Causes, management, and prognosis of severe gastrointestinal bleedings in critically ill patients with pancreatic cancer: A retrospective multicenter study.

BACKGROUND: Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding is a leading cause of intensive care unit (ICU) admission in pancreatic cancer patients. AIMS: To analyze causes, ICU mortality and hemostatic treatment success rates of GI bleeding in pancreatic cancer patients requiring ICU admission. METHODS: Retrospective multicenter cohort study between 2009 and 2021. Patients with a recent pancreatic resection surgery were excluded. RESULTS: Ninety-five patients were included (62 % males, 67 years-old). Fifty-one percent presented hemorrhagic shock, 41 % required mechanical ventilation. Main GI bleeding causes were gastroduodenal tumor invasion (32 %), gastroesophageal varices (21 %) and arterial aneurysm (12 %). Arterial aneurysms were more frequent in patients with previous pancreatic resection (36 % vs 2 %, p < 0.001). Hemostatic procedures included gastroduodenal endoscopy in 81 % patients and arterial embolization in 28 % patients. ICU mortality was 19 %. Multivariate analysis identified four variables associated with mortality: performance status >2 (OR 9.34, p = 0.026), mechanical ventilation (OR 14.14, p = 0.003), treatment success (OR 0.09, p = 0.010), hemorrhagic shock (OR 11.24, p = 0.010). Treatment success was 46 % and was associated with aneurysmal bleeding (OR 29.89, p = 0.005), ongoing chemotherapy (OR 0.22, p = 0.016), and prothrombin time ratio (OR 1.05, p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: In pancreatic cancer patients with severe GI bleeding, early identification of aneurysmal bleeding (particularly in case of previous resection surgery) and coagulopathy management may increase the treatment success and reduce mortality.

Performances of preoperative CT scan to predict the pTN stage for MSI/dMMR localized colon cancers.

BACKGROUND: Neoadjuvant immunotherapy emerges as a promising strategy for patients with localized colon cancer (CC) harboring microsatellite instability/mismatch repair deficiency (MSI/dMMR). The aim of this study is to evaluate the concordance between clinical cTN stage assessed by preoperative computed tomography (CT) scan and pTN stage of MSI/dMMR CC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Consecutive patients diagnosed for localized MSI/dMMR CC and treated with upfront surgery between 2013 and 2022 in two French centers were eligible. Two independent radiologists, blinded to pathological findings, reviewed all preoperative CT scans and assessed cTN stage, with a third radiologist reviewing discordant cases. Radiological predictive diagnostic accuracy for pT4 and pN+ (N+ = N1 or N2) were calculated. RESULTS: One hundred and thirteen patients were included (right CCs = 79%). CT scan diagnostic performances for pT4 were sensitivity (Se) = 33.3%; specificity (Sp) = 94.0%; positive predictive value (PPV) = 66.7%; and negative predictive value (NPV) = 79.6% and for pN+ were Se = 70.3%; Sp = 59.2%; PPV = 45.6%; and NPV = 80.4%. When pT-pN were combined, 37.5% of tumors identified as cT4 and/or cN+ were actually pT1-3 and pN0, and 23.1% of the pT4 and pN+ population was not identified as such radiologically. CONCLUSION: The ability of preoperative CT scan to predict pT and pN stages is limited for localized MSI/dMMR CCs. Reassessing neoadjuvant strategies' benefit-risk balance in this population is needed.

