Identifying postoperative complications after inguinal hernia repair with a smartphone application: a comparative cohort study.

PURPOSE: The Q1.6 Inguinal Hernia application continuously measures patient-reported outcomes (PROs) by sampling experiences through brief, digital and condition-specific questions, utilising micro-moments. This can overcome the limitations of current paper questionnaires and give real-time insight into patient recovery. This exploratory study compares data from the application with retrospective data from electronic medical records (EMRs) to provide information on its accuracy in detecting postoperative complications after inguinal hernia repair. METHODS: Patients were asked to use the application in addition to their usual care. The application employs twitch crowdsourcing to gather PROs. Questions from validated and frequently used questionnaires were integrated. A retrospective assessment of EMRs was combined with an additional telephone interview. The primary endpoints were the sensitivity and specificity of the application in detecting chronic postoperative inguinal pain, recurrence and surgical-site infection (SSI). RESULTS: A total of 215 patients were analysed. The sensitivity and specificity for detecting chronic postoperative inguinal pain were 100% (95% CI [47.8%, 100%]) and 93.7% (95% CI [88.3%, 97.1%]), respectively. For recurrence, the sensitivity was 77.8% (95% CI [40.0%, 97.2%]), and the specificity was 81.3% (95% CI [75.0%, 86.5%]). For SSI, the sensitivity and specificity were 75.0% (95% CI [19.4%, 99.4%]) and 89.8% (95% CI [84.8%, 93.6%]), respectively. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates satisfactory measurement capabilities of the Q1.6 Inguinal Hernia application for identifying postoperative complications following inguinal hernia repair. However, certain aspects require further improvement, such as addressing error-prone questions, enhancing long-term compliance, and validating (pain) measurements through prospective control data. TRAIL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NL7813 (Dutch Trial Registry), 19 May 2019.

Clinical feasibility of the Q1.6 Inguinal Hernia application: a prospective cohort study.

PURPOSE: Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) are essential to evaluate inguinal hernia surgery. There is a need for digital and disease-specific PRO measurement. Current measuring instruments (PROMs) have several disadvantages, for example, fixed measuring moments with a chance of recall bias. The Q1.6 Inguinal Hernia application has been developed to overcome these challenges. This pilot study reports the first clinical feasibility results. METHODS: All surgically treated inguinal hernia patients were eligible for inclusion. The application uses "twitch crowdsourcing"; after unlocking a smartphone or tablet, a single short question is asked. This can easily be repeated multiple times a day/week/month. Questions from validated questionnaires were implemented. The adaptive question engine generates an individualised set of questions. Alerts are generated when a complication is suspected. RESULTS: A total of 229 patients were given over 50.000 questions of which 92% were answered. Pre- and postoperative patient characteristics and their reported clinical outcomes confirmed a standard inguinal hernia population. Compliance with the application was 91.7% after 14 days, 69.0% after 3 months and 28.8% after one year. After months 3, 6 and 11, respectively, 3.0%, 4.4% and 4.5% of patients reported inguinal pain or discomfort (NRS ≥ 4). Patients were highly satisfied (92.8% preferred the app over standard care). CONCLUSIONS: This smartphone application shows promising results for clinical practice. It might allow for continuous digital patient-reported outcome measurement using non-intrusive, concise questions. Remote monitoring may become standard postoperative care after (inguinal hernia) surgery. The current application will be further improved and evaluated for cost-effectiveness, safety and validity.

Long-term results of the SOFTGRIP trial: TIPP versus ProGrip Lichtenstein's inguinal hernia repair.

PURPOSE: In preventing Chronic Postoperative Inguinal Pain (CPIP) after inguinal herniorrhaphy, mesh position and mesh fixation seem important factors. The SOFTGRIP trial compared the TransInguinal PrePeritoneal (TIPP) repair to Polysoft mesh, to the Open anterior repair (Lichtenstein) using the self-gripping ProGrip mesh. Since CPIP might resolve and recurrence rate increase, this study reports the SOFTGRIP trial's long-term results (with a minimal follow-up of 5 years). METHODS: All patients initially randomized in the SOFTGRIP trial were contacted if not deceased. Patients were invited for an interview and physical examination. The procedures and methodology of this randomized clinical trial have been published together with the short-term results. The main outcomes for this long-term follow-up study were chronic pain, recurrences, re-operations and numbness. RESULTS: A total of 193 patients (81.4% of the initially randomized patients) were included for long-term follow-up analyses, 96 after TIPP, 97 after ProGrip Lichtenstein. After a median follow-up of 74 months (range 60-80) there were no significant differences between the two groups. Overall, chronic pain drastically decreased. Fourteen patients reported CPIP at long-term follow-up (overall 7.3%, 7 after TIPP and 7 after ProGrip Lichtenstein, any form, frequency and intensity of pain included). Recurrence rate increased from 2.6% (n = 6) at one-year follow-up, to 8.3% (n = 16) at 5-year's follow-up. CONCLUSION: The SOFTGRIP trial´s long-term outcomes show that after both TIPP and ProGrip Lichtenstein, recurrence rate increases and CPIP mostly disappears. These findings aid in better informing patients on the benefits and harms of inguinal hernia repair. The findings of accumulating recurrences and fading of chronic pain, confirms the need for long-term follow-up studies. High-quality long-term data on TIPP, ProGrip Lichtenstein and other types of herniorrhaphy are scarce and complication rates vary widely. Further long-term studies are needed to reveal the true spectrum of benefits and harms of the different inguinal hernia repair techniques. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Registered on August 25, 2009 at the Dutch Trial Registry ( www.trialregister.nl ) NTR1853.

