RESUMO
Elevation of one or more plasma lipids, such as phospholipids, cholesterol esters, cholesterol, and triglycerides, is known as hyperlipidemia. In humans and experimental animals, bromelain, the primary active ingredient isolated from pineapple stems, has several positive effects, including anti-tumor growth, anticoagulation, and anti-inflammation. Hence, the purpose of this study was to determine the possible protective impact of bromelain on some metabolic enzymes (paraoxonase-1, glutathione S-transferase, glutathione reductase, sorbitol dehydrogenase [SDH], aldose reductase [AR], butyrylcholinesterase [BChE], and acetylcholinesterase [AChE]), activity in the heart, kidney, and liver of rats with tyloxapol-induced hyperlipidemia. Rats were divided into three groups: control group, HL-control group (tyloxapol 400 mg/kg, i.p. administered group), and HL+bromelain (group receiving bromelain 250 mg/kg/o.d. prior to administration of tyloxapol 400 mg/kg, i.p.). BChE, SDH, and AR enzyme activities were significantly increased in all tissues in HL-control compared to the control, whereas the activity of other studied enzymes was significantly decreased. Bromelain had a regulatory effect on all tissues and enzyme activities. In conclusion, these results prove that bromelain is a new mediator that decreases hyperlipidemia.
Assuntos
Butirilcolinesterase , Hiperlipidemias , Polietilenoglicóis , Humanos , Ratos , Animais , Butirilcolinesterase/metabolismo , Acetilcolinesterase/metabolismo , Bromelaínas/farmacologia , Hiperlipidemias/induzido quimicamente , Hiperlipidemias/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
In this study, we sought to determine how well naringenin, hesperidin, and quercetin prevented damage brought on by radiotherapy. During the investigation, 48 adult female Sprague Dawley rats were used. Eight groups of eight rats each were formed by randomly assigning the rats to the groups. The normal control group was represented by Groupâ 1. Groupâ 2 rats were those that received a dose of 15â Gray (Gy) of radiotherapy. The rats assigned to Groupâ 3 received only Naringenin, whereas those assigned to Groupâ 4 received only quercetine, and those assigned to Groupâ 5 received only hesperidin. Rats in Groupâ 6, 7 and 8 were received naringenin, quarcetin and hesperidin at a dose of 50â mg/kg daily for one week prior to radiotheraphy exposition. After radiotheraphy and phenolic compounds rats were sacrificed and some metabolic enzyme (aldose reductase (AR), sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), paraoxonase-1 (PON1), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and glutathione S-transferase (GST)) activity was determined in eye and brain tissues. It was found that phenolic compounds have protective effect against radiation-induced damage because of their anti-diabetic antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In addition, hesperidin was found to be superior to quercetin and naringenin in terms of enzyme activity efficacy. Furthermore, hesperidin exhibited favorable binding affinity for BChE in silico compared to other enzymes.
Assuntos
Flavanonas , Hesperidina , Ratos , Feminino , Animais , Hesperidina/farmacologia , Hesperidina/uso terapêutico , Quercetina/farmacologia , Quercetina/uso terapêutico , Butirilcolinesterase , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Estresse OxidativoRESUMO
Acute kidney damage is defined as a sudden change in kidney functions that prevents the removal of nitrogenous wastes from the body, thus disrupting the body's fluid and electrolyte balance. When acute kidney injury occurs, the kidneys and liver are most affected in the body. Agents used in the treatment of acute kidney injury often have nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory properties that can produce toxic effects on the gastrointestinal tract and kidneys. Natural antioxidants can be recommended as an alternative to existing treatment or in combination to protect tissues against these toxic effects. Therefore, we conducted our current study on whether walnut seed skin (WSS) extract might have hepato-renal protective effects in kidney-damaged Sprague-Dawley rats. This study is the first to use walnut seed skin extract in liver and kidney tissues in renal ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: Healty control (HC), renal IR (50 min ischemia - 3 h reperfusion), and renal IR + 450 mg/kg/p.o. WSS extract (the rats were treated with WSS extract orally once 1 h before the IR procedure). For this purpose, blood, liver and kidney tissues of rats were used. In serum samples, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), urea and creatinine values were determined separately for the administration groups. We also performed histopathological studies on liver and kidney tissues. Finally, gene markers (endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), Caspase-4 and Caspase-9) determined to evaluate the anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and apoptotic effect of walnut seed skin were measured by q-RT PCR method. As a result of the study it was determined that pre-application of WSS extract improved the deteriorated serum parameters in rats with renal ischemia. In the histopathological analysis results, it was observed that WSS had a protective effect on kidney and liver tissue. In studies on gene expression, although there were different and contradictory results for liver and kidney tissue, we determined that WSS was more protective on liver tissue. In conclusion, the healing potential of WSS in renal and hepatic tissues seems to act by inhibiting the inflammatory response, oxidative stress and apoptosis. Therefore, the potential of this extract is remarkable and may serve as a potential therapeutic that may protect against acute organ damages due to renal IR.