Development and validation of AI-assisted transcriptomic signatures to personalize adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: After surgical resection of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), patients are predominantly treated with adjuvant chemotherapy, commonly consisting of gemcitabine (GEM)-based regimens or the modified FOLFIRINOX (mFFX) regimen. While mFFX regimen has been shown to be more effective than GEM-based regimens, it is also associated with higher toxicity. Current treatment decisions are based on patient performance status rather than on the molecular characteristics of the tumor. To address this gap, the goal of this study was to develop drug-specific transcriptomic signatures for personalized chemotherapy treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We used PDAC datasets from preclinical models, encompassing chemotherapy response profiles for the mFFX regimen components. From them we identified specific gene transcripts associated with chemotherapy response. Three transcriptomic artificial intelligence signatures were obtained by combining independent component analysis and the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator-random forest approach. We integrated a previously developed GEM signature with three newly developed ones. The machine learning strategy employed to enhance these signatures incorporates transcriptomic features from the tumor microenvironment, leading to the development of the 'Pancreas-View' tool ultimately clinically validated in a cohort of 343 patients from the PRODIGE-24/CCTG PA6 trial. RESULTS: Patients who were predicted to be sensitive to the administered drugs (n = 164; 47.8%) had longer disease-free survival (DFS) than the other patients. The median DFS in the mFFX-sensitive group treated with mFFX was 50.0 months [stratified hazard ratio (HR) 0.31, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.21-0.44, P < 0.001] and 33.7 months (stratified HR 0.40, 95% CI 0.17-0.59, P < 0.001) in the GEM-sensitive group when treated with GEM. Comparatively patients with signature predictions unmatched with the treatments (n = 86; 25.1%) or those resistant to all drugs (n = 93; 27.1%) had shorter DFS (10.6 and 10.8 months, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: This study presents a transcriptome-based tool that was developed using preclinical models and machine learning to accurately predict sensitivity to mFFX and GEM.

Clinical features and outcomes of patients with pancreatic cancer requiring unplanned medical ICU admission: A retrospective multicenter study.

BACKGROUND: We sought to describe the reasons for intensive care unit (ICU) admission and outcomes of patients with pancreatic cancer requiring unplanned medical ICU admission. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective cohort study in five ICUs from 2009 to 2020. All patients with pancreatic cancer admitted to the ICU were included. Patients having undergone recent surgery were excluded (< 4 weeks). RESULTS: 269 patients were included. Tumors were mainly adenocarcinoma (90%). Main reason for admission was sepsis/septic shock (32%) with a biliary tract infection in 44 (51%) patients. Second reason for admission was gastrointestinal bleeding (28%). ICU and 3-month mortality rates were 26% and 59% respectively. Performance status 3-4 (odds ratio OR 3.58), disease status (responsive/stable -ref-, newly diagnosed OR 3.25, progressive OR 5.99), mechanical ventilation (OR 8.03), vasopressors (OR 4.19), SAPS 2 (OR 1.69) and pH (OR 0.02) were independently associated with ICU mortality. Performance status 3-4 (Hazard ratio HR 1.96) and disease status (responsive/stable -ref-, newly diagnosed HR 2.67, progressive HR 4.14) were associated with 3-month mortality. CONCLUSION: Reasons for ICU admissions of pancreatic cancer patients differ from those observed in other solid cancer. Short- and medium-term mortality are strongly influenced by performance status and disease status at ICU admission.

Trop-2 is a ubiquitous and promising target in pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Trop-2 is overexpressed in tumor cells of various cancers, including pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), and has emerged as a potent therapeutic target. We evaluated Trop-2 expression both at the transcriptomic and protein levels, and its correlation with tumor features and patients' outcomes in a large cohort of PDAC. METHODS: We included patients undergoing pancreatic resection for PDAC in 5 academic hospitals in France and Belgium. Transcriptomic profiles were obtained from FFPE tissue samples, with paired primary -25and metastatic lesions when available. Protein expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) using tissue micro-arrays. RESULTS: 495 patients (male 54%, median age 63 years) were included between 1996 and 2012. Trop-2 mRNA expression was significantly associated to tumor cellularity, but no association with survival nor with any clinical or pathological features was observed, with tumor cells showing an overall high expression among every subgroup. Trop-2 mRNA expression was maintained between primary and metastatic lesion in all 26 paired samples evaluated. In 50 tumors assessed by IHC, 30%, 68% and 2% harbored a high, medium, or low Trop-2 expression score, respectively. Trop-2 staining was significantly associated to mRNA expression, but not to survival or any pathological features. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest Trop-2 overexpression as a ubiquitous marker of PDAC tumor cells and thus a promising therapeutic target to evaluate in these patients.

