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The liver, and more specifically, the liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, constitute the beginning of one of the most important responses for the elimination of hematogenously disseminated Candida albicans. Therefore, we aimed to study the mechanisms involved in the interaction between these cells and C. albicans. Transcriptomics-based analysis showed an increase in the expression of genes related to the immune response (including receptors, cytokines, and adhesion molecules), as well as to aerobic glycolysis. Further in vitro analyses showed that IL-6 production in response to C. albicans is controlled by MyD88- and SYK-pathways, suggesting an involvement of Toll-like and C-type lectin receptors and the subsequent activation of the MAP-kinases and c-Fos/AP-1 transcription factor. In addition, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells undergo metabolic reprogramming towards aerobic glycolysis induced by C. albicans, as confirmed by the increased Extracellular Acidification Rate and the overexpression of enolase (Eno2), hexonikase (Hk2) and glucose transporter 1 (Slc2a1). In conclusion, these results indicate that the hepatic endothelium responds to C. albicans by increasing aerobic glycolysis and promoting an inflammatory environment.
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Candida albicans , Células Endoteliais , Glicólise , Fígado , Candida albicans/imunologia , Células Endoteliais/metabolismo , Células Endoteliais/microbiologia , Animais , Fígado/metabolismo , Fígado/microbiologia , Quinase Syk/metabolismo , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Interleucina-6/genética , Camundongos , Fator 88 de Diferenciação Mieloide/metabolismo , Inflamação/metabolismo , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Candidíase/imunologia , Candidíase/microbiologia , Candidíase/metabolismoRESUMO
Due to the high prevalence of depression among cancer patients, antidepressant medications are frequently administered as adjuvant treatment. However, the safety of such medications in the development of metastasis is unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of fluoxetine, desipramine, and mirtazapine on the liver metastasis of murine C26 colon carcinoma (cc). Balb/c male mice were administered these antidepressants intraperitoneally (i.p.) for 14 days following intrasplenic injections of C26 colon carcinoma cells. Desipramine and fluoxetine, but not mirtazapine, significantly increased the number of tumor foci and total volume of the tumor in liver tissue. This effect was associated with a decrease in the ability of splenocytes to produce interleukin (IL)-1ß and interferon (IFN)-γ and an increase in their ability to produce interleukin (IL)-10. Similar changes were observed in plasma IL-1ß, IFN-γ, and IL-10 levels. The current study demonstrates that the stimulatory effect of desipramine and fluoxetine, but not mirtazapine, on experimental colon cancer liver metastasis is associated with a suppression of immune defenses against the tumor.
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Carcinoma , Neoplasias do Colo , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Masculino , Camundongos , Animais , Fluoxetina/farmacologia , Fluoxetina/uso terapêutico , Mirtazapina/uso terapêutico , Desipramina/farmacologia , Desipramina/uso terapêutico , Citocinas , Antidepressivos/farmacologia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias do Colo/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
The endocannabinoid system is widespread through the body and carries out a wide variety of functions. However, its involvement in other pathologies, such as cancer, still needs further attention. We aim to investigate the role of CB2 receptor during melanoma and colorectal cancer (CRC) aggressiveness and metastatic growth in the liver. We used the synthetic cannabinoid URB447, a known CB2 agonist and CB1 antagonist drug, and studied prometastatic ability of mouse B16 melanoma and MCA38 CRC cells, by means of proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle, migration and matrix degradation in vitro upon URB447 treatment. We reported a dose-dependent viability decrease in both tumor types. This result is partly mediated by apoptotic cell death and cell cycle arrest in G1/G0 phase, as observed through flow cytometry. Melanoma and CRC cell migration was affected in a dose-dependent fashion as observed through scratch assay, whereas the secretion of matrix degrading proteins metalloprotease 2 (MMP2) and 9 (MMP9) in tumor cells did not significantly change. Moreover, daily treatment of tumor bearing mice with URB447 decreased the development of liver metastasis in a melanoma model in vivo. This proof of concept study points out to the synthetic cannabinoid URB447 as a potential candidate for deeper studies to confirm its potential as antitumor therapy and liver metastasis treatment for CRC and melanoma.
