The Effect of an Educational Intervention Based on the Health Action Process Approach on Nurses' Communication Skills / Efecto de una intervención educativa basada en el enfoque del proceso de acción en salud sobre las habilidades comunicativas de las enfermeras / Efeito de uma intervenção educativa baseada na abordagem do processo de ação em saúde nas habilidades de comunicação do enfermeiro. Estudo quase experimental com grupo controle

Objective. This study aimed to the effects of the Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) in promoting the quality of nurses' communication skills among nurses. Methods.The present quasi-experimental research was conducted on 148 nurses (76 in the intervention and 72 in the control group) in Yazd province (Iran). In this study, the total number of nurses in one hospital was selected as the intervention group, while the nurses from another hospital were chosen as the control group. The participants were recruited from public hospitals in Ardakan and Meibod cities. The data collection instrument was a questionnaire based on the Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) Constructs and a communicative skill questionnaire. The data were collected from the two groups before, one month after, and four months after the intervention. The control group did not receive any educational training during the course of the study. Results. In the pretest, no statistically significant difference was found between the intervention and control groups regarding the behavioral stages of effective communication with patients. In the posttest, the mean task self-efficacy score was significantly increased in the intervention group compared to the control (p<0.001). The mean coping self-efficacy score was also significantly higher in the intervention group than the control in the posttest (p<0.001). Moreover, the mean coping planning score was significantly increased in the post-test intervention group(p<0.001). The mean communicative skill score was also significantly increased in the intervention group compared to the post-test control (p=0.03). Conclusion. The intervention used in the present study based on the target model (HAPA) significantly affected nurses' self-efficacy and communicative skills in the experimental group.

Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto del enfoque del proceso de acción sanitaria (Health Action Process Approach (HAPA), en inglés) en la promoción de la calidad de las habilidades de comunicación de las enfermeras. Métodos. La presente investigación cuasiexperimental se llevó a cabo con 148 enfermeras (76 en el grupo de intervención y 72 en el de control) de la provincia de Yazd (Irán). Los participantes fueron reclutados en los hospitales públicos de las ciudades de Ardakan y Meibod. El instrumento de recogida de datos fue un cuestionario basado en los constructos HAPA y un cuestionario de habilidades comunicativas. Se recogieron datos de los dos grupos antes, un mes después y cuatro meses después de la intervención. El grupo de control no recibió ninguna formación educativa durante el estudio. Resultados. En la preprueba, no se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos de intervención y de control en cuanto a las etapas conductuales de la comunicación eficaz con los pacientes. En la prueba posterior, la puntuación media de autoeficacia en la tarea aumentó significativamente en el grupo de intervención en comparación con el grupo de control (p<0.001). La puntuación media de autoeficacia en el afrontamiento también fue significativamente mayor en el grupo de intervención que en el grupo de control en el postest (p<0.001). Además, la puntuación media en planificación del afrontamiento aumentó significativamente en el grupo de intervención después de la prueba (p<0.001). La puntuación media en habilidades comunicativas también aumentó significativamente en el grupo de intervención en comparación con el grupo de control después de la prueba (p=0.03). Conclusión.La intervención utilizada en el presente estudio basada en el modelo HAPA mejoró significativamente la autoeficacia y las habilidades comunicativas de las enfermeras del grupo experimental.

Objetivo. Avaliar o efeito da Abordagem do Processo de Ação em Saúde (HAPA) na promoção da qualidade das habilidades de comunicação dos enfermeiros. Métodos. A presente pesquisa quase-experimental foi realizada com 148 enfermeiros (76 no grupo de intervenção e 72 no grupo de controle) da província de Yazd (Irã). Os participantes foram recrutados em hospitais públicos nas cidades de Ardakan e Meibod. O instrumento de coleta de dados foi um questionário baseado nos construtos do HAPA e um questionário de habilidades de comunicação. Os dados foram coletados dos dois grupos antes, um mês depois e quatro meses após a intervenção. O grupo de controle não recebeu nenhum treinamento educacional durante o estudo. Resultados. No pré-teste, não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos de intervenção e controle em termos de estágios comportamentais da comunicação eficaz com os pacientes. No pós-teste, a pontuação média de autoeficácia na tarefa aumentou significativamente no grupo de intervenção em comparação com o grupo de controle (p<0.001). A pontuação média de autoeficácia de enfrentamento também foi significativamente maior no grupo de intervenção do que no grupo de controle no pós-teste (p<0.001). Além disso, a pontuação média do planejamento de enfrentamento aumentou significativamente no grupo de intervenção após o pós-teste (p<0.001). A pontuação média em habilidades de comunicação também aumentou significativamente no grupo de intervenção em comparação com o grupo de controle no pós-teste (p=0.03). Conclusão. A intervenção usada no presente estudo com base no modelo HAPA melhorou significativamente a autoeficácia e as habilidades de comunicação dos enfermeiros do grupo experimental.