%TTD and %TUDD: New SAS macro programs to calculate the survival data of the time to deterioration for patient-reported outcomes data in oncology.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Longitudinal analysis of patient-reported outcome (PRO) data remains challenging, as no standardization of statistical methods has been proposed, making comparison of PRO results between clinical trials difficult. In this context, the time to deterioration approach has recently been proposed and is regularly used as a modality of longitudinal PRO analysis in oncology. METHODS: Two new SAS macro programs were developed, %TTD and %TUDD, which implement longitudinal analysis of PRO data according to the time to deterioration approach. These programs implement the recommended deterioration definitions. We described the programs with their different functionalities. RESULTS: The %TTD macro calculates the time to first or transient deterioration, and the %TUDD macro calculates the time until definitive deterioration. These macros allow to obtain the survival variables from the time to deterioration approach. We illustrate our programs by presenting different applications on the randomized phase II AFUGEM GERCOR clinical trial. CONCLUSION: The implementation of the deterioration definitions in SAS software allows the dissemination of this approach, in order to move toward the goal of standardization of longitudinal PRO analysis in oncology clinical trials.

Relevance of biopsy-derived pancreatic organoids in the development of efficient transcriptomic signatures to predict adjuvant chemosensitivity in pancreatic cancer.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients are frequently treated by chemotherapy. Even if personalized therapy based on molecular analysis can be performed for some tumors, PDAC regimens selection is still mainly based on patients' performance status and expected efficacy. Therefore, the establishment of molecular predictors of chemotherapeutic efficacy could potentially improve prognosis by tailoring treatments. We have recently developed an RNA-based signature that predicts the efficacy of adjuvant gemcitabine using 38 PDAC primary cell cultures. While demonstrated its efficiency, a significant association with the classical/basal-like PDAC spectrum was observed. We hypothesized that this flaw was due to the basal-like biased phenotype of cellular models used in our strategy. To overcome this limitation, we generated a prospective cohort of 27 consecutive biopsied derived pancreatic organoids (BDPO) and include them in the signature identification strategy. As BDPO's do not have the same biased phenotype as primary cell cultures we expect they can compensate one with each other and cover a broader range of molecular phenotypes. We then obtained an improved signature predicting gemcitabine sensibility that was validated in a cohort of 300 resected PDAC patients that have or have not received adjuvant gemcitabine. We demonstrated a significant association between the improved signature and the overall and disease-free survival in patients predicted as sensitive and treated with adjuvant gemcitabine. We propose then that including BDPO along primary cell cultures represent a powerful strategy that helps to overcome primary cell cultures limitations producing unbiased RNA-based signatures predictive of adjuvant treatments in PDAC.

Ibrutinib in combination with nab-paclitaxel and gemcitabine for first-line treatment of patients with metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma: phase III RESOLVE study.

BACKGROUND: First-line treatment of metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) includes nab-paclitaxel/gemcitabine. Ibrutinib, a Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor, exhibits antitumor activity through tumor microenvironment modulation. The safety and efficacy of first-line ibrutinib plus nab-paclitaxel/gemcitabine treatment in patients with PDAC were evaluated. PATIENTS AND METHODS: RESOLVE (NCT02436668) was a phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Patients (histologically-confirmed PDAC; stage IV diagnosis ≥6 weeks of randomization; Karnofsky performance score ≥70) were randomized to once-daily oral ibrutinib (560 mg) or placebo plus nab-paclitaxel (125 mg/m2) and gemcitabine (1000 mg/m2). Primary endpoints were overall survival (OS) and investigator-assessed progression-free survival (PFS); overall response rate and safety were assessed. RESULTS: In total, 424 patients were randomized (ibrutinib arm, n = 211; placebo arm, n = 213). Baseline characteristics were balanced across arms. After a median follow-up of 25 months, there was no significant difference in OS between ibrutinib plus nab-paclitaxel/gemcitabine versus placebo plus nab-paclitaxel/gemcitabine (median of 9.7 versus 10.8 months; P = 0.3225). PFS was shorter for ibrutinib plus nab-paclitaxel/gemcitabine compared with placebo plus nab-paclitaxel/gemcitabine (median 5.3 versus 6.0 months; P < 0.0001). Overall response rates were 29% and 42%, respectively (P = 0.0058). Patients in the ibrutinib arm had less time on treatment and received lower cumulative doses for all agents compared with the placebo arm. The most common grade ≥3 adverse events for ibrutinib versus placebo arms included neutropenia (24% versus 35%), peripheral sensory neuropathy (17% versus 8%), and anemia (16% versus 17%). Primary reasons for any treatment discontinuation were disease progression and adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: Ibrutinib plus nab-paclitaxel/gemcitabine did not improve OS or PFS for patients with PDAC. Safety was consistent with known profiles for these agents.