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Discoidin domain receptor 2 (DDR2) is arising as a promising therapeutic target in breast carcinoma (BC). The ability of DDR2 to bind to collagen promotes protumoral responses in cancer cells that influence the tumor microenvironment (TME). Nonetheless, the interrelation between DDR2 expression and TME modulation during BC progression remains poorly known. For this reason, we aim to evaluate the correlation between intratumoral expression of DDR2 and the infiltration of the main TME cell populations, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). First, collagen and DDR2 expression levels were analyzed in human invasive BC samples. Then, DDR2 status correlation with tumor aggressiveness and patient survival were retrieved from different databases. Subsequently, the main pathways, cell types, and tissues correlated with DDR2 expression in BC were obtained through bioinformatics approach. Finally, we studied the association of DDR2 expression with the recruitment of CAFs and TAMs. Our findings showed that, together with the expected overexpression of TME markers, DDR2 was upregulated in tumor samples. Besides, we uncovered that altered TME markers were linked to DDR2 expression in invasive BC patients. Consequently, DDR2 modulates the stromal reaction through CAFs and TAMs infiltration and could be used as a potential worse prognostic factor in the treatment response of invasive BC.
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Neoplasias da Mama , Fibroblastos Associados a Câncer , Receptor com Domínio Discoidina 2 , Macrófagos Associados a Tumor , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Colágeno/metabolismo , Receptor com Domínio Discoidina 2/genética , Receptor com Domínio Discoidina 2/metabolismo , Feminino , Humanos , Prognóstico , Microambiente TumoralRESUMO
We utilized Fas21, a resveratrol analog, to modulate the function of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) during the angiogenic phase of murine liver metastasis by B16 melanoma and 51b colorectal carcinoma. Preangiogenic micrometastases were treated with Fas21 (1 mg/kg/day) or vehicle during the development of intra-angiogenic tracts. Mice treated with Fas21 showed reduced liver tumor foci in both liver metastasis models. Micrometastases were classified immunohistochemically, as well as according to their position coordinates and connection to local microvasculature. The volume of liver occupied by sinusoidal-type foci, containing infiltrating angiogenic capillaries, decreased by ~50% in Fas21-treated mice compared to vehicle-treated ones in both tumor metastasis models. The volume of portal foci, containing peripheral neoangiogenesis within a discontinuous layer of myofibroblasts, was similar in all experimental groups in both tumor metastasis models, but displayed enhanced necrotic central areas devoid of angiogenesis following Fas21 treatment. As a result, sinusoidal tumors from mice treated with Fas21 showed a 50% reduction in desmin(+)/asma(+) HSCs and CD31(+) vessel density, and a 45% reduction in intrametastatic VEGF mRNA compared with sinusoidal tumors from vehicle-treated mice. Necrotic portal metastases increased 2-4-fold in treated mice. In vitro, Fas21 reduced VEGF secretion by HSCs and 51b cells dose-dependently. Additionally, HSCs migration in response to tumor soluble factors was dose-dependently diminished by Fas21, as was LSEC migration in response to HSCs and tumor soluble factors. Resveratrol analog Fas21 inhibits the proangiogenic response of HSCs and LSECs during the development of murine liver metastasis.
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The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has a tremendous impact on the health of millions of people worldwide. Unfortunately, those suffering from previous pathological conditions are more vulnerable and tend to develop more severe disease upon infection with the new SARS-CoV-2. This coronavirus interacts with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor to invade the cells. Recently, another receptor, neuropilin-1 (NRP-1), has been reported to amplify the viral infection. Interestingly, NRP-1 is expressed in nonparenchymal liver cells and is related to and upregulated in a wide variety of liver-related pathologies. It has been observed that SARS-CoV-2 infection promotes liver injury through several pathways that may be influenced by the previous pathological status of the patient and liver expression of NRP-1. Moreover, coronavirus disease 2019 causes an inflammatory cascade called cytokine storm in patients with severe disease. This cytokine storm may influence liver sinusoidal-cell phenotype, facilitating viral invasion. In this review, the shreds of evidence linking NRP-1 with liver pathologies such as hepatocellular carcinoma, liver fibrosis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and inflammatory disorders are discussed in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection. In addition, the involvement of the infection-related cytokine storm in NRP-1 overexpression and the subsequent increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection are also analyzed. This review aims to shed some light on the involvement of liver NRP-1 during SARS-CoV-2 infection and emphasizes the possible involvement this receptor with the observed liver damage.
