Effect of pressure and time on bioactive content, PPO inactivation, physicochemical and sensory properties of aonla (Emblica officinalis) juice during hydrodynamic cavitation processing.

Physical and nutritional attributes of aonla juice treated with hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) at a pressure range of 5-15 psi and time between 5 to 30 min were evaluated. Based on maximum retention of bioactives, antioxidant activity, inactivation of polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and physicochemical properties, HC conditions were optimized at 10 psi for 15 min, based on retention of 92.19% antioxidant activity, 88.01% vitamin C, and 96.80% of total phenolic content. Improved sedimentation index and viscosity were noted due to HC processing. The color profile of HC-treated samples was improved with less browning (63.86) and yellowing index (14.79) than that of control (browning index 64.61). Thermally treated samples inactivated 100% of PPO at 95 ℃ for 3 min, however, formation of a dark color with a browning index value of 67.38 was noted. The retention of various bioactives in thermally treated juice samples was much lesser than that of HC-treated samples. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10068-022-01164-2.

Cytotoxicity, Antimicrobial, Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Activity of Camellia Sinensis and Citrus Mediated Copper Oxide Nanoparticle-An In vitro Study.

Aim: Several applications of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) have been documented in various fields, including healthcare, dentistry, medication delivery, tissue and cancer imaging, biolabeling, and biosensing. Therefore, this study aimed to synthesize CuONPs using the plant extracts of Camellia Sinesis (CS) and citrus limon (CL). The nanoparticles were then evaluated for their cytotoxicity, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. Materials and Methods: CuONPs were prepared using CS and CL through the green synthesis method. The Zone of Inhibition (ZOI) test was used to assess the antibacterial activity against strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutans, and Candida albicans. The albumin denaturation assay was used to assess the substances' anti-inflammatory activity. The cytotoxicity was determined by conducting the brine shrimp lethality test. Additionally, the antioxidant nature was tested using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl method. Results: CuONPs mediated by CS and CL were successfully synthesized. The nanoparticles demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity against the bacteria being studied, specifically S. aureus. The cytotoxic effect was observed to be the least when the concentrations were below 20 µL. A potent antioxidant effect, characterized by its maximum absorbance at 517 nm, was observed at a concentration of 50 µL. A significant anti-inflammatory effect was noted for all tested concentrations. Conclusion: The use of CS- and CL-mediated CuONPs demonstrates a favorable antimicrobial effect with reduced cytotoxicity, as well as improved anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects at higher concentrations.

Morpho-physiological and biochemical responses of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) genotypes upon sucking insect-pest infestations.

The effects of sucking insect-pests on the morpho-physiological and biochemical changes in the leaves of four cotton genotypes-Bio 100 BG-II and GCH-3 (highly tolerant); KDCHH-9810 BG-II and HS-6 (highly susceptible)-were examined. Compared to tolerant genotypes, susceptible genotypes showed a decrease in relative water content, specific leaf weight, leaf area, photosynthetic rate, and total chlorophyll content, with an increase in electrolyte leakage. Hydrogen peroxide and total soluble sugar content were higher in susceptible plants. In contrast, resistant plants had higher levels of total soluble protein, total phenolic content, gossypol content, tannin content, peroxidase activity, and polyphenol oxidase. The findings demonstrated that the Bio 100 BG-II and GCH-3 genotypes effectively offset the impact of sucking insect-pests by modifying the factors mentioned above. The KDCHH-9810 BG-II and HS-6 genotypes could not completely negate the effects of sucking insect-pests. Customized metabolites and total soluble protein are more efficient in protecting cotton plants from damage brought on by infestations of sucking insects and pests. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-022-01253-w.

Management of Cylindrical Battery Ingestion.