A transcriptomic signature to predict adjuvant gemcitabine sensitivity in pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Chemotherapy is the only systemic treatment approved for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), with a selection of regimens based on patients' performance status and expected efficacy. The establishment of a potent stratification associated with chemotherapeutic efficacy could potentially improve prognosis by tailoring treatments. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Concomitant chemosensitivity and genome-wide RNA profiles were carried out on preclinical models (primary cell cultures and patient-derived xenografts) derived from patients with PDAC included in the PaCaOmics program (NCT01692873). The RNA-based stratification was tested in a monocentric cohort and validated in a multicentric cohort, both retrospectively collected from resected PDAC samples (67 and 368 patients, respectively). Forty-three (65%) and 203 (55%) patients received adjuvant gemcitabine in the monocentric and the multicentric cohorts, respectively. The relationships between predicted gemcitabine sensitivity and patients' overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival were investigated. RESULTS: The GemPred RNA signature was derived from preclinical models, defining gemcitabine sensitive PDAC as GemPred+. Among the patients who received gemcitabine in the test and validation cohorts, the GemPred+ patients had a higher OS than GemPred- (P = 0.046 and P = 0.00216). In both cohorts, the GemPred stratification was not associated with OS among patients who did not receive gemcitabine. Among gemcitabine-treated patients, GemPred+ patients had significantly higher OS than the GemPred-: 91.3 months [95% confidence interval (CI): 61.2-not reached] versus 33 months (95% CI: 24-35.2); hazard ratio 0.403 (95% CI: 0.221-0.735, P = 0.00216). The interaction test for gemcitabine and GemPred+ stratification was significant (P = 0.0245). Multivariate analysis in the gemcitabine-treated population retained an independent predictive value. CONCLUSION: The RNA-based GemPred stratification predicts the benefit of adjuvant gemcitabine in PDAC patients.

BRAF mutation is not associated with an increased risk of recurrence in patients undergoing resection of colorectal liver metastases.

BACKGROUND: BRAF mutation is associated with a poor prognosis in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. For patients with resectable colorectal liver metastases (CRLMs), the prognostic impact of BRAF mutation is unknown and the benefit of surgery debated. This nationwide intergroup (ACHBT, FRENCH, AGEO) study aimed to evaluate the oncological outcome of patients undergoing liver resection for BRAF-mutated CRLMs. METHODS: The study included patients who underwent resection for BRAF-mutated CRLMs in 24 centres between 2012 and 2016. A case-matched comparison was made with 183 patients who underwent resection of CRLMs with wild-type BRAF during the same interval. RESULTS: Sixty-six patients who underwent resection for BRAF-mutated CRLMs in 24 centres were compared with 183 patients with wild-type BRAF. The 1- and 3-year disease-free survival (DFS) rates were 46 and 19 per cent for the BRAF-mutated group, and 55·4 and 27·8 per cent for the group with wild-type BRAF (P = 0·430). In multivariable analysis, BRAF mutation was not associated with worse DFS (hazard ratio 1·16, 95 per cent c.i. 0·72 to 1·85; P = 0·547). The 1- and 3-year overall survival rates after surgery were 94 and 54 per cent respectively among patients with BRAF mutation, and 95·8 and 82·9 per cent in those with wild-type BRAF (P = 0·004). Median survival after disease progression was 23·0 (95 per cent c.i. 11·0 to 35·0) months among patients with mutated BRAF and 44·3 (35·9 to 52·6) months in those with wild-type BRAF (P = 0·050). Multisite disease progression was more common in the BRAF-mutated group (48 versus 29·8 per cent; P = 0·034). CONCLUSION: These results support surgical treatment for resectable BRAF-mutated CRLM, as BRAF mutation by itself does not increase the risk of relapse after resection. BRAF mutation is associated with worse survival in patients whose disease relapses after resection of CRLM, as for non-metastatic colorectal cancer.