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COVID-19 , Síndrome da Liberação de Citocina , Humanos , Fígado , Neuropilina-1 , SARS-CoV-2RESUMO
Tumor DDR1 acts as a key factor during the desmoplastic response surrounding hepatic colorectal metastasis. Hepatic sinusoidal cell-derived soluble factors stimulate tumor DDR1 activation. DDR1 modulates matrix remodeling to promote metastasis in the liver through the interaction with hepatic stromal cells, specifically liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and hepatic stellate cells.
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Carcinoma/genética , Neoplasias do Colo/genética , Receptor com Domínio Discoidina 1/genética , Neoplasias Hepáticas/genética , Fígado/patologia , Animais , Carcinoma/metabolismo , Carcinoma/secundário , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células , Colo/metabolismo , Colo/patologia , Neoplasias do Colo/metabolismo , Neoplasias do Colo/patologia , Receptor com Domínio Discoidina 1/metabolismo , Células Estreladas do Fígado/patologia , Humanos , Fígado/metabolismo , Neoplasias Hepáticas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Hepáticas/secundário , Masculino , Camundongos , Fosforilação , Prognóstico , Células Estromais/metabolismo , Células Estromais/patologiaRESUMO
Liver colonization is initiated through the interplay between tumor cells and adhesion molecules present in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs). This crosstalk stimulates tumor COX-2 upregulation and PGE2 secretion. To elucidate the role of the LSEC intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in the prometastatic response exerted by tumor and stromal COX-2, we utilized celecoxib (CLX) as a COX-2 inhibitory agent. We analyzed the in vitro proliferative and secretory responses of murine C26 colorectal cancer (CRC) cells to soluble ICAM-1 (sICAM-1), cultured alone or with LSECs, and their effect on LSEC and hepatic stellate cell (HSC) migration and in vivo liver metastasis. CLX reduced sICAM-1-stimulated COX-2 activation and PGE2 secretion in C26 cells cultured alone or cocultured with LSECs. Moreover, CLX abrogated sICAM-1-induced C26 cell proliferation and C26 secretion of promigratory factors for LSECs and HSCs. Interestingly, CLX reduced the protumoral response of HSC, reducing their migratory potential when stimulated with C26 secretomes and impairing their secretion of chemotactic factors for LSECs and C26 cells and proliferative factors for C26 cells. In vivo, CLX abrogated the prometastatic ability of sICAM-1-activated C26 cells while reducing liver metastasis. COX-2 inhibition blocked the creation of a favorable tumor microenvironment (TME) by hindering the intratumoral recruitment of activated HSCs and macrophages in addition to the accumulation of fibrillar collagen. These results point to COX-2 being a key modulator of processes initiated by host ICAM-1 during tumor cell/LSEC/HSC crosstalk, leading to the creation of a prometastatic TME in the liver.
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The role of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in cancer progression has been uncovered in recent years. ILCs are classified as Type 1, Type 2, and Type 3 ILCs, which are characterized by the transcription factors necessary for their development and the cytokines and chemokines they produce. ILCs are a highly heterogeneous cell population, showing both anti- and protumoral properties and capable of adapting their phenotypes and functions depending on the signals they receive from their surrounding environment. ILCs are considered the innate counterparts of the adaptive immune cells during physiological and pathological processes, including cancer, and as such, ILC subsets reflect different types of T cells. In cancer, each ILC subset plays a crucial role, not only in innate immunity but also as regulators of the tumor microenvironment. ILCs' interplay with other immune and stromal cells in the metastatic microenvironment further dictates and influences this dichotomy, further strengthening the seed-and-soil theory and supporting the formation of more suitable and organ-specific metastatic environments. Here, we review the present knowledge on the different ILC subsets, focusing on their interplay with components of the tumor environment during the development of primary melanoma as well as on metastatic progression to organs, such as the liver or lung.