Treatment of recurrent inguinal hernia after TransInguinal PrePeritoneal (TIPP) surgery: feasibility and outcomes in a case series.

BACKGROUND: TransInguinal PrePeritoneal (TIPP) inguinal hernia repair (IHR) combines an open anterior approach with a preperitoneal position of the mesh. Advantages include reduced chronic postoperative inguinal pain, low recurrence rates and quick recovery. Critics have expressed concerns that recurrent IHR after TIPP could be difficult and with an increased risk of complications due to the formation of scar tissue in both the anterior and posterior anatomical inguinal planes. This study reports feasibility and outcomes of recurrent IHR after TIPP repair. METHODS: Patients who underwent recurrent IHR after TIPP between January 2013 and January 2015 in a single hernia-dedicated teaching hospital were included. Exclusion criteria were femoral hernia, incarcerated hernia and reasons for unreliable follow-up. Electronic medical records were assessed retrospectively to register surgical outcomes and complications. RESULTS: Thirty-three patients underwent surgical repair of recurrent inguinal hernia after TIPP. Twenty patients were treated with a "re-TIPP when possible" strategy; resulting in 13 successful re-TIPPs and 7 conversions to Lichtenstein repair. Eleven patients underwent a primary Lichtenstein's repair, the remaining two patients underwent recurrent IHR using other techniques (TransREctus sheath PrePeritoneal and TransAbdominal PrePeritoneal repair). Mean time of surgery was 44.7 min (standard deviation 16.7). There was one patient (3.0%) with a re-recurrent inguinal hernia during follow-up. Other minor complications included urinary tract infection. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that after TIPP it is feasible and safe to perform re-surgery for recurrent inguinal hernia with an anterior approach again. For these recurrences, a Lichtenstein repair can be performed, or a "re-TIPP if possible" strategy can be applied by experienced TIPP surgeons, tailored to the intraoperative findings. Whether a re-TIPP has advantages over Lichtenstein should be evaluated in a prospective manner.

Emergency TREPP for Strangulated Inguinal Hernia Repair: A Consecutive Case Series.

Background Patients with strangulated inguinal hernia (SIH) require emergency surgical treatment. International guidelines do not specify the surgical technique of preference. Frequently, an open anterior approach such as the Lichtenstein technique is used. The TransREctus sheath Pre-Peritoneal (TREPP) technique is an alternative, open posterior approach, which has shown promising results in the elective treatment of inguinal hernias. This study aims to evaluate the feasibility and safety of the TREPP technique in the emergency setting of SIHs. Materials and Methods After medical ethical approval was warranted, all consecutive patients, who underwent emergency TREPP (e-TREPP) at a high-volume hernia institute, were retrospectively included from 2006 up to and including 2016. Data retrieved from the electronic patient files were combined with the findings during a long-term outcome physical investigation at an outpatient department visit. e-TREPP was, prior to the start of the study, defined as TREPP performed immediately at the operation room. Results Thirty-three patients underwent e-TREPP for SIH. Ten patients were clinically evaluated, ten patients were deceased, nine patients could not be contacted, and four patients did not or could not consent. Of the ten deceased patients, one patient died perioperatively due to massive aspiration followed by cardiac arrest. Nine patients died due to other causes. Two patients developed a recurrence after (after 13 days and 16 months respectively). Two patients were surgically treated for a wound infection (mesh removal in one). No patient reported chronic postoperative inguinal pain. Conclusion e-TREPP in experienced hands seems feasible and safe (Level of Evidence 4) for the treatment of patients with strangulated inguinal hernia, with percentages of postoperative complications comparable to other techniques.

