Children with a CIMTover the 75th percentile had higher blood pressure and lower HDL cholesterol. A stepwise logistic regression accepted both variables as predictors of CIMT with odds ratios for mean CIMT of 1.46 (1.19-1-79) and 0.81 (0.7-0.94) perfive units of change, respectively. Conclusions: In this group of children systolic blood pressure and HDL cholesterol are associated to CIMT.
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Adolescente , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pressão Sanguínea , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Espessura Intima-Media Carotídea , HDL-Colesterol/sangue , Síndrome Metabólica/complicações , Chile/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Obesidade/complicações , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Razão de Chances , Fatores de Risco , SístoleRESUMO
Background: LDL, HDL cholesterol and triglycerides, are the most commonly used lipid cardiovascular risk predictor indicators. However population based studies have shown that non-HDL cholesterol and total/HDL cholesterol ratio are better predictors, are easy to measure and do not require fasting. Aim: To determine which lipid indicators are better determinants of subclinical atherosclerosis, measured by intima media thickness (IMT) among subjects without demonstrated atherosclerosis. Material and Methods: Lipid profile, height, weight, blood pressure and bilateral IMT, measured by ultrasound with automatic border recognition software, were assessed in 770 men and 854 women aged 45 ± 11 years, in Santiago de Chile. Results: Mean total cholesterol was 202, HDL 50, LDL 121, triglycerides 157 and non-HDL cholesterol 152 mg/dl. Total/HDL cholesterol ratio was 4.3. MeanIMTwas 0.62 mm. All lipid markers were significantly correlated with IMT. This correlation was higher for non-HDL cholesterol (r = 0.24, p < 0.0001) and total/HDL cholesterol ratio(r = 0.23, p < 0.0001). In both men and women, total/HDL cholesterol ratio was the best predictor of having an IMT over the 75th percentile (odds ratio 1.21, 95% confidence intervals 1.09-1.35, p < 0.01). Conclusions: Total/HDL cholesterol ratio was the best determinant of subclinical atherosclerosis.
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Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Aterosclerose/sangue , Artérias Carótidas , Espessura Intima-Media Carotídea , HDL-Colesterol/sangue , LDL-Colesterol/sangue , Aterosclerose , Biomarcadores/sangue , Índice de Massa Corporal , Chile , Lipídeos/sangue , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Fatores de Risco , Triglicerídeos/sangueRESUMO
Background: Plasma insulin and HOMA (homeostasis model assessment) index, used to determine insulin resistance, do not have local standard values for children and adolescents in Chile. Aim: To establish the normal reference intervals for insulin and HOMA in children and adolescents aged 10-15 years, according to sex and puberal maturation. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study of 2,153 children and adolescents from Puente Alto County was performed, during 2009 and 2010. Anthropometry and self-report of puberal maturation were assessed. Fasting glucose (hexoquinase) and insulin blood levels (chemiluminiscence), were determined and HOMA index was calculated. Percentile distributions of these variables were calculated. Results: The reference group included only subjects with normal body mass index and fasting blood glucose (n = 1,192). Girls had higher insulin and HOMA values than boys (12.5 ± 6.0 and 9.1 ± 4.9 μϋ/mL (p < 0.01) and 2.7 ± 1.4 and 2.1 ± 1,1 (p < 0.01), respectively). Subjects with Tanner I and IIpuberal stages had lower insulin and HOMA mean values than subjects with Tanner III and IV (9.0 ± 4.3 and 12.5 ± 6.2μϋ/ml (p < 0.01) and2.0 ± 1 and2.8 ± 1.4 (p < 0.01), respectively). Conclusions: The 90th percentile of insulin and HOMA distributions according to sex and maturation, was selected as the upper cut-off point to identify individuals with insulin resistance. HOMA cutoff point for Tanner I and II boys was 3.2, for Tanner I and II girls was 4.1, for Tanner III and IV boys was 4.2 and for Tanner III and IV girls was 5.0.
