Influence of first colostrum pasteurization on serum immunoglobulin G, iron, and activity of gamma-glutamyltransferase in newborn dairy calves.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Colostrum pasteurization is an established procedure in dairy farms in developed countries. This practice can improve the health status of the offspring by reducing several pathogens. This study aimed to focus on the pasteurization of bovine first colostrum and its influence on certain important bioactive components. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was conducted in Holstein-Friesian bull calves, which were randomly divided into two groups and fed with 6 L of untreated (UT, n=10) or 6 L of heat-treated (HT, 63.5°C for 30 min, n=10) colostrum from their own dam within the first 12 h after birth. Blood samples were taken before, 24 h, and 48 h after first colostrum intake to determine the concentrations of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and iron and the activity of gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) in the serum. RESULTS: The level of IgG was not affected by pasteurization (p=0.19). However, a slower increase in GGT activity (p<0.05) and a lower serum iron concentration (p=0.04) were observed in the HT group. CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that pasteurization influences the absorption of colostrum components and therefore, the passive transfer of immunity, although the level of IgG was not affected by pasteurization in this study.

Assessing efficacy of N-Acetyl-l-Cysteine-Sodium Hydroxide on bacterial viability and enhanced recovery of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from bovine colostrum.

The standard procedure for the improved cultural recovery of viable Mycobacterium spp. from diverse samples mainly depends on reducing the viability of background microbiota using different chemical compounds. This study was designed to i) evaluate the efficacy and comparison between N-Acetyl-l-Cysteine-Sodium hydroxide (NALC-2% NaOH) and hexadecylpyridinium chloride (0.75% HPC) treatment and exposure time on reducing the viability of undesirable microorganisms with minimal impact on colostrum consistency; and ii) assess the impact of NALC-2% NaOH on improved and enhanced recovery of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in spiked postpartum colostrum samples and consistency of colostrum. A total of 40 samples, each treated with NALC-2% NaOH for 15 min or 0.75% HPC for 5 h, were investigated for total mesophilic aerobic bacteria (MAB) and enterobacteria (EB) (CFU mL-1). The results showed that treatment of colostrum samples with NALC-2% NaOH completely eliminated EB and significantly reduced MAB (3.6 log10 CFU mL-1). Conversely, samples treated with 0.75% HPC produced a complex mixture following interaction with the colostrum protein and showed non-significant and variable results. In addition, the spiked colostrum treated with NALC-2% NaOH for 15 min revealed recovery of viable MAP cells with a minimum limit of detection of 1.36 log10 CFU 10 mL-1 where no change in the consistency of colostrum was observed. In conclusion, 15-min NALC-2% NaOH treatment of colostrum may significantly reduce the viability of undesirable microorganisms and help to enhance the efficient recovery of MAP without impacting the consistency of high quality postpartum colostrum. This rapid procedure is suitable for efficient recovery and early detection of MAP as well as preventing its transmission to neonates and young calves in MAP infected herds.

Fecal culture and two fecal-PCR methods for the diagnosis of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in a seropositive herd / Cultivo fecal y dos métodos de PCR en materia fecal para el diagnóstico de Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis en un hato seropositivo / Cultivo fecal e dois métodos de PCR em matéria fecal para o diagnóstico de Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis em um rebanho soropositivo

Abstract Background: paratuberculosis is a slow-developing infectious disease, characterized by chronic granulomatous enterocolitis. This disease has a variable incubation period from 6 months to over 15 years, and is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). Its detection by direct and indirect diagnostic techniques has been of special interest. Objective: to report the diagnosis and detection of MAP using several diagnostic tests in a herd of the Northern region of Antioquia, Colombia. Methods: serum samples from the study herd were analyzed, using a commercial ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) kit. Fecal samples were cultured by duplicate using Herrold´s egg yolk medium (HEYM), and analyzed by an end- point IS900-specific nested PCR protocol, and a commercial F57-real-time PCR kit. Results: eight out of 27 serum samples in the study herd resulted ELISA-positive. None of fecal samples resulted positive to HEYM culture by duplicate and none were found to be positive by F57-real-time PCR. Seven of the 27 fecal samples were found to be positive by end-point IS900-specific nested PCR. Agreement was found between ELISA and end-point IS900-specific nested PCR in one of the animals. Conclusion: the present study gives information about the agreement between direct and indirect MAP-detection techniques, using different matrixes from animals under the same husbandry conditions.