Oxaliplatin, 5-Fluorouracil and Nab-paclitaxel as perioperative regimen in patients with resectable gastric adenocarcinoma: A GERCOR phase II study (FOXAGAST).

BACKGROUND: 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) and platinum-based perioperative chemotherapy is standard of care for resectable gastric adenocarcinoma (RGA). Nanoparticle albumin-bound (Nab-) paclitaxel is active in advanced disease but has never been evaluated in the perioperative setting. The objective was to evaluate the efficacy of Nab-paclitaxel in combination with FOLFOX for RGA patients. METHODS: We performed a non-randomised, open-label, phase II study. RGA patients were assigned to receive neoadjuvant Nab-paclitaxel (150 mg/m2) and FOLFOX q2w for six cycles. Six additional post-operative cycles were kept at the investigator's discretion. The primary end-point was complete pathological response (tumour regression grade [TRG1]) rate. According to Fleming design, 49 patients were required to test H0 (10% TRG1) and H1 (25% TRG1). To reject H0, TRG1 had to be achieved in 8 patients. RESULTS: Forty-nine patients were included. Median number of neoadjuvant chemotherapy cycles was 6 (range, 3-6). Median dose intensity for Nab-paclitaxel, oxaliplatin and 5-FU was 96% (38-103%), 97% (47-103%) and 99% (50-112%), respectively. Surgery could not be performed in 5 (10.2%) patients. Tumour resection was R0 for 42 of 44 (95.5%) patients. Pathological review classified tumours as TRG1 to TRG5 for 8 (16.3%), 11 (22.5%), 4 (8.2%), 18 (36.7%) and 3 (6.1%) patients, respectively. Grade 3 or worse toxicities during neoadjuvant chemotherapy were non-febrile neutropenia (20.4%), nausea (8.2%), diarrhoea (8.2%) and neuropathy (6.1%). Of 44 patients, 14 (31.8%) experienced surgery-related complications and three (6.8%) died of surgical complications. CONCLUSION: This regimen shows promising activity. Toxicity is manageable but a meaningful rate of surgical complications was observed. This strategy deserves investigation in phase III studies.

FOLFIRINOX as induction treatment in rectal cancer patients with synchronous metastases: Results of the FFCD 1102 phase II trial.

AIM OF THE STUDY: The optimal therapeutic strategy in patients with rectal cancer and synchronous unresectable metastases remains unknown. We evaluated the efficacy of FOLFIRINOX induction therapy in this setting. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Chemotherapy-naïve patients received at least 8 cycles of FOLFIRINOX. The primary end-point was the 4-month disease control (4 m DC) rate. Tumour responses were centrally reviewed and assessed by computed tomography scan for metastases (Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours criteria) and magnetic resonance imaging for rectal tumorus. With a Simon 2-stage design and a targeted (H1) 4 m DC > 75%, 65 patients were enrolled from July 2012 to February 2015: male, 78%; median age, 61 years; performance status, 0-1, 98%; liver metastases, 92%; ≥2 metastatic sites, 63%. RESULTS: Fifty-six (85%) of the 65 patients received the 8 planned FOLFIRINOX cycles. The primary objective was achieved (4 m DC rate: 94%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 86.3-97.8). Primary tumour symptoms decreased from 72% at baseline to 10% at 4 months. Response rate was 86%, and a >70% primary tumour volume decrease was seen in 63% of patients. Forty-four patients (68%) had at least one grade 3 side-effect; no toxic deaths occurred. Median follow-up was 35.0 months (95% CI, 31.3-43.7). Median progression-free survival and overall survival were 10.9 m (95% CI, 8.8-12.9) and 33.4 m (95% CI, 22.6-38.2), respectively. CONCLUSION: Upfront FOLFIRINOX is feasible and allows good local and distant control. It therefore offers the opportunity to choose the best therapeutic strategy for each patient and to personalise treatment according to the local and distant efficacy results of this induction step. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT01674309.