Assuntos
Adolescente , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Glicemia/fisiologia , Homeostase/fisiologia , Resistência à Insulina/fisiologia , Insulina/sangue , Puberdade/fisiologia , Índice de Massa Corporal , Chile/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Jejum/sangue , Valores de Referência , Fatores Sexuais , Estatísticas não ParamétricasRESUMO
Background: Cardiovascular risk factor (RF) assessment is essential to prevent and predict cardiovascular disease. The presence of RF at early ages, are determinant for the presence of atherosclerosis later in life. Aim: To determine the RF profile of young subjects with high carotid intima media thickness (CIMT). Material and Methods: We studied 689 subjects (50 percent women, mean age 36±6 years) from Santiago, Chile. We determined body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting serum lipids, blood glucose and C-reactive protein. CIMT was assessed by ultrasound using an automatic border recognition software. Results: Body mass index, waist circumference, blood pressure and serum lipids were significantly higher among subjects located in the higher CIMT quartile. Also, subjects in the higher quartile of CIMT had a higher prevalence of three or more RF compared with the lower quartile (p = 0.01). Finally, individuals with three or more RF showed three times more risk of being in the higher CIMT quartile, than subjects with no RF (odds ratio = 3.1, p < 0.01). Conclusions: There is a negative influence of cardiovascular RF on CIMT among young subjects.
Assuntos
Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Índice de Massa Corporal , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Espessura Intima-Media Carotídea , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/fisiopatologia , Chile/epidemiologia , Métodos Epidemiológicos , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Background: Carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) is a marker of cardiovascular damage that can be modified by traditional risk factors. Aim: To determine attributable risk factors for a high CIMT among healthy adults. Material ana Methods: A sample of 1270 individuáis (636 males and 634 femóles) aged 44 ±11 years, was studied. Blood pressure, weight, height, lipidprofile and blood glucose were measured in all. CIMT and thepresence of atheroscleroticplaques were determined by carotid ultrasound. Standard criteria were used to define hypertension, dyslipidemia and diabetes. Results: Mean CIMT in the sample studied was 0.62 ± 0.01 mm and percentile 75 was 0.67. The most important risk factor for a CIMT over percentile 75 and thepresence of atherosclerotic plaques was hypertension with attributable risks of 54 and 57 percent, respectively. Conclusions: In this sample, the main risk factor for a high CIMT was hypertension.
Assuntos
Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Arteriosclerose/patologia , Doenças das Artérias Carótidas/patologia , Espessura Intima-Media Carotídea , Arteriosclerose , Doenças das Artérias Carótidas , Estudos Transversais , Fatores de Risco , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
Introducción: La obesidad y el síndrome metabólico están asociados a un tamaño auricular izquierdo (AI) aumentado y mayor riesgo cardiovascular. El strain y strain rate longitudinal determinado por speckle tracking son herramientas novedosas en la evaluación de la función AI. Objetivo: evaluar el strain y strain rate AI en adolescentes obesos y su relación con biomarcadores de riesgo cardiovascular. Métodos: se incluyeron adolescentes consecutivos con un z-índice de masa corporal (z-IMC) > 1 en ritmo sinusal sin otra comorbilidad y un grupo control pareado por edad y sexo. Se registraron las características clínicas y ecocardiográficas con evaluación del strain AI: onda s (LASs), onda a (LASa) y strain rate AI: onda s (LASRs), onda a (LASRa) por speckle tracking. Se midió adiponectina y PCR ultrasensible. Se utilizó t-Student, chi-cuadrado y correlación de Pearson. Resultados: Se incluyeron 15 sujetos por grupo de edad promedio de 13 años, 47 por ciento hombres sin diferencia entre ambos grupos. Los pacientes con sobrepeso presentaron significativamente mayores niveles de PCR us respecto del grupo control, 0,5 +/- 0,1 mg/L vs 1,4 +/- 0,3, p = 0,04 y menores de LASs (44 +/- 1,8 vs 32 +/-1,1 por ciento;p<0,01), LASa ( -1,7 +/- 0,3 vs -0,7 +/- 0,3 1/s; p<0,01), LASRs ( 1,7 +/- 0,07 vs 1,3 +/- 0,03 por ciento; p<0,01), LASRa (-1,8 +/- 0,1 vs -1,2 +/-0,08 1/s;p<0,01). En el grupo con sobrepeso se encontró una correlación negativa significativa entre LASs, LASRs y PCR ultrasensible (R: -0,62; p < 0,01 y R: -0,58: p = 0,02 respectivamente). Conclusiones: El strain y strain rate AI se encuentran reducidos en adolescentes obesos y estos parámetros de función AI se correlacionan con un estado inflamatorio aumentado. La importancia clínica de estos hallazgos requieren mayor investigación.
