[Faecal microbiota study reveals specific dysbiosis in spondyloarthritis according to subtype, disease activity and treatment]. / Estudio de microbiota fecal revela disbiosis específica en espondiloartritis, según subtipo, actividad de la enfermedad y tratamiento.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the diversity and composition of the gastrointestinal microbiome of patients with SpA. METHODS: MiSeq sequencing of the V3-V4 region of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene was performed on DNA isolated from stool. Patients with concurrent SpA and IBD were excluded. Differences were assessed for richness and diversity indices by QIIME 2™. Differences between means >0,2% with a p-value<0,05 were assumed significant. Institutional Ethics Committee endorsement. RESULTS: 69 individuals included, 49 with SpA (ankylosing spondylitis-AS 72,9%, psoriatic arthritis-PsA 18,8%, reactive arthritis-ReA 8,3%) 5 positive controls-dysbiosis and 15 controls-eubiosis. Conventional treatment in 42,9%, anti-IL-17 16,3% and anti-TNF 40,8%. By subtype, statistically significant differences in favour of AS were found for the diversity indices. AS vs PsA there was a difference in favour of AS for Clostridium clostridioforme (p=0,002), Gemmiger formicilis (p=0,009), Roseburia inulivorans (p=0,008) and Lachnospira pectinoschiza. AS vs ReA there was a difference in favour of AS for L. pectinoschiza (p=0,009), Ruminococcus callidus (p=0.006), Clostridium ruminantium (p=0.031); G. formicilis (p=0,034). Diversity and richness showed differences in patients with high activity for Simpson's and Pielou's indices. In high activity, lower enrichment of Bacteroides eggerthii (p= 0,0003), C. ruminantium (p= 0,026) and Alistipes putredinis (p=0,035) was found. The number of ASV was higher in the anti-IL-17 vs conventional group (p=0.025) and a trend between anti-IL-17 vs anti-TNF (p=0.09). In anti-TNF there was a lower proportion for C. clostridioforme (p=0.023), G. formicilis (p=0.030) and R. callidus (p= 0.003). In anti IL-17, Alistipes indistinctus (p= 0.012) was decreased. CONCLUSIONS: There are differences in microbial diversity for SpA subtypes. The level of disease activity is plausible to influence the composition of the faecal microbiota. Anti-TNFα treatment may influence the microbiome environment favouring restoration of the gut microbiota, while anti-IL-17 may maintain an inflammatory environment.

OBJETIVO: Comparar la diversidad y composición del microbioma gastrointestinal de pacientes con EspA. MÉTODOS: La secuenciación MiSeq de la región V3-V4 del gen ARN ribosomal 16, se realizó en ADN aislado de heces. Se excluyeron pacientes con EspA y EII simultánea. Se evaluaron diferencias para los índices de riqueza y diversidad por medio de QIIME 2™. Las diferencias entre medias> 0,2%, con un valor de p< 0,05, se asumieron significativas. Aval del Comité de Ética Institucional. RESULTADOS: 69 individuos incluidos, 49 con EspA (espondilitis anquilosante-EA 72,9%, artritis psoriásica-APs 18,8%, artritis reactiva-ARe 8,3%), cinco controles positivos-disbiosis y 15 controles-eubiosis. El tratamiento convencional en 42,9%, anti-IL-17 16,3%, y anti-TNF 40,8%. Por subtipo-EasP, se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas a favor de EA para los índices de diversidad. Entre EA vs APs, hubo diferencia a favor de EA para Clostridium clostridioforme (p=0,002), Gemmiger formicilis (p=0,009), Roseburia inulivorans (p=0,008) y Lachnospira pectinoschiza. Entre EA vs ARe hubo diferencia a favor de EA para L. pectinoschiza (p=0,009), Ruminococcus callidus (p = 0,006), Clostridium ruminantium (p=0,031); G. formicilis (p=0,034). La diversidad y riqueza mostraron diferencias en pacientes con alta actividad para los índices de Simpson y Pielou. En alta actividad, se encontró menor enriquecimiento de Bacteroides eggerthii (p=0,0003), C. ruminantium (p= 0,026) y Alistipes putredinis (p= 0,035). El número de ASV fue superior en el grupo de anti IL-17 vs convencional (p=0.025), y una tendencia entre anti IL-17 vs anti-TNF (p=0,09). En anti TNF hubo menor proporción para C. clostridioforme (p=0,023), G. formicilis (p=0,030) y R. callidus (p= 0,003). Y en anti IL-17, Alistipes indistinctus (p= 0,012), estuvo disminuida. CONCLUSIONES: Existen diferencias en la diversidad microbiana para los subtipos de EspA. El nivel de actividad de la enfermedad es plausible para influir en la composición de microbiota fecal. El tratamiento con anti-TNFα, puede influenciar el ambiente del microbioma favoreciendo la restauración de la microbiota intestinal, mientras los anti IL-17 podrían mantener un ambiente inflamatorio.

Factors Associated with the Extent of Clinical Attachment Loss in Periodontitis: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study.