[Circulating tumour DNA: Current detection methods, use in radiotherapy and future development]. / ADN tumoral circulant : principes, applications actuelles en radiothérapie et développement futur.

Recent technological developments enable the detection and quantification of circulating tumour DNA in the blood, with potentially major clinical implications, particularly for cancers treated with curative intent. Circulating tumour DNA has a potential impact before, during and after treatment. If limitations of this approach remain, requiring further development, it is important to know the principles and applications in view of the potential impact on the clinical practice. In this review, we will discuss the current detection methods, then the place of circulating tumour DNA in oncology and more particularly in radiotherapy.

RAS mutation analysis in circulating tumor DNA from patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: the AGEO RASANC prospective multicenter study.

Background: RAS mutations are currently sought for in tumor samples, which takes a median of almost 3 weeks in western European countries. This creates problems in clinical situations that require urgent treatment and for inclusion in therapeutic trials that need RAS status for randomization. Analysis of circulating tumor DNA might help to shorten the time required to determine RAS mutational status before anti-epidermal growth factor receptor antibody therapy for metastatic colorectal cancer. Here we compared plasma with tissue RAS analysis in a large prospective multicenter cohort. Patients and methods: Plasma samples were collected prospectively from chemotherapy-naive patients and analyzed centrally by next-generation sequencing (NGS) with the colon lung cancer V2 Ampliseq panel and by methylation digital PCR (WIF1 and NPY genes). Tumoral RAS status was determined locally, in parallel, according to routine practice. For a minimal κ coefficient of 0.7, reflecting acceptable concordance (precision ± 0.07), with an estimated 5% of non-exploitable data, 425 subjects were necessary. Results: From July 2015 to December 2016, 425 patients were enrolled. For the 412 patients with available paired plasma and tumor samples, the κ coefficient was 0.71 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.64-0.77] and accuracy was 85.2% (95% CI, 81.4% to 88.5%). In the 329 patients with detectable ctDNA (at least one mutation or one methylated biomarker), the κ coefficient was 0.89 (95% CI, 0.84-0.94) and accuracy was 94.8% (95% CI, 91.9% to 97.0%). The absence of liver metastases was the main clinical factor associated with inconclusive circulating tumor DNA results [odds ratio = 0.11 (95% CI, 0.06-0.21)]. In patients with liver metastases, accuracy was 93.5% with NGS alone and 97% with NGS plus the methylated biomarkers. Conclusion: This prospective trial demonstrates excellent concordance between RAS status in plasma and tumor tissue from patients with colorectal cancer and liver metastases, thus validating plasma testing for routine RAS mutation analysis in these patients. Clinical Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT02502656.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) monitoring by 6-monthly 18FDG-PET/CT: an open-label multicentre randomised trial.