Background: Obesity is an emerging problem in children worldwide and a well-known risk factor for atrial fibrillation (AF) in adulthood. There is some evidence that functional and structural changes responsible for the development of AF may arise early in life. Left atrial (LA) strain and strain rate, assessed by speckle tracking, are indices of LA function and correlate with the development of AF. Objective: To evaluate LA strain and strain rate in obese adolescents and their correlation with plasma levels of high sensitive C reactive protein (hs-CRP) and adiponec-tin, two markers of cardiovascular risk. Methods: Fifteen obese adolescents, age 13 +/- 0.2 yr, body mass index (BMI)-z-score 1.9 +/- 0.16 and 15 lean controls were recruited. All patients underwent transtho-racic echocardiography with evaluation of LA strain and strain rate: a wave (LASa and LASRa) and s wave (LASs and LASRs). Plasma levels of hs-CRP was determined. Student's t test, chi-square and Pearson correlation were used for statistical analysis. Results: Obese patients had a lower LASs (44 +/- 1.8 vs 32 +/- 1.1 percent, p < 0.01), LASa (- 1.7 ± 0.3 vs - 0.7 +/- 0.1, p < 0.01), LASRs (1.7 +/- 0.07 vs 1.3 +/- 0.03, p < 0.01) and LASRa (- 1.8 +/- 0.1 vs - 1.2 +/- 0.08, p < 0.01). Plasma hs-CRP levels were significantly higher in the obese group and displayed a significant inverse correlation with LASs (r: - 0.62, p < 0.01) and LASRs (r: - 0.58, p = 0.02). Conclusion: Obese adolescents had an impaired LA function compared to age-matched lean subjects, which correlated with an increased inflammatory state. It is likely that LA dysfunction may predispose to AF later in life.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Proteína C-Reativa , Função do Átrio Esquerdo , ObesidadeRESUMO
Background: Waist to height ratio and ultrasensitive C-reactive protein are predictors of the presence of the metabolic syndrome in children. Aim: To determine the proportional risk of metabolic syndrome component clustering in children, using waist to height ratio and ultrasensitive C-reactive protein. Material and Methods: Anthropometric measures, blood pressure, fasting serum lipid profle, blood glucose and ultrasensitive C-reactive protein were determined in 209 children aged 11.5 ± 2 years (50 percent females). The presence of the metabolic syndrome as a function of waist to height ratio and C-reactive protein was modeled using logistic regression equations. The risk of clustering one, two or more components of the metabolic syndrome was calculated. Results: Metabolic syndrome was present in 5 percent of all children and 18 percent of those that were obese. The cut off points for waist to hip ratio and ultrasensitive C-reactive protein were 0.55 and 0.61 mg/L, respectively. For each 0.01 increment in waist to height ratio, the odds ratio of increasing one component of the metabolic syndrome was 1.2 (1.15-1.25) or 15 to 25 percent. The odds ratio for log-transformed ultrasensitive C-reactive protein was 1.62 (1.26-2.09). Excluding waist circumference, the odds ratio of adding one or more components of the metabolic syndrome was 1.05 (1.01-1.09) per 0.01 increment in waist to height ratio, but the odds ratio for C-reactive protein was no longer significant. Conclusions: Waist to height ratio and ultrasensitive C-reactive protein predict the risk of clustering components of the metabolic syndrome in these children.