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Liver metastasis depends on the collagenous microenvironment generated by hepatic sinusoidal cells (SCs). DDR1 is an atypical collagen receptor linked to tumor progression, but whether SCs express DDR1 and its implication in liver metastasis remain unknown. Freshly isolated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), Kupffer cells (KCs), and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs), that conform the SCs, expressed functional DDR1. HSCs expressed the largest amounts. C26 colon carcinoma secretomes increased DDR1 phosphorylation in HSCs and KCs by collagen I. Inhibition of kinase activity by DDR1-IN-1 or mRNA silencing of DDR1 reduced HSCs secretion of MMP2/9 and chemoattractant and proliferative factors for LSECs and C26 cells. DDR1-IN-1 did not modify MMP2/9 in KCs or LSECs secretomes, but decreased the enhancement of C26 migration and proliferation induced by their secretomes. Gene array showed that DDR1 silencing downregulated HSCs genes for collagens, MMPs, interleukins and chemokines. Silencing of DDR1 before tumor inoculation reduced hepatic C26 metastasis in mice. Silenced livers bore less tumor foci than controls. Metastatic foci in DDR1 silenced mice were smaller and contained an altered stroma with fewer SCs, proliferating cells, collagen and MMPs than foci in control mice. In conclusion, hepatic DDR1 promotes C26 liver metastasis and favors the pro-metastatic response of SCs to the tumor.
Assuntos
Receptor com Domínio Discoidina 1/genética , Neoplasias Hepáticas Experimentais/prevenção & controle , Metástase Neoplásica/genética , Animais , Regulação para Baixo , Inativação Gênica , Células Estreladas do Fígado/patologia , Neoplasias Hepáticas Experimentais/genética , Camundongos , Microambiente TumoralRESUMO
The prometastatic stroma generated through tumor cells/host cells interaction is critical for metastatic growth. To elucidate the role of ICAM-1 on the crosstalk between tumor and primary liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), implicated in tumor adhesion and angiogenesis, we performed in vitro cocultures and an in vivo model of liver metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRC). ICAM-1 blockade in the LSECs decreased the adhesion and transmigration of tumor cells through an LSEC in vitro and vivo. Cocultures of C26 cells and LSECs contained higher amounts of IL-1ß, IL-6, PGE-2, TNF-α and ICAM-1 than monocultures. C26 cells incubated with sICAM-1 secreted higher amounts of PGE-2, IL-6, VEGF, and MMPs, while enhanced the migration of LSECs and HSCs. HSCs cultures activated by media from C26 cells pretreated with sICAM-1 contained the largest amounts of VEGF and MMPs. C26 cell activation with sICAM-1 enhanced their metastasizing potential in vivo, while tumor LFA-1 blockade reduced tumor burden and LSECs and HSC-derived myofibroblasts recruitment. In vivo ICAM-1 silencing produced similar results. These findings uncover LSEC ICAM-1 as a mediator of the CRC metastatic cascade in the liver and identifies it as target for the inhibition of liver colonization and metastatic progression.
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Capilares/patologia , Neoplasias do Colo/patologia , Células Endoteliais/patologia , Inflamação/complicações , Molécula 1 de Adesão Intercelular/metabolismo , Neoplasias Hepáticas/secundário , Neovascularização Patológica/complicações , Animais , Apoptose , Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , Biomarcadores Tumorais/metabolismo , Capilares/imunologia , Capilares/metabolismo , Adesão Celular , Comunicação Celular , Movimento Celular , Proliferação de Células , Neoplasias do Colo/etiologia , Neoplasias do Colo/metabolismo , Células Endoteliais/imunologia , Células Endoteliais/metabolismo , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Inflamação/imunologia , Molécula 1 de Adesão Intercelular/genética , Neoplasias Hepáticas/etiologia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Neovascularização Patológica/imunologia , Células Tumorais Cultivadas , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Pancreatic carcinoma is one of the most aggressive cancers overcoming chemoresistance. Thus, novel compounds to complement the current antitumor agents are in need. Ocoxin oral solution (OOS) has proven antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antistromagenic properties. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of OOS in an experimental pancreatic cancer model and its implication in stroma-related chemoresistance to paclitaxel and gemcitabine. METHODS: Murine pancreatic carcinoma 266-6 cells were treated with OOS to analyze cell cycle and to perform a mRNA comparative microarray study. Then the viability was assessed in combination with paclitaxel and/or gemcitabine. Chemoresistance induced by the medium taken from fibroblast cultures was also investigated on 6 human pancreatic carcinoma cell lines. Furthermore, an experimental model of pancreatic cancer was carried out to study the effect of OOS in vivo. RESULTS: Ocoxin oral solution enhances the cytotoxic effect of paclitaxel and gemcitabine, while it ameliorates the chemoresistance induced by fibroblast-derived soluble factors in human pancreatic cancer cells. The OOS also promotes the regulation of the expression of genes that are altered in pancreatic carcinoma and slows down 266-6 cell pancreatic tumor development in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: Ocoxin oral solution could be a potential complement to the chemotherapeutic drugs for pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
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Adenocarcinoma/tratamento farmacológico , Ácido Ascórbico/farmacologia , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Neoplasias Experimentais/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/tratamento farmacológico , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Vitamina B 12/farmacologia , Vitamina B 6/farmacologia , Adenocarcinoma/genética , Adenocarcinoma/patologia , Administração Oral , Animais , Antineoplásicos/administração & dosagem , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Ácido Ascórbico/administração & dosagem , Ciclo Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Ciclo Celular/genética , Linhagem Celular , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/genética , Desoxicitidina/administração & dosagem , Desoxicitidina/análogos & derivados , Desoxicitidina/farmacologia , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/genética , Ácido Fólico , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Neoplasias Experimentais/genética , Neoplasias Experimentais/patologia , Paclitaxel/administração & dosagem , Paclitaxel/farmacologia , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/genética , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patologia , Ácido Pantotênico , Extratos Vegetais/administração & dosagem , Soluções , Vitamina B 12/administração & dosagem , Vitamina B 6/administração & dosagem , Sulfato de Zinco , GencitabinaRESUMO
The liver is a common site for the metastatic spread of primary malignancies including colorectal cancer, and liver metastasis is a main cause of death in cancer patients. This is due to the complexity of the interactions taking place in the liver between tumor and stromal cells. In fact, cancerassociated fibroblasts (CAFs) have been shown to support tumor growth through the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis. However, along with cancer cells, myeloidderived suppressor cells (MDSCs), immature dendritic cells with immunosuppressive potential, also express CXCR4. It has recently been demonstrated that reducing CXCL12 availability in the tumor microenvironment decreases liver metastasis. Therefore, blocking CXCL12 chemokine receptor CXCR4 may be a successful approach to diminish the metastatic spread of colorectal cancer to the liver. However, the subjacent mechanisms by which this chemokine influences the tumor are not fully understood. Thus, in order to uncover the role of CXCR4 during tumor cell/liver fibroblast crosstalk driving liver metastasis, the CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 was used for in vitro studies and in an in vivo approach using an orthotopic model of liver metastasis in immune competent mice through intrasplenic injection of grafted C26 cells. In vitro blockage of CXCR4 led to an impaired migratory potential of tumor and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and a reduced tumor response to CXCL12. In vivo administration of AMD3100 to tumorbearing mice resulted in attenuated metastatic development in the liver, which was accompanied by an impaired infiltration of αSMAexpressing cells within the tumors. In addition, a reduced CD11+Ly6G+ cell count in the liver was directly correlated with a reduction in MDSC numbers in the blood of AMD3100treated mice compared to the vehicletreated mice. Therefore, disruption of the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis by CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 blocked the contribution of both cancer and stromal cells to the metastatic cascade in the liver.