Presentation A female presented to the Emergency Department following ingestion of an unknown number of cylindrical batteries. Diagnosis Abdominal X-ray confirmed the presence of multiple batteries located throughout the abdomen. Treatment A trial of conservative management was pursued, and five AA batteries were successfully passed per rectum. Serial X-rays over three weeks revealed that the majority of batteries failed to pass. A decision was made to perform a laparotomy, and 46 cylindrical batteries were removed from the stomach through a small gastrotomy. Four batteries located in the colon were milked into the rectum and removed via the transanal route. Discussion Using daily clinical exams and weekly plain films of the abdomen, conservative management is possible if a small number of batteries are ingested and make it to the stomach. However, the potential of cylindrical batteries to result in acute surgical emergencies should not be underestimated.

Effective adsorption of crystal violet onto aromatic polyimides: Kinetics and isotherm studies.

The motive of this work is to synthesis aromatic polyimides by a two-step poly condensation process and the prepared aromatic polyamides (APIs) is been used as an effective functionalized adsorbent for the removal of carcinogenic crystal violet (CV) from aqueous medium. The adsorption efficiency of the APIs was enhanced by incorporation different functional moieties (varying aromatic dianhydrides with -O-, -(CF3)2-, -(CH3)2-) in the polymer structure. The initial and final concentration of CV was measured using UV-Vis spectrometer. The adsorption process was optimized by varying the parameters such as the effect of solution pH, contact time, initial dye concentration, and adsorbent dosage. Kinetics and isotherms of the adsorption system were appraised using data obtained from effect of contact time and initial dye concentration with corresponding empirical modelling techniques respectively. The evaluated results of the adsorption kinetic studies confirmed that the adsorption of API onto CV is followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The adsorption behaviour and their interactions between APIs and CV are well established. The experimental results of this research output could be confirmed that APIs is a very effective adsorbent for the removal of cationic dye from aqueous.

ATM technique - a novel radiographic technique to assess the position of buccal shelf implants.

OBJECTIVES: Success of the buccal shelf implants depends on its proper placement. Radiographic techniques like cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), posteroanterior cephalogram (PA cephalogram) have been used to evaluate the position of buccal shelf implant placement. However, these techniques have disadvantages like increased radiation exposure, metal artifact, less availability in dental offices and are more expensive.The aim of Arvind's Trans Mandibular (ATM) technique is to overcome this drawback by using an intraoral periapical radiograph (IOPA) film or radiovisiography (RVG) sensor to assess the post-operative placement of buccal shelf implants. METHODS: Radiographs were taken for four patients after the placement of buccal shelf implants. The IOPA sensor was placed beneath the lower border of the mandible using this modified extraoral technique to assess the position of the buccal shelf implants in relation to the adjacent molars. The findings from the IOPA image were verified with CBCT images. RESULTS: The radiographic images taken using ATM technique were compared with the gold-standard CBCT technique. The ATM technique was able to accurately assess the postoperative buccolingual position of the implant with respect to the roots of molars in all the four cases. The proximity of the implant to the roots of the molar can be clearly visualized in all the cases. CONCLUSIONS: ATM is a novel radiographic technique using IOPA radiographic film or RVG sensor to assess the post-operative buccolingual placement of buccal shelf implants in relation to lower molar roots.

USP13 Deficiency Aggravates Cigarette-smoke-induced Alveolar Space Enlargement.