Assuntos
Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Proteína C-Reativa/análise , Síndrome Metabólica/diagnóstico , Circunferência da Cintura/fisiologia , Antropometria , Biomarcadores/sangue , Métodos Epidemiológicos , Síndrome Metabólica/epidemiologia , Valores de ReferênciaRESUMO
Background: A cardiovascular risk score for children, that includes traditional risk factors, obesity, sedentary habits and a family history of cardiovascular disease, has been recently proposed by Spanish researchers. Aim: To apply this score in school age children in Santiago de Chile and correlate its results with markers of subclinical atherosclerotic disease. Material and Methods: Retrospective analysis of data obtained from 209 children, aged 11.5 ± 2 years, studied between 2005 and 2006. Weight, height, blood pressure, ultrasound measurement of carotid intimamedia thickness and fow mediated dilatation of brachial artery and ultrasensible C reactive protein (us PCR) were measured. The Spanish cardiovascular risk score was calculated and correlated with ultrasound parameters and C reactive protein. Results: According to the score, 173 children (83 percent) had a low cardiovascular risk, 28 (13 percent) an intermediate risk and 8 (4 percent) a high risk. There was no association between the cardiovascular risk score and carotid intima-media thickness, fow mediated arterial dilatation and us PCR. Conclusions: No significant association was observed between the proposed cardiovascular risk score and early markers of atherosclerotic disease in this group of children.
Assuntos
Adolescente , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Aterosclerose/epidemiologia , Proteína C-Reativa/análise , Aterosclerose/etiologia , Aterosclerose , Biomarcadores/análise , Artérias Carótidas , Chile , Estudos Retrospectivos , Medição de Risco/métodos , Fatores de Risco , Túnica ÍntimaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The diagnostic work-up of a drug hypersensitivity reaction is indeed difficult. In general, medical documentation of allergic reactions in medical reports is usually highly deficient or non-existent. The aim of this study was to analyse the prevalence of self-reported drug allergies in the surgical population as well as the criteria used in the diagnosis of drug hypersensitivity reactions. METHODS: A prospective study with the consecutive participation of 1439 patients, following surgical intervention, attended the Post-Operative Care Unit. Previously, as a routine process during the pre-anesthesia consultation, all patients were questioned about whether they had any drug allergies to report and diagnostic work-up. RESULTS: The prevalence of self-reported drug allergies was 8.3% (119/1439): 3.6% considered themselves allergic to ß-lactams and 2.4% to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Approximately one-third of the subjects (40 out of the 119) had not been subjected to any allergy diagnostic procedure and with 79 (66.4%), the only diagnostic test used by the Allergy Unit had been the skin prick-test. None of those participating in the study had tryptase, methylhistamine, specific IgE or intradermal tests carried out to characterize the diagnosis of the allergic reaction. CONCLUSIONS: These results show that self-reported drug allergies are highly prevalent and as yet little explored. It is an important prevalence which should bring about modifications to the prescription of certain medicaments. The medical personnel must be made aware of the need to make an accurate diagnosis of allergies to medicaments.
