Complete Genome Sequence of Ferrigenium kumadai An22, a Microaerophilic Iron-Oxidizing Bacterium Isolated from a Paddy Field Soil.

Ferrigenium kumadai An22T (= JCM 30584T = NBRC 112974T = ATCC TSD-51T) is a microaerophilic iron oxidizer isolated from paddy field soil and belongs to the family Gallionellaceae. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of F. kumadai An22T, which was obtained from the hybrid data of Oxford Nanopore long-read and Illumina short-read sequencing.

Dispersal history of Miniopterus fuliginosus bats and their associated viruses in east Asia.

In this study, we examined the role of the eastern bent-winged bat (Miniopterus fuliginosus) in the dispersion of bat adenovirus and bat alphacoronavirus in east Asia, considering their gene flows and divergence times (based on deep-sequencing data), using bat fecal guano samples. Bats in China moved to Jeju Island and/or Taiwan in the last 20,000 years via the Korean Peninsula and/or Japan. The phylogenies of host mitochondrial D-loop DNA was not significantly congruent with those of bat adenovirus (m2XY = 0.07, p = 0.08), and bat alphacoronavirus (m2XY = 0.48, p = 0.20). We estimate that the first divergence time of bats carrying bat adenovirus in five caves studied (designated as K1, K2, JJ, N2, and F3) occurred approximately 3.17 million years ago. In contrast, the first divergence time of bat adenovirus among bats in the 5 caves was estimated to be approximately 224.32 years ago. The first divergence time of bats in caves CH, JJ, WY, N2, F1, F2, and F3 harboring bat alphacoronavirus was estimated to be 1.59 million years ago. The first divergence time of bat alphacoronavirus among the 7 caves was estimated to be approximately 2,596.92 years ago. The origin of bat adenovirus remains unclear, whereas our findings suggest that bat alphacoronavirus originated in Japan. Surprisingly, bat adenovirus and bat alphacoronavirus appeared to diverge substantially over the last 100 years, even though our gene-flow data indicate that the eastern bent-winged bat serves as an important natural reservoir of both viruses.

Ferrigenium kumadai gen. nov., sp. nov., a microaerophilic iron-oxidizing bacterium isolated from a paddy field soil.

An iron-oxidizing bacterium, designated strain An22T, which was isolated from a paddy field soil in Anjo, Japan, was described taxonomically. Strain An22T was motile by a single polar flagellum, curved-rod, Gram-negative bacterium that was able to grow at 12-37 °C (optimally at 25-30 °C) and at pH 5.2-6.8 (pH 5.9-6.1). The strain grew microaerobically and autotrophically by oxidizing ferrous iron, but did not form stalks, a unique structure of iron oxides. The major cellular fatty acids were C16 : 0 and C16 : 1ω7c/C16 : 1ω6c. The major respiratory quinones were UQ-10 and UQ-8. The strain possessed ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase indicating an autotrophic nature via the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle. The total DNA G+C content was 61.4 mol%. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain An22T was affiliated with the class Betaproteobacteria and clustered with iron-oxidizing bacteria, Gallionella ferrugineaJohan (94.8 % similarity) and Ferriphaselus amnicola OYT1T (94.4 %) in the family Gallionellaceae. Based on the low 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to the phylogenetically closest genera and the combination of unique morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics, strain An22T represents a novel genus and species within the family Gallionellaceae, for which the name Ferrigenium kumadai gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is An22T (=JCM 30584T=NBRC 112974T=ATCC TSD-51T).