Alveolar enlargement is a pathological feature of emphysema. Long-term exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) is a high-risk factor for the development of emphysema. Abnormal protein ubiquitination has been implicated to regulate the development of human disorders, however, the role of protein ubiquitination in emphysema has not been well-studied. In this study, we attempted to investigate if a deubiquitinase, USP13, regulates the development of emphysema. Under a mild CS exposure condition, USP13-deficient mice show significant increases in alveolar chord length, indicating that USP13-deficient mice are susceptible to CS-induced alveolar enlargement. It has been shown that USP13 knockout reduced fibronectin expression in lungs. Here, we found that collagen levels were reduced in USP13 siRNA-transfected lung fibroblast cells. This suggests that a loss of extracellular matrix in connective tissues contributes to alveolar enlargement in USP13-deficient mice in response to CS exposure. Further, we investigated the role of USP13 in the expression of oxidative stress markers TXNIP and HMOX1. An increase in HMOX1 abundance was observed in USP13 knockdown lung fibroblast and epithelial cells. Overexpression of USP13 reduced HMOX1 protein levels in lung fibroblast cells, suggesting that modulation of USP13 levels may affect oxidative stress. Knockdown of USP13 significantly reduced TXNIP levels in lungs or lung fibroblast cells. A protein stability pulse-chase assay showed that TXNIP is instable within USP13 knockdown lung fibroblast cells. Further, the reduction of TXNIP was observed in USP13 inhibitor-treated lung epithelial cells. USP13-deficient mice also show higher levels of IgG in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. This study provides evidence showing that USP13 deficiency plays a role in alveolar space enlargement.

IL-37-induced activation of glycogen synthase kinase 3ß promotes IL-1R8/Sigirr phosphorylation, internalization, and degradation in lung epithelial cells.

Interleukin (IL)-37 diminishes a variety of inflammatory responses through ligation to its receptor IL-1R8/Sigirr. Sigirr is a Toll like receptor/IL-1R family member. We have shown that Sigirr is not stable in response to IL-37 treatment. IL-37-induced Sigirr degradation is mediated by the ubiquitin-proteasome system, and the process is reversed by a deubiquitinase, USP13. However, the molecular mechanisms by which USP13 regulates Sigirr stability have not been revealed. In this study, we investigate the roles of glycogen synthesis kinase 3ß (GSK3ß) in Sigirr phosphorylation and stability. IL-37 stimulation induced Sigirr phosphorylation and degradation, as well as activation of GSK3ß. Inhibition of GSK3ß attenuated IL-37-induced Sigirr phosphorylation, while exogenous expressed GSK3ß promoted Sigirr phosphorylation at threonine (T)372 residue. Sigirr association with GSK3ß was detected. Amino acid residues 51-101 in GSK3ß were identified as the Sigirr binding domain. These data indicate that GSK3ß mediates IL-37-induced threonine phosphorylation of Sigirr. Further, we investigated the role of GSK3ß-mediated phosphorylation of Sigirr in Sigirr degradation. Inhibition of GSK3ß attenuated IL-37-induced Sigirr degradation, while T372 mutant of Sigirr was resistant to IL-37-mediated degradation. Furthermore, inhibition of Sigirr phosphorylation prevented Sigirr internalization and association with USP13, suggesting GSK3ß promotes Sigirr degradation through disrupting Sigirr association with USP13.

Health risks associated with fluoride intake from rural drinking water supply and inverse mass balance modeling to decipher hydrogeochemical processes in Vattamalaikarai River basin, South India.

Preliminary investigation reveals that fluorosis is reported due to the continuous intake of fluoride-rich groundwater in Vattamalikarai River basin, Tamil Nadu, India. A detailed study was attempted for evaluating the health risks associated with the intake of fluoride-rich groundwater supplied to the rural community. Groundwater samples were collected from 60 and 58 dug and tube wells during winter and southwest (SW) monsoon seasons respectively. The samples were analyzed for the determination of fluoride and other chemical parameters to examine the fitness for drinking water. Spatio-temporal variation maps reveal that fluoride concentration is high during SW monsoon season when compared with the winter season in this region. The fluoride bearing minerals present in hornblende-biotite gneiss and charnockite rock formations leached into the groundwater during rock-water interaction. To understand the subsurface hydrogeochemical reactions, inverse mass balance model was developed using NETPATH code. The model output indicates that calcite dilution, silicate (hornblende and biotite) weathering, ion exchange (Ca/Na and Mg/Na) and illite precipitation are the dominant processes controlling the groundwater chemistry along the flow paths. Non-carcinogenic risks to children and adults (women and men) were evaluated by working out intake exposure of groundwater. Hazard quotient (HQ) based on fluoride intake was calculated for children and adults. It varied from 0.08 to 2.21 with an average of 1.07 for adults. For children, it varied from 0.01 to 2.99 with the mean of 1.44. About 78%, 69% and 61% of the samples fall under the risk category for children, women and men during winter season. However, more number of samples possessed health risks (83% of samples for children, 73% of samples for women and 64% of samples for men) during SW monsoon season.