Perioperative monitoring of inguinal hernia patients with a smartphone application.

INTRODUCTION: Patient Reported Outcomes have become standard in the evaluation of inguinal hernia repair. However, the chosen outcomes remain heterogeneous and the measurements time-consuming or inadequate. Perioperative measurement of pain and recovery could benefit from the contemporary possibilities that mobile health applications offer. METHODS: An application for smartphones and tablets was developed using the twitch crowdsourcing concept, classical questionnaires, experiences from randomised clinical trials, and patients' input. RESULTS: Dichotomous questions and numeric rating scales, both pre- and post-operative, were implemented in the freely available Q1.6 application. Content, timing and frequencies were adapted to the inguinal hernia patient's daily life and assumed recovery. Certain combinations of answers were set as alert notifications to detect adverse events. Data are displayed on a web-based dashboard enabling real-time monitoring. Legal aspects were examined and taken into account. DISCUSSION: The Q1.6 inguinal hernia app is an innovative tool for perioperative monitoring of pain and recovery of inguinal hernia patients. Previous limitations of classical measurements such as a large heterogeneity, retrospective data recording and different forms of bias can be eliminated. The `big data´ generated in this manner might be used for large-scale research to improve inguinal hernia surgery. The Q1.6 platform is not only hernia specific; it is also an innovative tool to measure PROs in any other domain.

Long-term results from a randomized comparison of open transinguinal preperitoneal hernia repair and the Lichtenstein method (TULIP trial).

BACKGROUND: The short-term results of the TULIP trial comparing transinguinal preperitoneal (TIPP) inguinal hernia repair with the Lichtenstein method have been reported with follow-up of 1 year. After TIPP repair, fewer patients had chronic postoperative inguinal pain (CPIP); they had better health status and lower costs. The present study reports the long-term outcomes of this trial. METHODS: All surviving patients initially randomized in the TULIP trial were contacted. Patients were interviewed by telephone and sent a questionnaire. Those reporting any complaints were invited for outpatient review. Chronic pain, hernia recurrence and reoperation were documented, along with any sensory change or disturbance of sexual activity. RESULTS: Of 302 patients initially randomized, 251 (83·1 per cent) were included in the analysis (119 TIPP, 132 Lichtenstein), with a median follow-up of 85 (range 74-117) months. Of 25 patients with chronic postoperative inguinal pain after 1 year, only one, who underwent Lichtenstein repair, still had groin pain at long-term follow-up. The overall hernia recurrence rate was 2·8 per cent (7 patients), with no difference between the groups. CONCLUSION: Both TIPP and Lichtenstein hernia repairs are durable. Patients with chronic postoperative inguinal pain after 1 year can be reassured that the groin pain tends to fade over time.

Case series of recurrent inguinal hernia after primary TREPP repair: re-TREPP seems feasible and safe.

INTRODUCTION: The Trans REctussheath PrePeritoneal (TREPP) mesh repair was introduced in 2006 to decrease the risk of postoperative inguinal pain in hernia surgery. For the repair of a recurrent inguinal hernia after a primary TREPP an alternative open anterior route (Lichtenstein) may seem the most logical option, but coincides with an increased risk of chronic postoperative inguinal pain. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of a second TREPP procedure to repair a recurrent inguinal hernia after an initial TREPP repair. METHODS: Consecutive patients with a recurrent inguinal hernia after a primary TREPP, repaired by a re-TREPP were retrospectively included in the study. Data, retrieved from the electronic patient files, were combined with the clinical findings at the outpatient department where the patients were physically investigated according to a priorly written and registered protocol. RESULTS: Overall about 1800 TREPPs were performed between 2006 and 2013. Since the introduction of TREPP in 2006, 40 patients presented with a recurrence in our center. From this group 19 patients were re-operated with the TREPP technique. No intraoperative complications occurred. There was one conversion from re-TREPP to Lichtenstein and no re-recurrences occurred to date. Ten out of 19 patients could be clinically evaluated with a mean follow-up period of 37 months (range 11-95). None of these patients (n=10) complained of chronic postoperative inguinal pain. Two patients reported discomfort. One patient died non procedure related, three weeks after re-TREPP of sudden cardiac death. CONCLUSION: These first experiences with re-TREPP for secondary inguinal hernia repair are encouraging for the aspects of feasibility and safety, particularly in experienced surgical hands.

Outcomes of surgery on patients with a clinically inapparent inguinal hernia as diagnosed by ultrasonography.