Assuntos
Revelação , Hipersensibilidade a Drogas/diagnóstico , Medicamentos sob Prescrição/efeitos adversos , Centro Cirúrgico Hospitalar , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Anamnese , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos , Espanha , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto JovemRESUMO
En niños, la obesidad general y visceral se asocian con mayor riesgo cardiometabólico. El aumento en la prevalencia del síndrome metabólico (SM) en niños y adolescentes empeora el riesgo cardiovascular. Necesitamos contar con nuevos marcadores que permitan predecir el SM en niños. Objetivo: Comparar índice de masa corporal (zIMC) con razón cintura estatura (RCE) como predictores de SM en niños chilenos. Método: Estudio transversal en 618 escolares, edad 10.8 +/- 1.9 años, 51.6 por ciento mujeres, 190 eutróficos, 174 sobrepeso, 254 obesos, estrato socioeconómico medio y medio bajo, área urbana de Santiago. Determinamos peso, talla, circunferencia de cintura, presión arterial, perfil lipídico y glicemia. Diagnóstico de SM basado en la presencia de > 3 criterios de Cook. El SM se modeló en función de RCE y z score IMC , con modelos de regresión logística. Se usaron curvas ROC para comparar RCE y zIMC como predictores de SM. Punto de corte según índice de YOUDEN. Resultados: La prevalencia de SM fue 15.37 por ciento. Promedio de z IMC + 1.22 +/- 0.90 y de RCE 0.52 +/-0.07. Punto de corte óptimo para SM: RCE 0.55 (sensibilidad 72 por ciento, especificidad 70 por ciento) yzIMC: 1.76 (sensibilidad 71 por ciento, especificidad 74 por ciento). Conclusión: RCE y zIMC predicen igualmente el riesgo cardiometabólico en niños y adolescentes. Dada la mayor facilidad de calcular RCE, la transforma en mejor herramienta definiendo riesgo en este grupo. El punto de corte > 0.55 sería buen predictor de SM en niños y adolescentes.
Among children both general and visceral obesity are associated with increased cardio-metabolic risk. The increasing prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (MS) in children and adolescents increases cardiovascular risk. Studies of new clinical markers which can easily and accurately predict MS in children and adolescents are needed. Aim: To compare zBMI and waist to height ratio (WHR) as predictors of MS in Chilean children. Method: We performed a crossectional study of 618 schoolchildren, age 11 +/- 2 years, 52 percent females, 190 eutrophic, 174 overweight, 254 obese, from middle and low social economic strata from the Santiago urban area. We determined weight, height, waist circumference, blood pressure and fasting lipids and glycemia. MS diagnosis was based on the presence of > 3 Cook criteria. MS was modeled in function of WHR and z score BMI, through logistic regression models. ROC curves were used to compare zBMI and WHR as predictors of MS. The cut off point by YOUDEN index was used. Results: The prevalence of MS was 15 percent. Mean zBMI was +1.22 +/- 0.90 and WHR 0.52 +/- 0.07. Cut off point for MS were: WHR 0,55 (sensitivity 72 percent, specificity 70 percent)and zBMI: 1.76 (sensitivity 71 percent, specificity 74 percent). Conclusions: Both WHR and zBMI similarly predicted cardio metabolic risk in children and adolescents. The greater feasibility of calculating WHR makes it a good tool for defining risk in this group. A cut off point >0.55 might be a good predictor of MS in children and adolescents.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adolescente , Feminino , Criança , Estatura , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Relação Cintura-Quadril , Pressão Arterial , Glicemia , Índice de Massa Corporal , Chile , Estudos Transversais , Lipídeos/análise , Medição de Risco/métodos , Estado Nutricional , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Classe Social , Síndrome Metabólica/epidemiologia , Sobrepeso/epidemiologiaRESUMO