Usability of donor corneas harvested from the deceased having septicaemia or malignancy.

CONTEXT: There is a wide gap between supply and demand in relation to healthy corneal grafts. Specific contraindications like infection and malignancy lead to non-usage of many grafts, despite the fact that deeming graft unhealthyness for these two contraindications is debatable. AIMS: This study was conceptualized to assess if corneas donated from the deceased with septicaemia or malignancy can be deemed fit for implantation. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: Retrospective histopathological and microbiological analysis of cadaveric donor corneas. METHODS: A total of 76 donor corneas from 38 patients rejected for corneal transplantation in view of patient having septicaemia or malignancy were analysed for pathological and microbiological workup, to look for dissemination of disease within corneal tissue. Pathology workup included gross and microscopic histopathological evaluation of tissue. Microbiology workup included Grams stain and KOH with calcofluor mount, culture in blood agar, chocolate agar, Sabourauds dextrose agar and Mc Conkeys broth. RESULTS: A total of 46 donor corneas of 23 septicaemia patients when evaluated showed presence of culture positive infection in 18 patients (78.2%). Histopathological examination done for 30 donor corneas from 15 cancer patients did not reveal presence of tumour cells in the specimen. Corneas of two of cancer patients having septicaemia revealed growth on cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Corneal tissues harvested from septicaemia donors showed significantly higher incidence of corneal contamination, confirming their unsuitability for usage. However, there was no incidence of tumour transmission in corneal tissues of the patients with malignancies, suggesting that they can be considered for ophthalmic purpose.

Chimeric temporopareital osteofascial and temporalis muscle flap; a novel method for the reconstruction of composite orbito-maxillary defects.

Reconstruction of midface defects are extremely challenging owing to the lack of suitable vascularized local flaps. The temporoparietal fascia and temporalis muscle flaps make excellent choices for midface and orbito-maxillary reconstruction. The muscle provides adequate thickness while the fascia yields pliable soft tissues for lining the midface. The temporalis muscle can be divided antero-posteriorly in three parts and medio-laterally in two parts without losing its vascularity due to its segmental vascular supply. These versatile flaps can be used independently, combined or as chimeric flap based on its axial blood supply for the reconstruction of midface. When designed as a chimeric flap it makes an excellent choice for the reconstruction of composite midface defects. With the advent of micro vascular reconstruction these regional flaps are rarely used in maxillofacial reconstruction. We hereby present a case of composite orbito-maxillary defect reconstruction using a novel chimeric reverse temporalis muscle and temperopareital fascia flap with pedicled split calvarial bone.