Assuntos
Injúria Renal Aguda , Juglans , Traumatismo por Reperfusão , Injúria Renal Aguda/patologia , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Feminino , Isquemia/metabolismo , Juglans/metabolismo , Rim/metabolismo , Fígado/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/tratamento farmacológico , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/metabolismo , Sementes/metabolismoRESUMO
The aim of this study was to investigate the antitumor effects of quercetin and luteolin combined with 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) in HT-29 human colorectal cancer cells. Cell viability induced by quercetin, luteolin and combination of these compounds with 5-FU were determined by MTT assay, also Cell death detection Elisa assay and fluorescence microscopy were performed to investigate apoptotic effects. Hu-VEGF Elisa assay was employed to determine the effects of treatments on angiogenesis. Western blot and qRT-PCR analysis were performed to investigate effects on p53, Bax, Bcl-2, p38 MAPK, mTOR, PTEN, and Akt proteins and genes. The results indicated that quercetin, luteolin and combinations of these compounds with 5-FU inhibited the growth of HT 29 cells. Compared to the control, apoptosis were triggered 8.1 and 10.1 fold in HT-29 cells, that treated with quercetin + 5-FU and luteolin + 5-FU, respectively. VEGF amount significantly decreased by combined treatments. qRT-PCR and western blot results demonstrated that quercetin, luteolin and the combinations of these flavonoids with 5-FU, modulate the apoptotic pathways in HT-29 cells. The increase in p53, Bax, p38 MAPK, and PTEN gene expression levels compared to the control group was 1.71, 1.42, 3.26, and 3.29-fold with 5-FU + L treatment, respectively, while this increase was 8.43, 1.65, 3.55, and 3.54-fold with 5-FU + Q treatment, respectively. In addition, when the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2, mTOR, and Akt gene expression levels were normalized as 1 in the control group, they were 0.28, 0.41, and 0.22 with 5-FU + L treatment, and 0.32, 0.46, and 0.39, respectively, with 5-FU + Q treatment. These findings suggested that quercetin and luteolin synergistically enhanced the anticancer effect of 5-FU in HT 29 cells and may therefore minimize the toxic effects of 5-FU in the clinical treatment of colorectal cancer.
Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma , Neoplasias Colorretais , Adenocarcinoma/tratamento farmacológico , Apoptose , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Neoplasias Colorretais/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Colorretais/patologia , Fluoruracila/farmacologia , Fluoruracila/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Luteolina/farmacologia , Quercetina/farmacologiaRESUMO
This research is the first to use ß-sitosterol on myocardial and renal tissues in renal ischemia/reperfusion (IR) damage. Female Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: control (sham), renal IR (50 min ischemia - 3 h reperfusion), and renal IR + 150 mg/kg/p.o. ß-sitosterol (the rats were treated with ß-sitosterol orally once 1 h before the IR procedure). ß-Sitosterol pretreatment caused an increase in superoxide dismutase and glutathione activities and a decrease in malondialdehyde levels in the kidney and heart. Moreover, it alleviated histopathological changes and downregulated the levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 and upregulated the levels of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. As conclusion, the potential of ß-sitosterol for renal and cardiac necrosis and apoptosis appears to act by limiting inflammatory response and oxidative stress. Thus, the potential of this compound is noteworthy and may serve as a potential therapeutic in the treatment of acute organ damages due to renal IR.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios/uso terapêutico , Hipolipemiantes/uso terapêutico , Isquemia/tratamento farmacológico , Nefropatias/tratamento farmacológico , Substâncias Protetoras/uso terapêutico , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/tratamento farmacológico , Sitosteroides/uso terapêutico , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Glutationa/metabolismo , Hipolipemiantes/farmacologia , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Isquemia/metabolismo , Isquemia/patologia , Rim/efeitos dos fármacos , Rim/metabolismo , Rim/patologia , Nefropatias/metabolismo , Nefropatias/patologia , Malondialdeído/metabolismo , Miocárdio/metabolismo , Miocárdio/patologia , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo III/metabolismo , Substâncias Protetoras/farmacologia , Ratos Wistar , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/metabolismo , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/patologia , Sitosteroides/farmacologia , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismo , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismoRESUMO
In this study, azurin, a bacteriocin with anticancer property, was produced by food-grade Lactococcus lactis using the Nisin Controlled Gene Expression (NICE) System. In addition, the antibacterial and cytotoxic properties of recombinant azurin in the culture supernatant were also investigated. Azurin gene from Pseudomonas aeruginosa was cloned into the pNZ8149 vector and the resulting recombinant DNA was transformed into food grade L. lactis NZ3900. The expression of azurin protein was induced by the optimum concentration of nisin for 3 h. Inhibition zones for Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus were observed at 5.0 and 10 mg/mL concentrations of lyophilized supernatants containing azurin, but no inhibition zone at azurin-free lyophilized supernatants. When HUVEC, HT29, HCT116, and MCF7 cell lines were treated with lyophilized culture supernatants with azurin or without azurin, cell viability decreased with increasing concentrations of the supernatant. Furthermore, the supernatants containing azurin showed more anti-proliferative effect than the azurin-free supernatants. This work provides a practicable method to produce recombinant azurin in the food grade L. lactis strain. As a result, the recombinant L. lactis strain, producing azurin, can be used in the investigation of food biopreservatives and in the development of a therapeutic probiotic.
Assuntos
Azurina/genética , Clonagem Molecular/métodos , Lactococcus lactis/genética , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/genética , Antibacterianos/metabolismo , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Azurina/farmacologia , Bacillus cereus/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Amplificação de Genes , Humanos , Plasmídeos/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/farmacologia , Transformação GenéticaRESUMO
PinX1 encoded by a remarkable tumor suppressor gene and located in human chromosome 8p23 is known as telomerase inhibitor. In recent years, this protein has been of interest as clinically tumor suppressor. Pichia pastoris expression system is preferred to produce heterologous proteins and is suitable for industrial and research purposes. In the present study, human PinX1 gene (hPinX1) was cloned in E. coli One Shot TOP10 cells and overexpressed in P. pastoris strain X-33 intracellularly, using a strong AOX (alcohol oxidase) promoter. The recombinant cells were grown in shaking flask. Induction time, methanol concentration and initial pH were optimized for obtaining high levels of hPinX1 protein production. Recombinant protein production was confirmed by Western blot analysis and the relative expression levels of rhPinX1 were quantified. According to Western blot analysis, molecular mass of produced hPinX1 was determined as 47.5 kDa. At the end of optimization studies, the best fermentation conditions were determined as induction time 48 h, methanol concentration 3% and initial culture pH 5.0. This process would be an applicable way for obtaining recombinant hPinX1 using P. pastoris expression system. This is the first report on recombinant production of hPinX1 in P. pastoris.
Assuntos
Pichia/metabolismo , Telomerase/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas Supressoras de Tumor/genética , Western Blotting , Técnicas de Cultura de Células , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular , Escherichia coli/genética , Fermentação , Humanos , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Peso Molecular , Plasmídeos , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Transformação Genética , Proteínas Supressoras de Tumor/biossíntese , Proteínas Supressoras de Tumor/químicaRESUMO
Fenpyroximate (FP), an acaricide, is widely used in the prevention of acarids (mites) in fruit plant gardens. In this study, the acute toxic effects of different concentrations of FP were investigated using adult guppy (Poecilia reticulata Peters, 1859). Guppy adults were exposed to a range of FP concentrations (25, 50, 75, 100, 125, and 150 µg/L) during 48 h. Static method, which is one of the acute toxicity experiments, has been used in this study. According to probit analysis, the 48-h median lethal concentration (LC50) value of FP at 26°C was found to be 72.821 µg/L. Sublethal exposures were predetermined based on 48-h LC50 value. Guppies were exposed to low concentrations (15, 25, and 50 µg/L) of FP for 48 h. Signs of paralysis and behavior deformations were monitored every 12 h in a number of live and dead adults. Low concentrations of FP were also responsible for erratic swimming, loss of equilibrium, and being lethargic. Liver histology revealed several pathological damages including congestion, picnotic nucleus, sinusoidal dilatation, increase in melanomacrophagic centers, and endothelial degeneration. Finally, the toxicity test results provided 48-h LC50 value for FP, and low concentrations of FP can be highly detrimental to guppy adults with clear evidence of behavioral and histologic effects.