Diabetes mellitus and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in people with tuberculosis in Odisha, India.

BACKGROUND: Modelling studies have indicated that approximately 20% of all tuberculosis (TB) cases may suffer from diabetes mellitus (DM). DM increases the risk of developing active TB disease by 2-3 times. People living with HIV (PLHIV) are more likely to develop TB disease, and TB is a leading cause of hospitalization and death among PLHIV. Despite the substantial burden of DM and HIV in India, few studies have evaluated the prevalence of DM and HIV among active cases of TB, and its impact on the treatment outcome for TB. This study evaluated the burden of HIV and DM in TB cases from Odisha during 2019, and its impact on the TB treatment outcome. METHODS: The study utilized data on TB patients of Odisha during 2019, from the NIKSHAY portal, the health management information system (HMIS) of TB in India. This is a retrospective observational registry-based cohort study, which evaluated a linkage between socio-demographic predictors, clinical diagnostic and treatment predictors, time of treatment predictors, and co-morbidity with TB. Data were retrieved electronically in Microsoft-Excel and analysis was done using STATA 16 (StataCorp. 2019, College Station, TX: StataCorp LLC). RESULTS: Data for 47,831 TB cases of Odisha as study population was extracted from the Nikshay application for the year 2019. The highest prevalence (31.1%, 14,863/47,831) of TB was observed among young participants aged 15-30 years, whereas the prevalence was least among children <14 years (4.4%, 2124/47,831). Males had a higher prevalence of TB (66.7%, 31,878/47,831). Of the 47,831 TB cases included in the study, 7.6% (3659/47,831) had diabetes mellitus (DM), along with TB. 1.2% (571/47,831) had HIV along with TB, while only 0.08% (37/47,831) had both DM and HIV along with TB. 88.2% (3148/3569) of cases with DM and TB had a favorable outcome, compared to 82.3% (449/541) of cases with HIV and TB. People with TB who did not have DM had a significantly higher favorable outcome (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.5-1.8) compared to those with TB and DM. Similarly, TB cases who did not have HIV infection had a significantly higher favorable outcome (OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.9-3.0) compared to those with TB and HIV. CONCLUSION: Our study showed that presence of DM and/or HIV in TB patients had an impact on the TB treatment outcome. There is a crucial need to prevent comorbidities such as DM and HIV from occurring and to prioritize early diagnosis and management of these conditions.

ACC deaminase and IAA producing growth promoting bacteria from the rhizosphere soil of tropical rice plants.

Beneficial plant-associated bacteria play a key role in supporting and/or promoting plant growth and health. Plant growth promoting bacteria present in the rhizosphere of crop plants can directly affect plant metabolism or modulate phytohormone production or degradation. We isolated 355 bacteria from the rhizosphere of rice plants grown in the farmers' fields in the coastal rice field soil from five different locations of the Ganjam district of Odisha, India. Six bacteria producing both ACC deaminase (ranging from 603.94 to 1350.02 nmol α-ketobutyrate mg(-1) h(-1) ) and indole acetic acid (IAA; ranging from 10.54 to 37.65 µM ml(-1) ) in pure cultures were further identified using polyphasic taxonomy including BIOLOG((R)) , FAME analysis and the 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Phylogenetic analyses of the isolates resulted into five major clusters to include members of the genera Bacillus, Microbacterium, Methylophaga, Agromyces, and Paenibacillus. Seed inoculation of rice (cv. Naveen) by the six individual PGPR isolates had a considerable impact on different growth parameters including root elongation that was positively correlated with ACC deaminase activity and IAA production. The cultures also had other plant growth attributes including ammonia production and at least two isolates produced siderophores. Study indicates that presence of diverse rhizobacteria with effective growth-promoting traits, in the rice rhizosphere, may be exploited for a sustainable crop management under field conditions.