Invasion of the mandible in gingivobuccal complex cancers: Histopathological analysis of routes of tumour entry and correlation with preoperative assessment.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the most accurate imaging modality predicting mandibular invasion in gingivobuccal (GB) complex cancers. To determine patterns of invasion and routes of tumour entry into the mandible by detailed histopathologic analysis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective observational study of GB Complex cancers juxtaposed with the mandible clinically necessitating some form of mandibular resection. Orthopantomogram (OPG), Multi Detector Computed Tomography (MDCT), DENTA scan and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography scan (SPECT) were performed after which the patient was subjected to surgery. Histopathological assessment was systematically performed with serial cuts of the mandibular segment. RESULTS: Of 70 patients, MDCT was the most accurate with area under curve (AUC) of 0.833. OPG, DENTA and SPECT had AUC of 0.714, 0.786 and 0.738 respectively. Mean calculated difference of involved height was -0.025 cm by MDCT (p value 0.87), -0.2 cm by OPG (p value 0.09) and 0.12 by DENTA scan (p value 0.41). Mean difference of involved length was -0.51 cm (p value 0.08) and -1.02 cm (p value 0.04) for MDCT and OPG respectively. 50% of tumour invasion was through the occlusal route while large tumours demonstrated multiple routes of entry. CONCLUSION: -Gingivobuccal complex cancers are homogenous with respect to mandibular invasion, preferred route of tumour entry being the occlusal surface. -Multidetector CT scan is fairly accurate in detecting mandibular involvement and predicting extent of involvement. -Oncological safety can be achieved by positioning the bone cuts corresponding to the adjacent soft tissue margins in segmental mandibulectomy.

Persistent involvement of anterior mesorectal fascia in carcinoma rectum - extended resection of rectum vs total pelvic exenteration: results from a single-centre retrospective study.

AIM: Involvement of the anterior mesorectal fascia (iAMRF) after neoadjuvant treatment leads to either resection of the involved organ alone [extended resection of the rectum (ERR)] or total pelvic exenteration (TPE). The purpose of this study was to compare the rate of recurrence and survival of patients undergoing ERR or TPE for iAMRF after neoadjuvant treatment. The outcome of patients who underwent total mesorectal excision after downstaging was also compared. METHOD: This was a retrospective study of primary rectal cancer patients. RESULTS: Of 237 patients, 61 (21.5%) patients with nonmetastatic carcinoma rectum had iAMRF at baseline. Ten patients defaulted before completion of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. After neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, 22 patients (43.1%) developed systemic metastases, seven patients (13.8%) were downstaged to free anterior mesorectal fascia and underwent total mesorectal excision (anterior resection/abdominoperineal resection) and the remaining 22 patients (43.1%) had persistent iAMRF. Thirteen patients with persistent iAMRF underwent ERR, whereas nine patients underwent TPE. The median duration of hospital stay in the TPE group was 13 days (10-26), whereas it was 7 days (5-21) in the ERR group. A clear circumferential resection margin, R0 resection, was achieved in all patients with TPE and ERR. After a median follow-up of 31.6 months, five patients with TPE (55.6%), four patients with ERR (30.7%) and three patients in the downstaged group (42.9%) developed systemic recurrence. None of the patients with TPE and the downstaged group developed local recurrence, whereas three patients with ERR (23.1%) developed local recurrence. Median disease-free survival was 12.3 months in the TPE group, 18.9 months in the ERR group and 10.6 months in the downstaged group, whereas mean overall survival was 36.2, 32.8 and 27.9 months, respectively. CONCLUSION: Although there is no significant difference in the overall survival and disease-free survival, ERR is associated with a high risk of local recurrence compared to TPE and the downstaged group.

Response to docetaxel and cisplatin induction chemotherapy of locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a multicenter, non-comparative, open-label interventional pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Docetaxel, cisplatin plus 5-fluorouracil is an efficacious induction regimen but is more toxic than cisplatin plus 5-fluorouracil. This study aimed to determine whether docetaxel and cisplatin without 5-fluorouracil maintains efficacy while decreasing toxicity. METHODS: A multicenter non-comparative pilot study of locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck was performed. Patients received primary therapy comprising three cycles of 75 mg/m2 docetaxel and 75 mg/m2 cisplatin followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy. The primary endpoint was the response rate to the docetaxel and cisplatin induction regimen. RESULTS: A total of 26 patients were enrolled: of these, 23 (88.5 per cent) received all three docetaxel and cisplatin cycles. Common grade 3-4 adverse events were febrile neutropenia (19.2 per cent of patients), diarrhoea (19.2 per cent) and non-neutropenic infection (15.4 per cent). The overall response rate to docetaxel and cisplatin induction chemotherapy was 65.4 per cent. A total of 23 patients (88.5 per cent) subsequently received chemoradiotherapy with a median radiotherapy dose of 70 Gy. The response rate to chemoradiotherapy was 73 per cent. At a median follow up of 44 months, the 3-year progression-free survival and overall survival rates were 62 per cent and 69 per cent, respectively. CONCLUSION: Docetaxel and cisplatin induction chemotherapy is a feasible induction regimen with comparable efficacy to docetaxel, cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil induction chemotherapy.