Promoting health literacy through the teach back method among Iranian health ambassadors: A randomized controlled trial / Promoting health literacy through the teach back method among Iranian health ambassadors: A randomized controlled trial / Promoção da alfabetização em saúde mediante o método teach-back entre os embaixadores da saúde iranianos: Un ensaio controlado aleatório

Objective. Describe the effect the teach back method on promoting the health literacy of health ambassadors in Urmia County in 2020. Methods. In the present quasi-experiment, 200 persons over 14 years old participated. They were divided into two research groups, a control (n=100) and an intervention (n=100). The sampling method was simple randomization and the data collection instrument was a questionnaire comprised of demographic information and health literacy (HELIA). The educational intervention took 4 sessions each 45 minutes in length following the teach back method. The questionnaire-based data were collected once before the intervention and once again three months after the intervention. Results. The present findings showed that 54% of the control group and 50% of the intervention group had a good or very good level of health literacy before the intervention(p>0.05). However, after the intervention, 52% of the control and 78% of the intervention group had a good or very good level of health literacy. The present findings revealed that the mean scores of health literacy dimensions (access to information, reading, understanding, appraisal, decision-making) and the overall health literacy score were significantly higher in the intervention group than the control (after the intervention). Wilcoxon's test results showed that the mean difference of the overall health literacy scores and the dimensions before and after the intervention were statistically significant (p<0.001). Conclusion. In the light of the present findings, we can conclude that participatory methods and the teach back method can improve health literacy, acquire reliable information and adopt healthy behaviors.

Objetivo. Describir el efecto del método teach-back en la promoción de la alfabetización en salud de los embajadores de la salud en el condado de Urmia, Irán en 2020. Métodos. En el presente estudio cuasiexperimental participaron 200 personas mayores de 14 años. Mediante muestreo de aleatorización simple se asignaron los grupos de investigación: de control (n=100) y de intervención (n=100). Se empleó un instrumento para la recogida de datos que contenía información demográfica y el instrumento Health Literacy for Iranian Adults -HELIA-. La intervención educativa consistió en 4 sesiones de 45 minutos, siguiendo el método teach- back. Los datos basados en el cuestionario se recogieron antes de la intervención y tres meses después de la misma. Resultados. Los hallazgos mostraron que el 54% del grupo de control y el 50% del grupo de intervención tenían un nivel bueno o muy bueno de conocimientos sobre alfabetización en salud antes de la intervención (p>0.05). Sin embargo, después de la intervención, el 52% del grupo de control y el 78% del grupo de intervención tenían un nivel bueno o muy bueno de conocimientos sanitarios. Los presentes resultados revelaron que las puntuaciones medias de las dimensiones de la alfabetización en salud acceso a la información, lectura, comprensión, valoración, toma de decisiones y de la puntuación global fueron significativamente mayores en el grupo de intervención que en el de control a los 3 meses después de la intervención. Finalmente, los resultados de la prueba de Wilcoxon mostraron que la diferencia media de las puntuaciones de la alfabetización en salud y de las dimensiones antes y después de la intervención eran estadísticamente significativas (p<0.001). Conclusión. A la luz de los resultados, se pudo concluir que la aplicación del método teach-back puede mejorar los conocimientos sobre la alfabetización en salud, además de ayudar a adquirir información fiable y a adoptar comportamientos saludables.

Objetivo. Descrever o efeito do método teach-back na promoção da alfabetização em saúde dos embaixadores da saúde no condado de Urmia, Irã em 2020. Métodos. No presente estudo quase-experimental participaram 200 pessoas maiores de 14 anos. Mediante amostragem de aleatória simples foram designados aos grupos de investigação: de controle (n=100) e de intervenção (n=100). Se empregou um instrumento para o recolhimento de dados que continha informação demográfica e o instrumento Health Literacy for Iranian Adults -HELIA-. A intervenção educativa consistiu em 4 sessões de 45 minutos, seguindo o método teach- back. Os dados baseados no questionário se recolheram antes da intervenção e três meses depois dela. Resultados. As descobertas mostraram que 54% do grupo de controle e 50% do grupo de intervenção tinham um nível bom ou muito bom de conhecimentos sobre alfabetização em saúde antes da intervenção (p>0.05). Porém, depois da intervenção, 52% do grupo de controle e 78% do grupo de intervenção tinham um nível bom ou muito bom de conhecimentos sanitários. Os presentes resultados revelaram que as pontuações médias das dimensões da alfabetização em saúde acesso à informação, leitura, compreensão, valoração, toma de decisões e da pontuação global foram significativamente maiores no grupo de intervenção que no de controle aos 3 meses depois da intervenção. Finalmente, os resultados da prova de Wilcoxon mostraram que a diferença média das pontuações da alfabetização em saúde e das dimensões antes e depois da intervenção eram estatisticamente significativas (p<0.001). Conclusão. À luz dos resultados, se pôde concluir que a aplicação do método teach-back pode melhorar os conhecimentos sobre a alfabetização em saúde, além de ajudar a adquirir informação confiável e a adotar comportamentos saudáveis.

