Treadmill exercise ameliorates ethanol with lipopolysaccharide and carbon tetrachloride-mediated liver injury in mice.

We reported that application of ethanol with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) enhanced alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level. In the current experiment, the protective effect of treadmill running on liver injury caused by ethanol with LPS and CCl4 in mice was studied. Liver injury severity was determined by measuring ALT and AST level in the blood. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining, immunohistochemistry for caspase-3, and Western blotting for Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) were performed to indicate hepatocyte apoptosis. In addition, to understand the mechanism, 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation was studied by Western blotting. Treadmill exercise ameliorated ethanol with LPS and CCl4-mediated elevation of ALT and AST level. Treadmill exercise suppressed ethanol with LPS and CCl4-mediated elevation of the TUNEL-positive cell number and cleaved caspase-3 expression. Treadmill exercise suppressed ethanol with LPS and CCl4-mediated elevation of Bax expression and increased Bcl-2 expression suppressed by application of ethanol with LPS and CCl4. Treadmill exercise enhanced AMPK phosphorylation which was suppressed by application of ethanol with LPS and CCl4. Treadmill exercise has the effect of reducing liver damage caused by alcohol and or drug addiction.

Study on the pathogenesis of liver injury caused by alcohol and drugs.

In the present study, alcohol, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and carbon tetrachloride (CCL4) were administered to experimental mice. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1ß, and IL-6 concentrations, and collagen type 1alpha (COL-1A) and fibronectin expressions were measured to evaluate pathophysiology of liver injury. Levels of ALT and AST were significantly increased by alcohol treatment. Alcohol with LPS treatment increased ALT and AST levels more than alcohol alone treatment, but it was not statistically significant. Alcohol with CCL4 treatment significantly increased ALT and AST levels more than alcohol alone treatment. Alcohol with LPS and CCL4 treatment significantly increased ALT and AST levels more than alcohol with CCL4 treatment. Concentrations of TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6 were significantly enhanced by alcohol treatment. Alcohol with LPS treatment significantly enhanced concentrations of TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6 more than alcohol alone treatment. Alcohol with CCL4 treatment significantly enhanced TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6 concentrations more than alcohol alone treatment. Alcohol with LPS and CCL4 treatment increased TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6 concentrations more than alcohol with CCL4 treatment, but it was not statistically significant. COL-1A and fibronectin expressions were significantly increased by alcohol treatment. Alcohol with LPS treatment significantly increased COL-1A and fibronectin expressions more than alcohol alone treatment. Alcohol with CCL4 treatment significantly increased COL-1A and fibronectin expressions more than alcohol alone treatment. Alcohol with LPS and CCL4 treatment increased COL-1A and fibronectin expressions more than alcohol with CCL4 treatment, but it was not statistically significant.

Resistance Exercise Improves Spatial Learning Ability Through Phosphorylation of 5'-Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase in Parkinson Disease Mice.

PURPOSE: Exercise is a representative noninvasive treatment that can be applied to various diseases. We studied the effect of resistance exercise on motor function and spatial learning ability in Parkinson disease (PD) mice. METHODS: The rotarod test and beam walking test were conducted to evaluate the effect of resistance exercise on motor function, and the Morris water maze test was conducted to examine the effect of resistance exercise on spatial learning ability. The effect of resistance exercise on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) expression and 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation was investigated by Western blot analysis. New cell generation was confirmed by immunohistochemistry for 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine. RESULTS: Resistance exercise improved coordination, balance, and spatial learning ability in PD mice. Resistance exercise enhanced new cell production, BDNF and TrkB expression, and AMPK phosphorylation in PD mice. The effect of such resistance exercise was similar to that of levodopa application. CONCLUSION: In PD-induced mice, resistance exercise enhanced AMPK phosphorylation to increase BDNF expression and new neuron generation, thereby improving spatial learning ability. Resistance exercise is believed to help improve symptoms of PD.

Treadmill exercise ameliorates impairment of spatial learning memory in pups born to old and obese mother rats.