Background: [18F]2-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18FDG-PET/CT) has high sensitivity for detecting recurrences of colorectal cancer (CRC). Our objective was to determine whether adding routine 6-monthly 18FDG-PET/CT to our usual monitoring strategy improved patient outcomes and to assess the effect on costs. Patients and methods: In this open-label multicentre trial, patients in remission of CRC (stage II perforated, stage III, or stage IV) after curative surgery were randomly assigned (1 : 1) to usual monitoring alone (3-monthly physical and tumour marker assays, 6-monthly liver ultrasound and chest radiograph, and 6-monthly whole-body computed tomography) or with 6-monthly 18FDG-PET/CT, for 3 years. A multidisciplinary committee reviewed each patient's data every 3 months and classified the recurrence status as yes/no/doubtful. Recurrences were treated with curative surgery alone if feasible and with chemotherapy otherwise. The primary end point was treatment failure defined as unresectable recurrence or death. Relative risks were estimated, and survival was analysed using the Kaplan-Meier method, log-rank test, and Cox models. Direct costs were compared. Results: Of the 239 enrolled patients, 120 were in the intervention arm and 119 in the control arm. The failure rate was 29.2% (31 unresectable recurrences and 4 deaths) in the intervention group and 23.7% (27 unresectable recurrences and 1 death) in the control group (relative risk = 1.23; 95% confidence interval, 0.80-1.88; P = 0.34). The multivariate analysis also showed no significant difference (hazards ratio, 1.33; 95% confidence interval, 0.8-2.19; P = 0.27). Median time to diagnosis of unresectable recurrence (months) was significantly shorter in the intervention group [7 (3-20) versus 14.3 (7.3-27), P = 0.016]. Mean cost/patient was higher in the intervention group (18 192 ± 27 679 € versus 11 131 ± 13 €, P < 0.033). Conclusion: 18FDG-PET/CT, when added every 6 months, increased costs without decreasing treatment failure rates in patients in remission of CRC. The control group had very close follow-up, and any additional improvement (if present) would be small and hard to detect. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00624260.

Clinical and molecular characterisation of hereditary and sporadic metastatic colorectal cancers harbouring microsatellite instability/DNA mismatch repair deficiency.

BACKGROUND: Patients treated with chemotherapy for microsatellite unstable (MSI) and/or mismatch repair deficient (dMMR) cancer metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) exhibit poor prognosis. We aimed to evaluate the relevance of distinguishing sporadic from Lynch syndrome (LS)-like mCRCs. PATIENTS AND METHODS: MSI/dMMR mCRC patients were retrospectively identified in six French hospitals. Tumour samples were screened for MSI, dMMR, RAS/RAF mutations and MLH1 methylation. Sporadic cases were molecularly defined as those displaying MLH1/PMS2 loss of expression with BRAFV600E and/or MLH1 hypermethylation and no MMR germline mutation. RESULTS: Among 129 MSI/dMMR mCRC patients, 81 (63%) were LS-like and 48 (37%) had sporadic tumours; 22% of MLH1/PMS2-negative mCRCs would have been misclassified using an algorithm based on local medical records (age, Amsterdam II criteria, BRAF and MMR statuses when locally tested), compared to a systematical assessment of MMR, BRAF and MLH1 methylation statuses. In univariate analysis, parameters associated with better overall survival were age (P < 0.0001), metastatic resection (P = 0.001) and LS-like mCRC (P = 0.01), but not BRAFV600E. In multivariate analysis, age (hazard ratio (HR) = 3.19, P = 0.01) and metastatic resection (HR = 4.2, P = 0.001) were associated with overall survival, but not LS. LS-like patients were associated with more frequent liver involvement, metastatic resection and better disease-free survival after metastasectomy (HR = 0.28, P = 0.01). Median progression-free survival of first-line chemotherapy was similar between the two groups (4.2 and 4.2 months; P = 0.44). CONCLUSIONS: LS-like and sporadic MSI/dMMR mCRCs display distinct natural histories. MMR, BRAF mutation and MLH1 methylation testing should be mandatory to differentiate LS-like and sporadic MSI/dMMR mCRC, to determine in particular whether immune checkpoint inhibitors efficacy differs in these two populations.

[How to manage a rectal cancer with synchronous liver metastases? A question of strategy]. / Comment traiter un cancer du rectum avec métastases hépatiques synchrones ? Une question de stratégie thérapeutique.