El grosor intima-media carotideo (CIMT) es un marcador de aterosclerosis subclinica y eventos isquémicos cerebrales y coronarios. Si bien los valores normales promedio en Chile, han sido publicados, no existen datos locales de cómo se modifica el CIMT según la carga de factores de riesgo (FR) cardiovascular. Objetivos: Analizar la modificación del CIMT según la carga de FR clásicos, presencia de síndrome metabólico (SMET) y SMET más inflamación. Métodos: Hombres y mujeres de Santiago sin antecedente de eventos isquémicos previos, nivel socio económico medio, medio bajo y medio alto. En todos se realizó encuesta sobre antecedentes demográficos, FR cardiovascular, y medición de PA, IMC, cintura, y perfil lipídico, glicemia y proteína C-reactiva ultrasensible (ePCR) en ayuno. Para diagnóstico de SMET se usó NCEP ATPIII (2001), y para inflamación, ePCR> 2 mg/L (valor de corte de > riesgo porAHA). El CIMT se midió en carótida común derecha e izquierda con software MATH®. Resultados: Se incluyeron en el análisis 999 sujetos (508 hombres), edad promedio 43.8 +/- 11 años. La prevalencia de HTA fue 30 por ciento, dislipidemia 68 por ciento, tabaquismo 47 por ciento, y SMET 24 por ciento. El CIMT medio promedio fue 0.61 +/- 0.1 mm y la ePCR promedio 2.22 mg/L. La modificación del CIMT medio (mm) según número de FR (edad>45/55 hombre/mujer, diabetes, HTA, colesterol total > 200, HDL < 40/50, tabaquismo e historia familiar), fue la siguiente: 0 FR= 0.55 +/- 0.08; 1-2 FR= 0.59 +/- 0.091; > 3 FR= 0.67 +/- 0.12 (p < 0.0001). Asimismo, el CIMT aumentó según el puntaje de Framingham: < 5 por ciento = 0.58 +/- 0.09; 5-10 por ciento= 0.66 +/- 0.11; > 10-20 por ciento= 0.68 +/- 0.11; >20 por ciento > o = 0.76 +/- 0.14 (p < 0.0001). El CIMT fue significativamente mayor en los sujetos con SMET, y se incrementa en forma significativa cuando se adiciona ePCR>2 mg/L. En el modelo de regresión múltiple, el CIMT se asocia en forma conjunta a Framingham (p < 0.0001) y SMET+ePCR>2...
Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) is a marker for cerebral and coronary ischemic events. Normal values for CIMT in Chile have been published but the relation of CIMT to level of risk factors (RF) is unknown. Aim. To analyze the relation of CIMT to level of traditional RF and the presence of metabolic syndrome (MS), with or without inflammation. Methods. Males and females living in Santiago, Chile, with no prior history of ischemic events, of a low, medium or high socio-economic level, were studied. Demographic data, and presence of RF were obtained. Blood pressure, BMI, waist, blood lipids, blood glucose and US-CRP were measured in the fasting state. The presence of MS was defined by the NCEP-ATP III (2001) criteria. Inflammation was defined as US-CRP >2mg/L (the cut off point for increased risk, according to the AHA). CIMT was measure in both carotid arteries using the MATH® software. Results. 999 subjects (508 males), aged 43 +/- 11 years old. The prevalence of hypertension (HT) was 30 percent, dyslipidemia 68 percent, tobacco use 41 percent and MS 24 percent. Mean CIMT was 0.61 +/- 0.1 mm and US-PCR was 2.22 mg/L. CIMT according to number of RF - age > 45/55 (male/female), diabetes, HT, total cholesterol > 200 mg/dl, HDL < 40/50 mg/dl, tobacco use and family history- were: 0 RF: 0.55 +/- 0.08; 1-2 RF: 0.59 +/- 0.091; >3 RF: 0.67 +/- 0.12 (p < 0.0001). CIMT according to Framingham scores was: < 5 percent: 0.58 +/- 0.09; 5 - 10 percent: 0.66 +/- 0.11; 10 - 20 percent: 0.68 +/- 0.11 and > 20 percent: 0.76 +/- 0.14 (p < 0.0001). CIMT was significantly greater in subjects with MS and more in the group with US-PCR > 2mg/L. In multiple regression analysis, CIMT was jointly associated to Framingham score (p < 0.0001) and presence of MS + US-PCR >2 mg/L (p=0.01) (r2=0.19 for the model). Conclusion. CIMT increases in relation to traditional RF load and the presence of MS. An increased atherosclerotic risk in subjects with MS+inflammation (US-PCR > 2 mg/L)...