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Quimiocina CXCL12/genética , Neoplasias Colorretais/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Hepáticas/tratamento farmacológico , Receptores CXCR4/genética , Animais , Benzilaminas , Fibroblastos Associados a Câncer/patologia , Movimento Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Movimento Celular/genética , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Proliferação de Células/genética , Quimiocina CXCL12/antagonistas & inibidores , Neoplasias Colorretais/genética , Neoplasias Colorretais/patologia , Ciclamos , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Estreladas do Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Estreladas do Fígado/patologia , Compostos Heterocíclicos/administração & dosagem , Humanos , Neoplasias Hepáticas/genética , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patologia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/secundário , Camundongos , Receptores CXCR4/antagonistas & inibidores , Transdução de Sinais , Células Estromais/metabolismo , Células Estromais/patologia , Microambiente Tumoral/efeitos dos fármacos , Microambiente Tumoral/genética , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Lymphocyte Function-Associated Antigen-1 (LFA-1; CD18/CD11a) is one of the main adhesion molecules used by immune cells to infiltrate the liver under inflammatory conditions. Recently, the expression of this integrin has also been reported on several solid tumors, including colorectal cancer. However, its functional role in the metastatic progression to the liver remains unknown. Using in vitro assays and an experimental orthotopic in vivo model of liver metastasis, we aimed to elucidate the role of tumor LFA-1 in the metastatic progression by means of the partial depletion of the ß2 subunit of LFA-1, required for integrin activation, firm adhesion and signaling. METHODS: To do so, we evaluated the effects of ß2 reduction on the murine colon carcinoma C26 cell line on their pro-metastatic features in vitro and their metastatic potential in vivo in a mouse model of colon carcinoma metastasis to the liver. RESULTS: The reduction in ß2 integrin expression correlated with a slower proliferation, and a reduced adhesion and migration of C26 cells in an in vitro setting. Additionally, tumor cells with a reduced in ß2 integrin expression were unable to activate the liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs). This resulted in a recovery of the cytotoxic potential of liver lymphocytes which is compromised by LSECs activated by C26 cells. This was related to the abrogation of RNA expression of inflammatory and angiogenic cytokines by C26 cells after their activation with sICAM-1, the main ligand of ß2αL. Furthermore, in vivo tumor cell retention and metastasis were profoundly reduced, along with a decrease in the recruitment and infiltration of myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and lymphocytes to the liver. CONCLUSION: Taken together, our findings uncovered the modulatory role for the tumor ß2 subunit of the LFA-1 integrin in the metastatic progression of colorectal cancer to the liver by impairing activation of liver endothelium and thus, the local immune response in the liver. Besides, this integrin also showed to be critical in vivo for tumor cell retention, cytokine release, leukocyte recruitment and metastasis development. These data support a therapeutical potential of the integrin LFA-1 as a target for the treatment of colorectal liver metastasis.
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Antígenos CD18/metabolismo , Neoplasias Colorretais/metabolismo , Neoplasias Hepáticas/metabolismo , Animais , Células 3T3 BALB , Adesão Celular , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Movimento Celular , Proliferação de Células , Técnicas de Cocultura , Neoplasias Colorretais/imunologia , Neoplasias Colorretais/patologia , Endotélio/imunologia , Endotélio/patologia , Fígado/patologia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/imunologia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/secundário , Antígeno-1 Associado à Função Linfocitária/metabolismo , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/imunologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Transplante de Neoplasias , Linfócitos T Citotóxicos/imunologiaRESUMO
Intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, is a transmembrane glycoprotein of the immunoglobulin (Ig)-like superfamily, consisting of five extracellular Ig-like domains, a transmembrane domain and a short cytoplasmic tail. ICAM-1 is expressed in various cell types, including endothelial cells and leukocytes, and is involved in several physiological processes. Furthermore, it has additionally been reported to be expressed in various cancer cells, including melanoma, colorectal cancer and lymphoma. The majority of studies to date have focused on the expression of the ICAM-1 on the surface of tumor cells, without research into ICAM-1 expression at sites of metastasis. Cancer cells frequently metastasize to the liver, due to its unique physiology and specialized liver sinusoid capillary network. Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells constitutively express ICAM-1, which is upregulated under inflammatory conditions. Furthermore, liver ICAM-1 may be important during the development of liver metastasis. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the understanding of the mechanisms mediated by this adhesion molecule in order to develop host-directed anticancer therapies.
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Colorectal cancer (CRC) is an aggressive disease in which patients usually die due to its metastatic progression to the liver. Up to date, irinotecan is one of the most used chemotherapeutic agents to treat CRC metastasis with demonstrated efficacy. However, the severity of the side effects constitute the main limitation to its use in the treatment. Consequently, new complementary therapies are being developed to avoid these adverse effects while maintaining the efficacy of the antitumoral drugs. Ocoxin oral solution (OOS®) is a nutritional mixture containing biologically active compounds with demonstrated antitumoral and immunomodulatory effects. Thus, we aimed to analyze the effect of OOS® as a suitable complement to irinotecan therapy in the treatment of CRC metastasis to the liver. First, the effect of OOS®, irinotecan and the combination of both on the viability of C26 cells was tested in vitro and in vivo. Second, the expression of caspase-3, Ki67 and the macrophage infiltration by F4/80 marker was quantified in liver tissue sections by immunohistochemistry. Finally, mRNA microarray study was carried out on tumor cells isolated from tumor-bearing livers collected from mice subjected to the above treatments. Our results show that OOS® administered as a complementary therapy to irinotecan reduced tumor cell viability in vitro. Moreover, irinotecan administered either alone or in combination with 100 µl OOS® from the 7th day after tumor cell inoculation decreased the metastatic growth in the liver. Besides, several genes with binding and catalytic activities showed to be deregulated by RNA microarray analysis. In conclusion, OOS®, when administered as a complement to irinotecan, reduced the metastatic development of colorectal cancer to the liver. Additionally, the overall health state of the animals improved. These results point out OOS® as a potential supplement to the anti-tumoral treatments used in clinical settings in patients suffering from disseminated colorectal cancer.