Hormone responsiveness of cultured Sertoli cells obtained from adult rats after their rapid isolation under less harsh conditions.

During adulthood, testicular Sertoli cells (Sc) coordinate all stages of germ cell (Gc) development involved in sperm production. However, our understanding about the functions of adult Sc is limited because of the difficulties involved in the process of isolating these cells from the adult testis, mainly because of the presence of large number of advanced Gc which interfere with Sc isolation at this age. Most of our knowledge about Sc function are derived from studies which used pre-pubertal rat Sc (18 ± 2-day old) as it is easy to isolate and culture Sc at this age. To this end, we established a less time consuming and less harsh procedure of isolating Sc from adult (60 days of age) rat testis for facilitating research on Sc-mediated regulation of spermatogenesis during adulthood. The cells were isolated using collagenase digestion at higher temperature, reducing the exposure time of cells to the enzyme. Step-wise digestion with intermittent removal of small clusters of tissue helped in increasing the yield of Sc. Isolated Sc were cultured and treated with FSH and testosterone (T) to evaluate their hormone responsiveness in terms of lactate, E2 , cAMP production. Adult Sc were found to be active and produced high amounts of lactate in a FSH-independent manner. FSH-mediated augmentation of cAMP and E2 production by adult Sc was less as compared with that by pre-pubertal Sc obtained from 18-day-old rats. Androgen-binding ability of adult Sc was significantly higher than pre-pubertal Sc. Although T treatment remarkably augmented expression of Claudin 11, it failed to augment lactate production by adult Sc. This efficient and rapid procedure for isolation and culture of functionally viable adult rat Sertoli cells may pave the way for determining their role in regulation and maintenance of spermatogenesis.

Anastomotic reinforcement with omentoplasty following gastrointestinal anastomosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Anastomotic leak is a potentially devastating complication following gastrointestinal anastomosis. Some surgeons believe that reinforcing the anastomosis with omentum reduces the incidence and severity of anastomotic leak. A comprehensive electronic search of EMBASE, Medline, Web of Science and Cochrane databases was performed. Pooled odds ratios (POR) were calculated for discrete variables. There were six studies investigating esophageal anastomosis and 3 studies investigating colorectal anastomosis identified by the literature search. A total of 2296 patients were included, 1073 with omentoplasty and 1223 without. In esophageal surgery omentoplasty significantly reduced the rate of anastomotic leak (2.9% vs 10.5% (POR = 0.28; 95% CI = 0.17 to 0.47; P < 0.0001), but there was no significant effect upon in-hospital mortality (2.3% vs. 2.5%; POR = 0.911 [95% CI 0.439-1.887]; P = 0.802) or anastomotic stricture between the two groups (6.6% vs 9.1%; POR = 0.842 [95% CI 0.331 to 2.145]; P = 0.720). In colorectal surgery there was no significant difference in anastomotic leak rate (5.0% vs 8.4%; POR: 0.50; 95% CI 0.21 to 1.17) or in-hospital mortality (4.2% vs 4.1%; POR: 0.90; 95% CI 0.34 to 2.41). The results of this analysis show that omentoplasty significantly reduced the rate of anastomotic leak following esophageal anastomosis but these results were not observed in colorectal anastomosis. Omentoplasty could be used as an adjunct technique to reduce the incidence of anastomotic leak in oesophageal anastomosis.