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Artérias Carótidas/patologia , Arteriosclerose/complicações , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Síndrome Metabólica/epidemiologia , Túnica Íntima/patologia , Túnica Média/patologia , Arteriosclerose/epidemiologia , Índice de Massa Corporal , Chile/epidemiologia , Coleta de Dados , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Inflamação/complicações , Lipídeos/análise , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Síndrome Metabólica/complicações , Área UrbanaRESUMO
Background: The high prevalence of obesity in children favors the appearance of metabolic syndrome (MS), increasing their cardiovascular risk. Aim: To evaluate components of MS in children and to correlate them with surrogate markers of atherosclerosis andsubclinical inflammation. Material and methods: We studied 209 children aged 11.5 ± 2 years (50% girls, 30% prepuberal). Fifty percent had normal weight, 18% were overweight, 29% were obese and 3% were undernourished. A fasting blood sample was obtained to measure lipid levels,glucose, insulin, adiponectin and ultrasensitive C-reactive protein (usCRP). Subclinical atherosclerosis was evaluated using flow mediated dilatation of brachial artery (FMD) andcarotid intima-media thicknes (IMT). For diagnosis of MS we adapted Cooks criteria. Results: Five percent of all children and 18% of those with overweight had MS. Children with more components had significantly higher fasting insulin and Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA) values. Clustering of MS components was also associated to higher values of usCRP and non significantly to lower adiponectin levels. We did not find differences in FMD. In obese children there was a tendency towards a higher IMT with clustering of MS components, although not significant. Conclusions: Children with overweight presented a higher risk of a clustering ofMS components, which was also associated with insulin resistance and increase in ultrasensitive C reactive protein.
Assuntos
Adolescente , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Aterosclerose/diagnóstico , Síndrome Metabólica/diagnóstico , Análise de Variância , Aterosclerose/sangue , Biomarcadores/sangue , Proteína C-Reativa/análise , Chile/epidemiologia , Análise por Conglomerados , Resistência à Insulina/fisiologia , Síndrome Metabólica/sangue , Síndrome Metabólica/fisiopatologia , Sobrepeso/sangue , Sobrepeso/epidemiologiaRESUMO
La auscultación de un soplo cardíaco es un hallazgo frecuente en pediatría y la mayoría de las veces es un soplo fisiológico y no refleja cardiopatía, sin embargo, los médicos deben realizar un acertado análisis para derivar a especialista a los niños que sí requieren evaluación y estudio.
Assuntos
Humanos , Criança , Assistência Ambulatorial , Sopros Cardíacos/fisiopatologia , Auscultação Cardíaca , Exame FísicoRESUMO
Introducción: La proteína C-reactiva ultrasensible (PCRus) es un marcador de riesgo (FR) emergente. En adultos, se asocia a la mayoría de los FR metabólicos, al desarrollo de diabetes y predice eventos cardiovasculares futuros. Dado que la aterosclerosis puede comenzar en la niñez, es importante conocer los niveles de este marcador y sus relaciones con los FR clásicos en la población pediátrica. Objetivo: Determinar los niveles de PCRus y establecer su relación con medidas antropométricas de adiposidad, FR tradicionales y medidas de aterosclerosis subclínica en niños de Santiago. Método: Estudio prospectivo en hijos de sujetos sanos de la zona urbana de Santiago. En todos los niños se realizó una encuesta sobre FR clásicos, se evaluó antropometría, maduración puberal y perfil lipídico, glicemia y PCR ultrasensible (Dade Behring) en muestra de sangre en ayunas. En todos se realizó además estudio de función endotelial por dilatación mediada por flujo en arteria braquial (DMF) y del grosor íntima-media carotídeo (IMT). Resultados: Se incluyeron en este análisis 88 niños (51 por ciento hombres), edad 10 +/- 2 (promedio DS) años. La PCRus del grupo fue 0.88 +/- 1.47 mg/L (mediana = 0.38 mg/L). En ambos sexos, la PCRus se correlacionó en forma directa a índice de masa corporal (IMC, expresado en puntaje z), a estimación clínica de grasa corporal: masa grasa total (MGT), grasa troncal, perímetro de cintura (PC) y a colesterol LDL (p<0.04). Los niños en el tercil superior de PCR presentaron mayor: zIMC, MGT, PC y LDL que los niños en los terciles inferiores (ver tabla). Los factores de riesgo para determinar una PCR elevada, en forma aislada, fueron: zIMC (OR=2.25 {1.25-4.04}), MGT (OR=1.09 {1.03-1.15}) y PC (OR=1.06 {1.01-1.11}). No se demostró asociación entre PCRus y DMF o IMT. Conclusión: La PCRus se asocia en forma directa a índices de adiposidad y a colesterol LDL en niños...