Resumen Antecedentes: la paratuberculosis es una enfermedad infecciosa de desarrollo lento, caracterizada por una enterocolitis granulomatosa crónica. Esta enfermedad tiene un periodo de incubación que varía entre los 6 meses hasta por más de 15 años, y es causada por Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). Su detección por técnicas diagnósticas directas e indirectas ha sido de interés especial. Objetivo: reportar el diagnóstico y detección de MAP utilizando varias técnicas diagnósticas en un hato de la región norte de Antioquia, Colombia. Métodos: se analizaron las muestras de suero del hato de estudio utilizando un kit comercial de ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Las muestras de materia fecal fueron cultivadas por duplicado en Herrold´s egg yolk medium (HEYM), y analizadas mediante un protocolo de PCR anidado específico de IS900 y un kit comercial de PCR en tiempo real para F57. Resultados: ocho de las 27 muestras de suero resultaron positivas por ELISA. Ninguna de las muestras de materia fecal resultó positiva al cultivo en HEYM por duplicado ni por PCR en tiempo real para F57. Siete de las 27 muestras de materia fecal resultaron positivas a PCR anidado específico de IS900. Se encontró concordancia entre el resultado de ELISA y de PCR anidado específico de IS900 en uno de los animales. Conclusión: el presente estudio brinda información acerca de la concordancia entre técnicas directas e indirectas de detección de MAP, utilizando diferentes matrices a partir de animales bajo las mismas condiciones de manejo.

Resumo Antecedentes: a paratuberculosis é uma doença infecciosa de evolução lenta, caracterizada por uma enterocolite granulomatosa crônica. Esta doença tem um período de incubação que varia de 6 meses a 15 anos e é causada pelo Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). Sua detecção por técnicas de diagnóstico diretos e indiretos tem sido de especial interesse. Objetivo: reportar o diagnóstico e a detecção de MAP utilizando várias técnicas de diagnóstico em um rebanho na região norte de Antióquia, Colômbia. Métodos: foram analisadas amostras de soro do rebanho utilizando um kit comercial de ELISA (enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay). As amostras de fezes foram cultivadas em duplicado em Herrold´s egg yolk medium (HEYM) e analisadas utilizando um protocolo de PCR aninhada específico de IS900 e um kit de PCR em tempo real comercial para F57. Resultados: oito das 27 amostras de soro foram positivas para ELISA. Nenhuma das amostras testadas na cultura de fezes HEYM duplicado foram positivas ou na PCR em tempo real para F57. Sete das 27 amostras de fezes foram positivas na PCR aninhada específica para IS900. Foi encontrada concordância entre o resultado de ELISA e PCR aninhada específica para IS900 em um animal. Conclusão: este estudo fornece informações sobre a correlação entre técnicas de detecção direta e indireta do MAP, utilizando diferentes matrizes de animais sob as mesmas condições de condução.

Facts, myths and hypotheses on the zoonotic nature of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis.

Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of paratuberculosis (Johne's disease [JD]), a chronic granulomatous enteritis in ruminants. JD is one of the most widespread bacterial diseases of domestic animals with significant economic impact. The histopathological picture of JD resembles that of Crohn's disease (CD), a human chronic inflammatory bowel disease of still unresolved aetiology. An aetiological relevance of MAP for CD has been proposed. This and the ambiguity of other published epidemiological findings raise the question whether MAP represents a zoonotic agent. In this review, we will discuss evidence that MAP has zoonotic capacity.

Induction of matrix metalloproteinases and TLR2 and 6 in murine colon after oral exposure to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.

Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is suspected to be a causative agent in Crohn's disease. Recent evidence suggests that MAP can induce the expression of Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs), which are the main proteases in the pathogenesis of mucosal ulcerations in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Within the present study, we analysed whether oral MAP exposure can induce colonic MMP expression in vivo. In MAP exposed mice MAP and spheroplasts were visualized in intramucosal leukocyte aggregates. MAP exposed mice exhibited a higher colonic expression of Mmp-2, -9, -13, -14, Timp-1, Tlr2, Tlr6, Il-1ß, and Tnf-α. Cell clusters of MMP-9 positive cells adjacent to intramucosal leukocyte aggregates and CD45(+) leukocytes were identified as the major cellular sources of MMP-9. Enhanced TLR2 expression was visualized on the luminal side of colonic enterocytes. Although MAP exposure did not lead to macroscopic intestinal inflammation, the observed MAP spheroplasts in intramucosal leukocyte aggregates together with increased colonic expression of toll-like receptors, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and MMPs upon MAP exposure represents a part of the host immune response towards MAP.

Presence of intestinal Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) DNA is not associated with altered MMP expression in ulcerative colitis.

BACKGROUND: Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is suspected to be a causative agent in human Crohn's disease (CD). Recent evidence suggests that pathogenic mycobacteria and MAP can induce the expression of Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP), which are the main proteases in the pathogenesis of mucosal ulcerations in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Within this study we assessed the prevalence of intestinal MAP specific DNA in patients with Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis (UC), and healthy controls. We further analysed regulation patterns of MMPs in mucosal tissues of UC patients with and without intestinal MAP DNA detection. METHODS: Colonic biopsy samples were obtained from 63 Norwegian and German IBD patients and 21 healthy controls. RNA was quantified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to study MMP gene expression in both pathological and healthy mucosal specimens. The presence of MAP DNA in colonic mucosa was examined using MAP specific PCR. RESULTS: MAP DNA was detected in 20% of UC patients and 33% of healthy controls but only in 7% of patients with CD. UC patients treated with corticosteroids exhibited a significantly increased frequency of intestinal MAP DNA compared to those not receiving corticosteroids. Expression of MMP-1, -2, -7, -9, -13, -19, -28 and TNF-α did not differ between UC patients with presence of intestinal MAP DNA compared to those without. MMP-2, MMP-9 and MMP-13 were significantly decreased in UC patients receiving corticosteroids. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of intestinal MAP specific DNA is not associated with altered MMP expression in UC in vivo. Corticosteroids are associated with increased detection of intestinal MAP DNA and decreased expression of certain MMPs. Frequent detection of MAP DNA in healthy controls might be attributable to the wide environmental distribution of MAP and its presence in the food-chain.

A comparison of standard cultural methods for the detection of foodborne Salmonella species including three new chromogenic plating media.

In this study the draft of the horizontal method for the detection of Salmonella species from human food and animal feed (ISO 6579:2002) was compared to the European gold standard (DIN EN 12824:1998), including the three new chromogenic plating media AES Salmonella Agar Plate (ASAP), Oxoid Salmonella Chromogen Media (OSCM) and Miller-Mallinson agar (MM). First the growth and appearance of 36 bacterial type strains (Salmonella and other 21 species) on ASAP, OSCM and MM were compared to those on the three traditional agars Brilliant Green Agar according to Edel and Kampelmacher (BGA), Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate Agar (XLD) and Xylose Lysine Tergitol 4 Agar (XLT4). Only on MM agar, did all of 36 tested type strains produce typical colonies, especially strains of S. Senftenberg, Salmonella arizonae, S. Dublin and S. Derby. Artificial inoculation experiments using raw pork ground meat (n=92) were subsequently conducted. A shortened incubation time of 24 h in RVS broth yielded a Salmonella species recovery of 100% from spiked meat samples. Finally, 286 naturally contaminated raw porcine and bovine minced meat samples and raw poultry meat samples were investigated. Forty-three strains from a total of 39 Salmonella-positive samples were found. S. Typhimurium (n=21), with DT 104 L, DT 012 and RDNC being the most prevalent subtypes isolated. D-tartrate-positive S. Paratyphi B (n=2) and S. Saint-Paul (n=3) were also recovered. They were cultured from poultry meat and were multi-resistant against antibiotics including nalidixic acid. Rappaport Vassiliadis broth with soypeptone (RVS) yielded the highest recovery of Salmonella spp. (97,4%) compared to Tetrathionate broth with Novobiocin according to Muller and Kauffman (MKTTn, 94,9%) and Selenite Cystine broth (SC, 38,5%). However, no significant difference was obtained by comparing the ISO 6579:2002 draft to the gold standard.