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Liver metastatic disease is the main cause of death in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. During metastatic spread of the disease an imbalance in the oxidative stress and inflammation plays a crucial role in tumor progression. In order to improve the efficacy of current therapies, new complementary therapeutic approaches are being analyzed including biologically active compounds with low side effects. The anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties of Ocoxin® oral solution (OOS) prompt us to analyze its effect on the metastatic development of CRC to the liver. First, in vitro effect of OOS in tumor cell viability and migration was analyzed. Second, in vivo effect of different dosage patterns and concentrations in the development of hepatic metastasis was analyzed by intra-splenic inoculation of C26 colon carcinoma cells in Balb/c mice. Third, the expression of alpha smooth muscle actin, caspase-3 and Ki-67 expression was quantified by immunohistochemistry, then gene expression levels of inflammatory factors were measured by quantitative RT-PCR. According to our results, OOS reduced tumor cell viability and migration in vitro. Moreover, in vivo daily administration of OOS from the 7th day after tumor cell inoculation decreased the total area and size of metastatic foci in the liver. Furthermore, cell proliferation and fibroblast recruitment was decreased in tumor foci while a higher number of apoptotic cells were observed. Finally, RNA levels for the inflammatory mediators COX-2, IFNγ, IL1ß, IL6 and TNFα were reduced in total liver. In conclusion, OOS reduced the metastatic development of colorectal cancer to the liver by increasing apoptosis, and decreasing tumor cell proliferation and fibroblast recruitment in the tumor foci, as well as the expression of inflammatory mediators in total liver. These results point out OOS as a potential supplement to be applied as complementary therapy for the treatment of liver metastasis from colorectal cancer.
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Ácido Ascórbico/administração & dosagem , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Neoplasias Colorretais/tratamento farmacológico , Ácido Glicirrízico/administração & dosagem , Neoplasias Hepáticas/tratamento farmacológico , Extratos Vegetais/administração & dosagem , Vitamina B 12/administração & dosagem , Vitamina B 6/administração & dosagem , Zinco/administração & dosagem , Animais , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Caspase 3/biossíntese , Neoplasias Colorretais/patologia , Ácido Fólico , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Antígeno Ki-67/biossíntese , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patologia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/secundário , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Proteínas de Neoplasias/biossíntese , Ácido Pantotênico , Deficiência de Vitamina B 12 , Sulfato de ZincoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Antidepressant drugs, like fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, desipramine, a nonselective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor, and mirtazapine, an antagonist of noradrenaline α2 auto- and heteroreceptors, are widely used for the treatment of depressive symptoms in cancer patients. Since these antidepressants have different activities targeting the immune system, they might also modulate tumor growth in cancer patients. METHODS: In the present study, we investigated the effects of administration of antidepressant drugs: fluoxetine, desipramine and mirtazapine on B16F10 melanoma tumor growth. These drugs were administered intraperitoneally (ip) for 17 days after subcutaneous injection of B16F10 melanoma cells to male C57BL/6J mice. RESULTS: Fluoxetine significantly inhibited melanoma solid tumor growth and desipramine tended to decrease this parameter whereas mirtazapine had no effect. CONCLUSION: The inhibitory effect of fluoxetine on melanoma growth was associated with an increased mitogen-induced T cell proliferation which may at least partly participate in the mechanism of the antitumor effect of this antidepressant. It appears that the inhibitory effect of fluoxetine on tumor growth is not related with changes in cytokine levels except for IL-10.