The prognosis of patients with rectal cancer and synchronous liver metastasis has improved thanks to chemotherapy and rectal and liver surgery progresses. However, there is no consensus about optimal management and practices remain heterogeneous. A curative treatment may be considered for 20 to 30% of patients with complete resection of metastasis and primary tumor after induction chemotherapy. To this end, a primary optimal evaluation by a multidisciplinary board including hepatic and colorectal surgeons is crucial. The therapeutic strategy associates chemotherapy, radiotherapy, hepatic and rectal surgery. The most threatening site guides the sequence of treatments. If hepatic resectability is uncertain, a "liver first" strategy associating induction chemotherapy and hepatic surgery is preferred. In non-resectable metastatic cases, chemotherapies with targeted therapies might lead to secondary resection for 30% of patients (conversion). This has changed our practice and triggers reconsidering resectability after chemotherapy. When metastases remain non-resectable, additional treatment focusing on primary tumor should control pelvic symptoms otherwise hardly impacting quality of life. Rectal surgery, short-course radiotherapy (5×5Gy), conformational long-course chemoradiotherapy or intensity-modulated radiation therapy with dose escalation are options discussed in this review.

DLL4 expression is a prognostic marker and may predict gemcitabine benefit in resected pancreatic cancer.

BACKGROUND: There is an increasing interest for Notch signalling pathway and particularly Delta-like ligand 4 (DLL4) as potential therapeutic target to improve outcome for patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). METHODS: Using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and tissue microarray (TMA), we assessed the expression patterns of DLL4, Notch1 and Notch3 in 151 patients from two independent cohorts of resected PDAC. We investigated the prognostic and the predictive significance of these proteins. RESULTS: High IHC DLL4 expression in cancer cells was associated with worse overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) than low DLL4 expression (median OS: 12.9 vs 30.4 months, P=0.004 and median DFS: 8.8 vs 17.4 months, P=0.02). High DLL4 expression remained a significant negative prognostic factor in multivariate analysis (HR for OS: 2.1, P=0.02 and HR for DFS: 2.0, P=0.02). Low DLL4 abundance was associated with a longer OS-only for patients who received an adjuvant gemcitabine-based chemotherapy (P<0.001) but not for patients who did not receive gemcitabine (P=0.72). Furthermore, the interaction test for adjuvant gemcitabine therapy was statistically significant (P<0.001). The validating cohort recapitulated the findings of the training cohort. CONCLUSIONS: Low DLL4 abundance in tumour cells may predict the benefit from adjuvant gemcitabine therapy after PDAC resection.

Prognostic score for recurrence after Whipple's pancreaticoduodenectomy for ampullary carcinomas; results of an AGEO retrospective multicenter cohort.

BACKGROUND: Ampullary carcinoma (AC) is a relatively rare entity often managed as a biliopancreatic carcinoma. AC has a better prognosis than peri ampullary tumors after resection, but more than a third of patients relapse. Factors predictive of recurrence are controversial, mainly because the relevant studies are very small or also included non AC tumors. There are no guidelines on the use of adjuvant or neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The aim of this study was to identify prognostic factors for recurrence after AC resection in a large multicentric cohort, and to establish a simple, practical, predictive score for recurrence in order to guide multidisciplinary decisions. METHODS: We included 152 consecutive patients who underwent Whipple's pancreaticoduodenectomy for ampullary carcinoma from January 2000 to December 2010 in 10 gastrointestinal oncology departments. RESULTS: The estimated overall 5-year disease-free survival rate (DFS) was 47.1%. In multivariate analysis, age≥ 75 years at diagnosis (p < 0.0001), poor general condition (p = 0.01), poorly (p = 0.005) or moderately differentiated tumors (p = 0.01) and TNM stage IIb or III (p = 0.05) were associated with poor DFS. Based on this multivariate analysis, we developed a prognostic score with three levels of risk: DFS at 5 years was 73.5% in the low-risk group and 20.1% in the high-risk group. CONCLUSION: This simple score based on age, general condition, tumor differentiation and TNM stage can classify patients into subgroups with different risks of recurrence and could help with therapeutic decisionmaking.