Periodontitis has significant public health implications, affecting individuals' overall health, well-being, and quality of life. This study aimed to assess the risk factors associated with the extent of clinical attachment loss (CAL) in a population diagnosed with periodontitis. Six hundred and sixty-seven patients with different degrees of CAL (mild, n = 223; moderate, n = 256; and advanced, n = 188) were enrolled. Socio-demographics, lifestyle, microbiological profiles, specific immune response, obesity, and single-nucleotide polymorphism of the IL1 gene were determined. Unconditional logistic regression models were conducted to determine the factors associated with the extent of CAL. Aging, smoking, microbial factors, plaque index, and IgG2 antibodies against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans were associated with advanced CAL. IgG2 antibodies against A. actinomycetemcomitans (OR 1.50; CI 95% 1.23-1.81), plaque accumulation (OR 2.69; CI 95% 2.20-3.29), Porphyromonas gingivalis (OR 1.93; CI 95% 1.35-2.76), Tanerella forsythia (OR 1.88; CI 95%1.30-2.70), and current smoking (OR 1.94; CI 95% 1.31-2.87) were associated with advanced CAL. Gene IL polymorphisms, obesity, and stress were not associated with the extent of CAL. Aging, plaque accumulation, smoking, and having antibodies against A. actinomycetemcomitans were the most critical factors associated with advanced CAL. In contrast, obesity, stress, and gene polymorphisms were not associated with the extent of CAL.

Differences in the distribution of hemoglobin variants according to the geographic regions in a Colombian population

ABSTRACT Introduction: Colombia has been subject to intense genetic and cultural currents due to its geographical location. Hemoglobinopathies are the most common recessive diseases found worldwide and represent an important public health problem, according to the region and ancestry of each country. Objectives: To evaluate the frequency of hemoglobin variants according to the geographical region in a population group adjusted to sex and age in Colombia. Methods: This was a descriptive retrospective study of hemoglobin variants performed by electrophoresis in patients treated at and/or referred to specialized care institutions in Bogota, Colombia between January 2009 and December 2020. Results: A total of 2,224 results were analyzed, 48.4% male and 51.5% female; 63.3% of patients were without alterations, 14.3% presented with thalassemia, 17.3%, HbS, 2.3%, HbS/C, 1.8%, HbC, 0.5%, HbE and 0.5% persistent HbF, with HbS being more prevalent in males (p = 0.005). When assessing the geographical regions of Colombia, a higher prevalence of HbS was found in the Pacific (p = 0.005) and Caribbean regions, while Thalassemia and HbS were more prevalent in the Andean and Orinoquia regions, and it was rare to find any hemoglobinopathies (p = 0.0001) in the Amazonian region. Conclusions: The main hemoglobinopathies found in Colombia are HbS, predominantly in males, and Thalassemia. The distribution of hemoglobinopathies in different geographical regions of Colombia is influenced by ancestry.

Células T y sus receptores αß y γδ en biopsias de pacientes con enfermedad periodontal / T cells and its receptords and αß and γδ in biopsies from patients with periodontal disease

El propósito de este estudio es determinar la presencia y localización de las células T y de sus receptores αβ y γδ en biopsias de tejido gingival de pacientes con enfermedad periodontal. Se evaluaron 60 biopsias de 12 pacientes, 4 con diagnostico de periodontitis agresiva, 4 con periodontitis crónica y 4 con gingivitis, las cuales fueron procesados para su análisis histológico, inmunohistoquímico e histomorfometrico. Al analizar los resultados por diagnostico los marcadores que mas predominaron fueron, en Gingivitis CD3, CD8 y TCR γδ en tejido conectivo. En Periodontitis crónica CD3, CD8 y TCR γδ en epitelio oral y CD4 el cual presentó una expresión homogénea en los tejidos analizados. En periodontitis agresiva CD3 y CD8 en epitelio crevicular, con una distribución similar entre CD4 y CD8 tanto en epitelio oral como en tejido conectivo y TCR γδ en conectivo. En cuanto a las cadenas variables del TCR Vβ los más expresados en las diferentes patologías estudiadas fueron el 6.7, 8.1 y 12 a nivel del tejido conectivo. Los estudios sobre la expresión de estas familias parecen indicar que es otra vía de activación a tener en cuenta dentro del modelo de la patogenia de la enfermedad y que debe ser estudiado en modelos longitudinales en pacientes con pérdida de inserción progresiva.

T the purpose of this study is identifying the presence and localization of T cells and their receptor αβ and γδ in biopsies of gingival tissue in patients with periodontal disease. 60 biopsies were evaluated in 12 patients, 4 patients with diagnosis of gingivitis, 4 patients with chronic periodontitis and 4 with aggressive periodontitis, which were processed for the histological, immunohistochemical and histomorphometric analysis. The results by diagnosis showed that in gingivitis the more predominant markers were CD3, CD8 and TCR γδ in connective tissue. In chronic periodontitis the markers with bigger expression were CD3, CD8 and TCR γδ in oral epithelium and CD4 that showed a homogeneous behavior in the analized tissues. In aggressive periodontitis CD3 and CD8 in surcular epithelium, TCR γδ in connective tissue and CD4 and CD8 with a similar distribution in oral epithelium and connective tissue. In relation with variable chains of TCR Vβ, the most predominat in the different diagnosis were 6.7,8.1 and 12 in connective tissue. The investigations about the expression of these families indicate that it can be other important via of activation in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease and it should be study in longitudinal models in patients with progressive loss of attachment level.

Biomarcadores en espondiloartropatías / Biomarkers for spondyloarthropathies. State of the art

Among rheumatic diseases and specifically spondyloarthropathies (SpA), the study of biomarkers, defined as molecules that reflect either biologic or specific pathological process, is an important and necessary area in basic and clinical research, being a consequence or the response of an intervention. Other markers provide information about the pathogenesis of this disease. Recently, HLA-B27 has been used as diagnostic criteria to detect SpA. Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) and Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI) are clinical scores used to assess disease activity. A new activity index, Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score (ASDAS) considers erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) as biomarkers. This review describes the state of the art of research on SpA biomarkers. There are promising new candidates as biomarkers such as metallopro-teinase 3, Type II collagen neoepitopes (C2C and C1-2C), C-propeptide of Type II collagen (CPII), aggrecan 846 epitope, macrophage colony stimulating factor, serum amyloid A protein and interleukin-6, among others.