BACKGROUND: Chronic post-operative inguinal pain (CPIP) is the most significant complication following inguinal hernia repair. Patients without a palpable hernia prior to surgery seemed to report more CPIP. Our aim was to evaluate the effects of surgery on patients with a clinically inapparent inguinal hernia as diagnosed using ultrasonography. METHODS: A total of 179 hernia repairs in patients with a positive ultrasonography but negative physical examination were analysed retrospectively. Patients with recurrent hernias, femoral hernias or previous surgery to the inguinal canal were excluded. The primary outcome was the presence of chronic postoperative inguinal pain (pain > 3 months postoperatively). Data on preoperative complaints, surgical technique and findings during ultrasonography and surgery were also studied in relation to the development of CPIP. RESULTS: A quarter (25.1%) of the patients reported chronic postoperative pain. Female gender (p = 0.03), high BMI (p = 0.04) and atypical symptoms prior to surgery (p < 0.001) were significant univariate risk factors for developing CPIP. Logistic regression showed a significant association between atypical symptoms and CPIP [OR = 6.31, p < 0.001, 95% CI (2.32, 17.16)], which was still present after correction for the significant univariate variables [OR = 4.23, p = 0.02, 95% CI (1.26, 14.21)]. CONCLUSION: Patients with a clinically inapparent inguinal hernia as diagnosed using ultrasonography report a high incidence of CPIP after elective hernia repair. Patients with atypical groin pain prior to surgery are especially prone to CPIP. It is questionable whether these hernias should be classified and treated as symptomatic inguinal hernias. The results advocate taking other causes of groin pain into consideration before choosing surgical treatment.

The TREPP as alternative technique for recurrent inguinal hernia after Lichtenstein's repair: A consecutive case series.

BACKGROUND: Recurrent inguinal hernias after initial repair with mesh are preferably treated via an alternative route (e.g. posterior after anterior). For recurrent inguinal hernias after an anterior repair such as Lichtenstein's, an endoscopic approach such as the total extraperitoneal or transabdominal preperitoneal technique (TEP or TAPP) is recommended if expertise is present. The TransREctus sheath PrePeritoneal (TREPP) technique is a promising open posterior technique and could be an alternative to endoscopic methods. This study aims to evaluate the results of the TREPP technique for recurrent inguinal hernia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Consecutive patients who underwent a TREPP repair for recurrent hernia after initial operation according to Lichtenstein were included in a retrospective manner. A minimum of one year follow-up after the TREPP repair was maintained. Data retrieved from the patient files were combined with the findings at an outpatient department visit. RESULTS: Between January 2006 and December 2013 fifty-two patients were eligible for inclusion of which 38 patients were clinically evaluated. The mean follow-up of these thirty-eight patients was 65 months (range 17-108 months) in which 2 patients had developed a re-recurrence. One patient reported chronic postoperative inguinal pain (CPIP) since the TREPP and four patients experienced CPIP since the primary inguinal hernia repair. Peri-operative and <30 day complications were rare and no severe adverse events occurred. CONCLUSION: TREPP seems to be a feasible alternative for recurrent inguinal hernia repair after an initial operation according to Lichtenstein. It may yield extra advantages compared to endoscopic repairs, such as a short learning curve, spinal anesthesia and lower costs.

Teaching the transrectus sheath preperiotneal mesh repair: TREPP in 9 steps.

BACKGROUND: The preperitoneal mesh position seems preferable to reduce the number of patients with postoperative chronic pain after inguinal hernia surgery. The transrectus sheath preperitoneal mesh repair (TREPP) is gaining popularity. Teaching a new technique requires a standardized approach to achieve an optimal learning curve. The aim of this paper was to provide a step-by-step teaching module for hernia surgeons learning the TREPP. METHODS: Literature was critically reviewed and the forthcoming nine surgical steps of the new TREPP technique and its rationale are described in this article. The TREPP hernia repair technique is illustrated with an online education video and three photos of the anatomical landmarks and the proposed mesh position of TREPP. RESULTS: The nine steps of TREPP are described extensively and the critical steps are presented in a standardized way for surgical educational purposes. Also the rationale and technical considerations of inguinal hernia experts are presented. DISCUSSION: TREPP may be a promising technique for groin hernia surgery. To date there have been no major complications with the TREPP repair which is currently the subject of a RCT. The learning curve of TREPP is being investigated and teaching of this technique requires standardization for trainee surgeons. CONCLUSION: TREPP potentially merges the advantages of a preperitoneal positioned mesh with an open technique. Initial results are promising and TREPP seems to be applicable in different hospitals in the Netherlands. Since the start of an active teaching program, TREPP has been introduced and accepted well by dedicated hernia surgeons in other hospitals in the Netherlands and Europe.