Memory state of rat pups born to old and obese mother rats and the effect of a treadmill running of mother rats on the memory of rat pups were studied. The radial 8-arm maze test was performed to detect spatial learning memory, and the level of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1ß, and IL-6 in the hippocampus was measured by enzyme-linked immunoassay. Western blotting was performed for the expression of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer (NF-κB), nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκB-α), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, and immunohistochemistry for caspase-3 was conducted. The newborn rats were classified into following groups: pups born to old mother rats, pups born to old mother rats with exercise, pups born to old and obese mother rats, and pups born to old and obese mother rats with exercise. Exercise of mother ameliorated spatial learning memory impairment, inhibited proinflammatory cytokines production, NF-κB expression, and IκB-α phosphorylation of the pups born to old and obese mother rats. Maternal exercise suppressed Bax expression, the number of caspase-3, the level of MMP-9, and enhanced Bcl-2 expression of the pups born to old and obese mother rats. When the maternal exercise was performed, the impairment of spatial learning memory in pups was ameliorated. Therefore, it can be seen that exercise during pregnancy of older and obese mothers is an important factor in fetal health management.

Musculoskeletal ultrasound and its application in sports medicine / A ultrassonografia musculoesquelética e sua aplicação na medicina do esporte / El ultrasonido musculoesquelético y su aplicación en la medicina del deporte

ABSTRACT Introduction: Musculoskeletal ultrasound is a clinical auxiliary examination for the diagnosis of musculoskeletal system injuries by ultrasound imaging technology. Objective: To explore the real time application value of musculoskeletal ultrasound in exercise. Methods: The MSKUS technique was used to diagnose and classify the types, positions and degrees of sports injuries. Results: A total of 35 athletes received a MSKUS diagnosis; 2 athletes were recommended to withdraw from competition after the diagnosis and return to China for treatment. Among the athletes, 9 cases (25.71%) suffered muscle injury, 22 (62.86%) suffered tendon, ligament and fascia injury, 2 (5.71%) suffered bone and cartilage injury, and 2 (5.71%) suffered bursitis. The main site of injury was the lower extremity (74.29%). Most of the injuries were mild, and only 2 cases were severe. Conclusions: Musculoskeletal ultrasound has certain advantages in the real-time diagnosis of tendons, ligaments and soft tissue in the field. Using musculoskeletal ultrasounds, doctors can assess the injury situation more quickly and accurately, and choose the next steps concerning exercise prescription and a rehabilitation treatment plan more effectively. Musculoskeletal ultrasound is real time, reliable and convenient, and has application value in sports. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

RESUMO Introdução: A ultrassonografia musculoesquelética é um exame clínico auxiliar para o diagnóstico de lesões do sistema musculoesquelético através da tecnologia por imagens ultrassonográficas. Objetivo: Explorar o valor de aplicação em tempo real da ultrassonografia musculoesquelético para exercícios. Métodos: A técnica USME foi utilizada para o diagnóstico e a classificação de tipos, posições e graus de lesão causadas pela prática do esporte. Resultados: Um total de 35 atletas receberam diagnósticos por USME; 2 atletas foram recomendados a se retirarem da competição após o diagnóstico e voltarem para a China para tratamento. Entre os atletas, 9 eram casos (25,71%) de lesão muscular, 22 (62,86%) eram casos de lesão de tendão, ligamento e fáscia, 2 (5,71%) sofriam de lesões ósseas e de cartilagem, e 2 (5,71%) sofriam de bursite. O local principal das lesões era a extremidade inferior (74,29%). A maioria das lesões eram leves, e apenas dois casos eram graves. Conclusões: A ultrassonografia musculoesquelética apresenta certas vantagens no diagnostico em tempo real de tendões, ligamentos e tecido mole na área. Com a ultrassonografia musculoesquelética, médicos podem avaliar a situação da lesão com maior rapidez e precisão, e escolher os próximos passos quanto a prescrição de exercícios e um plano de tratamento de reabilitação com maior eficácia. A ultrassonografia musculoesquelética é feita em tempo real, é confiável e conveniente, e tem um valor de aplicação para os esportes. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação de resultados de tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: El ultrasonido musculoesquelético es un examen clínico auxiliar para el diagnóstico de lesiones del sistema musculoesquelético a través de la tecnología por imágenes ultrasonográficas. Objetivo: Explorar el valor de aplicación en tiempo real del ultrasonido musculoesquelético para ejercicios. Métodos: La técnica USME se utilizó para el diagnóstico y clasificación de tipos, posiciones y grados de lesión causadas por la práctica de deporte. Resultados: Un total de 35 atletas recibieron diagnósticos por USME; se recomendó a 2 atletas que se retiraran de la competición tras el diagnóstico y que volvieran a China para tratamiento. Entre los atletas, 9 (25,71%) eran casos de lesión muscular, 22 (62,86%) eran casos de lesión de tendón, ligamento y fascia, 2 (5,71%) sufrían de lesiones óseas y de cartílago, y 2 (5,71%) sufrían de bursitis. El sitio principal de lesiones era la extremidad inferior (74,29%). La mayoría de las lesiones eran leves, y solo dos casos eran graves. Conclusiones: El ultrasonido musculoesquelético presenta ciertas ventajas en el diagnóstico en tiempo real de tendones, ligamentos y tejido blanco en el área. Con el ultrasonido musculoesquelético, médicos pueden evaluar la situación de la lesión con mayor rapidez y precisión, y elegir los próximos pasos cuanto a la prescripción de ejercicios y un plan de tratamiento de rehabilitación con mayor eficacia. El ultrasonido musculoesquelético se hace en tiempo real, es confiable y conveniente, y tiene un valor de aplicación para los deportes. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de resultados de tratamiento.