Assuntos
Antidepressivos/farmacologia , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Melanoma Experimental/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Desipramina/farmacologia , Fluoxetina/farmacologia , Interleucina-10/metabolismo , Masculino , Melanoma Experimental/metabolismo , Mianserina/análogos & derivados , Mianserina/farmacologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Mirtazapina , Linfócitos T/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Tumorais CultivadasRESUMO
Sialyltransferases have received much attention recently as they are frequently up-regulated in cancer cells. However, the role played by each sialyltransferase in tumour progression is still unknown. α2,3-Sialyltransferases ST3Gal III and ST3Gal IV are involved in sialyl-Lewis(x) (SLe(x)) synthesis. Given that the role of ST3Gal III in pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells has been previously reported, in this study we have focused on investigating the role of ST3Gal IV in the acquisition of adhesive, migratory and metastatic capabilities and, secondly, in analyzing the expression of ST3Gal III and ST3Gal IV in pancreatic adenocarcinoma tissues versus control tissues. ST3Gal IV overexpressing pancreatic adenocarcinoma MDAPanc-28 cell lines were generated. They showed a heterogeneous increase in SLe(x), and enhanced E-selectin adhesion and migration. Furthermore, when injected into nude mice, increased metastasis and decreased survival were found in comparison with controls. The behaviour of MDAPanc-28 ST3Gal IV overexpressing cells in these processes was similar to the already reported MDAPanc-28 ST3Gal III overexpressing cells. Furthermore, pancreatic adenocarcinoma tissues tended to express high levels of ST3Gal III and ST3Gal IV together with other fucosyltransferase genes FUT3 and FUT6, all involved in the last steps of sialyl-Lewis(x) biosynthesis. In conclusion, both α2,3-sialyltransferases are involved in key steps of pancreatic tumour progression processes and are highly expressed in most pancreatic adenocarcinoma tissues.
Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma/enzimologia , Adenocarcinoma/patologia , Movimento Celular , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/enzimologia , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patologia , Sialiltransferases/metabolismo , Adenocarcinoma/genética , Idoso , Animais , Membrana Celular/enzimologia , Movimento Celular/genética , Selectina E/metabolismo , Feminino , Citometria de Fluxo , Regulação Enzimológica da Expressão Gênica , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Nus , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Ácido N-Acetilneuramínico/metabolismo , Metástase Neoplásica , Oligossacarídeos/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/genética , Ligação Proteica , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Antígeno Sialil Lewis X , Sialiltransferases/genética , beta-Galactosídeo alfa-2,3-SialiltransferaseRESUMO
Random homozygous gene perturbation (RHGP), in combination with liver sinusoidal endothelial cell (LSEC) adhesion screening of clonal colon cancer cells with perturbed genes, was used to identify genes contributing to the hepatic microvascular adhesion of colon cancer cells. Plasmid vector encoding transactivator and gene search vector were transfected into HT-29 human colorectal cancer cells to create a HT-29 RHGP cell library; the adhesion of these library cells to primary cultured mouse LSEC significantly decreased in the presence of RSL1 ligand (inducer), indicating that most of the genes contributing to HT-29 adhesion to LSEC were altered. Next, HT-29 RHGP cell library fractions with upregulated or silenced LSEC adhesion-related genes were isolated. Around 160 clones having altered expression in LSEC adhesion-related genes were obtained, and nine relevant protein-coding genes were identified. Some were proadhesive genes detected because of their overexpression in adherent HT-29 cells (DGCR8 and EFEMP1 genes) and their silenced status in nonadherent HT-29 cells (DGKE, DPY19L1, KIAA0753, PVR and USP11 genes). Others were antiadhesive genes detected because of their overexpression in nonadherent HT-29 cells (ITPKC gene) and their silenced status in adherent HT-29 cells (PPP6R2 gene). Silencing of PVR, DGCR8 and EFEMP1 genes decreased adhesion to LSEC and hepatic microvascular retention of HT-29 cells. The results conclude that RHGP was a valuable strategy for the discovery of mechanisms regulating microvascular adhesion of circulating colon cancer cells before hepatic metastasis formation. Identified genes may contribute to understand the metastatic process of colon cancer and to discovering molecular targets for hepatic metastasis therapeutics.