Background: Ultrasensitive C-reactive protein (USCRP) is an emergent cardiovascular risk factor (RF). In adults, USCRP is associated to most metabolic RF, to diabetes and future cardiovascular events. Since atherosclerosis may develop in childhood, the relation of USCRP to classic RF in children deserves attention. Aim: To correlate USCRP levels with adiposity, traditional RF and subclinical atherosclerosis in children from Santiago Methods: Children from healthy parents living in urban areas of Santiago were prospectively studied. A survey of traditional RF, anthropometric measurements, pubertal maturation, serum lipid profile, serum blood sugar level and USCRP (Dade Behring) were determined in all children in a fasting sample. Endothelial function was assessed by flow mediated vasodilation of the brachial artery (FMD) and intimal media thickness (IMT) Results: 88 children (51 percent males) aged 10 +/-2 years were studied. Mean USCRP was 0.88 mg/L(SD 1.47, median 0.38). In both gender groups USCRP was directly correlated to body mass index (BMI, z score), total body fat (TBF) , central adiposity measured by skin folds, waist circumference (WC) and LDL cholesterol (p<0.04). Children at top tercile USCRP level exhibited greater BMI, total body fat, central adiposity, WC and LDL level as compared to those in the lower USCRP tercile (Table). Independent predictors of high CRP levels were BMI (OR 2.55, 95 percent CI1.25-4.04), MGT (OR 1.09 (1.03-1.15)) and WC (OR 1.06 (1.01-1.11)). There was no association between USPCR and FMV or IMT. Conclusion: USCRP is directly associated to adiposity indices and serum LDL level in children. This study showed no association of USCRP and indices of subclinical atherosclerosis. Follow up of these children will help determine whether subclinical inflammation will predict the appearance of atherosclerosis when they reach adult age.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Adolescente , Aterosclerose/diagnóstico , Doenças Cardiovasculares/diagnóstico , Obesidade/diagnóstico , Proteína C-Reativa/análise , Aterosclerose/epidemiologia , Índice de Massa Corporal , Chile/epidemiologia , LDL-Colesterol/sangue , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Biomarcadores/análise , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Distribuição por SexoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Norwood procedure is used as the first stage in the palliative treatment of the hypoplastic heart syndrome and can be used, with some technical modifications, in other forms of univentricular heart with aortic stenosis or hypoplasia. These patients have a high mortality (50%), derived from the procedure itself and from their abnormal physiological status. AIM: To report our experience with the Norwood procedure. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis of all patients subjected to the Norwood procedure between February, 2000 and June 2003. RESULTS: Thirteen patients (9 females, age range 5-60 days and median weight of 3.3 kg) were operated. Eight had hypoplastic heart syndrome and five had a single ventricle with aortic arch hypoplasia. The diagnosis was done in utero in eight patients. All technical variations, according to the disposition and anatomy of the great vessels, are described. Cardiac arrest with profound hypothermia was used in all and regional cerebral perfusion was used in nine. Three patients died in the perioperative period and three died in the follow up (two, four and 10 months after the procedure). Gleen and Fontan procedures were completed in five and one patients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our results with the Norwood procedure are similar to other series. There is an important mortality in the immediate operative period and prior to the Glenn procedure.