Resistance exercise improves short-term memory through inactivation of NF-κB pathway in mice with Parkinson disease.

Dysfunctions of Parkinson disease (PD) are classified into motor dysfunction, autonomic nervous system dysfunction, and nonmotor dysfunction, and clinical symptoms such as muscle stiffness, tremors, speech disorders, balance disorders, and slow movements appear. Resistance exercise is a main compartment of exercise programs for PD patient. The effect of resistant exercise on short-term memory in PD mice was studied in relation to the activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB pathway. PD was induced by subcutaneous injection of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. For resistance exercise, mice performed ladder climbing 5 days per week for 5 weeks. Step-down avoidance test for short-term memory, enzyme-linked immunoassay for tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1ß, Western bot for NF-κB, NF-κB inhibitor (IκB)-α, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)-associated X protein (Bax), and Bcl-2, and immunohistochemistry for cleaved caspase-3 were done. Latency time was shortened, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1ß concentration was increased, NF-κB expression and IκB-α phosphorylation were increased, cleaved caspase-3 and Bax expression was enhanced, and Bcl-2 expression was suppressed by PD induction. Latency time was lengthened, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1ß concentration was decreased, NF-κB expression and IκB-α phosphorylation were suppressed, cleaved caspase-3 and Bax expression was decreased, and Bcl-2 expression was increased in PD mice by resistance exercise or levodopa treatment. Resistance exercise improved short-term memory by inhibiting secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and apoptosis through inactivation of NF-κB. These effects of resistance exercise were similar to levodopa treatment.

Treadmill exercise inhibits traumatic brain injury-induced hippocampal apoptosis.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) occurs when an outside force impacts the brain. The main problem associated with TBI is neuronal cell death of the brain, and the outcome of TBI ranges from complete recovery to permanent disability, and sometimes death. Physical exercise is known to ameliorate neurologic impairment induced by various brain insults. In the present study, we investigated the effects of treadmill exercise on short-term memory and apoptosis in the hippocampus following TBI in rats. TBI was induced by an electromagnetic-controlled cortical impact. The rats in the exercise group were forced to run on a treadmill for 30min once daily for 10 consecutive days, beginning 2days after induction of TBI. For the current study, a step-down avoidance task, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, Western blot for Bcl-2 and Bax, and immunohistochemistry for caspase-3 were conducted. The present results revealed that TBI impaired short-term memory, and increased DNA fragmentation and caspase-3 expression in the hippocampus. Induction of TBI also enhanced expression of pro-apoptotic factor Bax protein and suppressed expression of anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-2 protein in the hippocampus. Treadmill exercise alleviated short-term memory impairment, and decreased DNA fragmentation and caspase-3 expression in the hippocampus. In addition, treadmill exercise remarkably suppressed expression of Bax protein and slightly increased expression of Bcl-2 protein in TBI-induced rats. The present study showed that treadmill exercise might overcome TBI-induced apoptotic neuronal cell death, thus facilitating recovery following TBI.

Treadmill exercise prevents aging-induced failure of memory through an increase in neurogenesis and suppression of apoptosis in rat hippocampus.

Aging leads to functional changes in the hippocampus, and consequently induces cognitive deficits, such as failure of memory. Neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus continues throughout life, but steadily declines from early adulthood. Apoptosis occurs under various pathologic and physiologic conditions, and excessive apoptotic cell death can cause a number of functional disorders in humans. Apoptosis in the hippocampus also disturbs cognitive functions. In this study, we examined the effect of treadmill exercise on memory in relation to neurogensis and apoptosis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of old-aged rats. The present results showed that loss of memory by aging was associated with a decrease in neurogenesis and an increase in apoptosis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. Treadmill exercise improved short-term and spatial memories by enhancing neurogenesis and suppressing apoptosis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of old-aged rats. In the present study, we showed that treadmill exercise is a very useful strategy for preventing failure of memory in the elderly.