Determinants of Sailors' Protective Behaviors in Fishing Spots against the Risks of Sunlight and Skin Cancer: A Qualitative Study in Iran.

INTRODUCTION: The growing rate of nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) and melanoma has been a great challenge for global health system. The present research aims to determine sailors' protective behaviors against the risks of sunlight and skin cancer in Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present research was qualitative in type, and its data were collected from August to December 2019. To this aim, 23 participants were recruited with whom semistructured interviews were held. The data collection continued until data saturation, and the interviews were coded in MAXQDA 10. Conventional content analysis was used to analyze the qualitative data. RESULTS: Analysis of sailors' perceptions and experiences revealed 7 categories: protective behaviors, hard personal and familial conditions, social interactions, poor social support, feeling of satisfaction, self-care, and fear. CONCLUSION: Sailors are prone to skin cancer due to their specific work conditions. Perceptions and determinants of skin cancer and protective behaviors against sunlight were identified among sailors. Promotion of protective behaviors and beliefs that impeded preventive behaviors are among issues that require special attention.

A questionnaire on factors affecting the precaution adoption process model for cervical cancer - Psychometric properties.

BACKGROUND: Implementing a cervical cancer prevention program requires an exploration of certain behaviors concerning this disease. This study is aimed to evaluate the psychometrics of a questionnaire that enquired about the factors involved in Precaution Adoption Process Model (PAPM) for cervical cancer among suburban women in Bandar Abbas, south of Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The primary draft of the questionnaire was developed with a review of the related literature on cervical cancer and the constructs affecting PAPM, with 68 items. The face validity, content validity ratio (CVR), and content validity index (CVI) of the questionnaire were approved by a panel of 10 experts. The internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the questionnaire were estimated too. Field testing sample included 300 women recruited from a women's healthcare center in suburban areas of Bandar Abbas in the south of Iran. Exploratory factor analysis was used to evaluate validity, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was estimated for reliability. RESULTS: After the face validation, 11 items were eliminated. Once CVR was estimated, two items were discarded. The remaining items had a CVR >0.79. All had a CVI >0.79. Six items were eliminated in the factor analysis. The final questionnaire included 49 items organized in 8 factors including awareness, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, social norms, fear, and self-efficacy. Principal component analysis with varimax rotation indicated eight main components that explained 56.25% of the variance. Reliability assessment showed a good internal consistency for all subscales and the Cronbach's alpha score ranged between 0.82 and 0.90. The test-retest reliability showed that the correlation coefficients (between 0.81 and 0.89) were significant at the 0.01 level for all sub-scales. CONCLUSIONS: The final questionnaire was a new instrument comprised the effective constructs of PAPM and had a high reliability and validity. Thus, this questionnaire is recommended to be used to explore and enhance preventive behaviors of cervical cancer.

Intercalation of a Zn(II) complex containing ciprofloxacin drug between DNA base pairs.

In this study, an attempt has been made to study the interaction of a Zn(II) complex containing an antibiotic drug, ciprofloxacin, with calf thymus DNA using spectroscopic methods. It was found that Zn(II) complex could bind with DNA via intercalation mode as evidenced by: hyperchromism in UV-Vis spectrum; these spectral characteristics suggest that the Zn(II) complex interacts with DNA most likely through a mode that involves a stacking interaction between the aromatic chromophore and the base pairs of DNA. DNA binding constant (Kb = 1.4 × 104 M-1) from spectrophotometric studies of the interaction of Zn(II) complex with DNA is comparable to those of some DNA intercalative polypyridyl Ru(II) complexes 1.0 -4.8 × 104 M-1. CD study showed stabilization of the right-handed B form of DNA in the presence of Zn(II) complex as observed for the classical intercalator methylene blue. Thermodynamic parameters (ΔH < 0 and ΔS < 0) indicated that hydrogen bond and Van der Waals play main roles in this binding prose. Competitive fluorimetric studies with methylene blue (MB) dye have shown that Zn(II) complex exhibits the ability of this complex to displace with DNA-MB, indicating that it binds to DNA in strong competition with MB for the intercalation.

A compact dynamic force model for needle-tissue interaction.

In this paper, the interaction force between a surgical needle and soft tissue is studied. The force is modeled using nonlinear dynamics based on a modified LuGre model that captures all stages of needle-tissue interaction including puncture, cutting, and friction forces. An estimation algorithm for identifying the associated parameters is then presented. This approach, which is based on extended Kalman filtering (EKF), enables us to characterize the interaction with a mathematical model in the force domain. It compares the axial force measured at the needle base with its expected value and then adapts the model parameters to represent the actual interaction. To evaluate the performance of our model, experiments were performed on an artificial phantom.