Production of a magnetic nanocomposite for biological and hyperthermia applications based on chitosan-silk fibroin hydrogel incorporated with carbon nitride.

Hydrogels based on natural polymers have lightened the path of novel drug delivery systems, wound healing, and tissue engineering fields because they are renewable, non-toxic, biocompatible, and biodegradable. Furthermore, applying modified hydrogels can upgrade their biological activity. Herein, Chitosan (CS) was used to create a hydrogel using terephthaloyl thiourea as a cross-linker. Silk fibroin (SF) and carbon nitride (CN) were added to the hydrogel to enhance its strength and biocompatibility. Finally, CS hydrogel/SF/CN was in situ magnetized using Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and manufactured as a nanobiocomposite for improved hyperthermia. The structural properties of the nanobiocomposite were assessed using several analytical techniques, including VSM, FTIR, TGA, EDX, XRD, and FESEM. The saturation magnetization of this magnetic nanocomposite was 23.94 emu/g. The hemolytic experiment on the nanobiocomposite resulted in ca. 98 % cell survival, with a hemolysis rate of 1.69 %. Anticancer property is confirmed by a 20.0 % reduction in cell viability of BT549 cells at 1.75 mg/mL concentration compared to 0.015 mg/mL. The nanocomposite is non-toxic to the human embryonic kidney cell line (HEK293T), indicating its potential for biomedical applications. Finally, the magnetic nanocomposite's hyperthermia behavior was examined using a specific absorption rate (SAR), achieving the highest value of 47.44 W/g at 200.0 kHz. When subjected to an alternating magnetic field, the nanobiocomposite may perform well in hyperthermia therapy. These results indicate that the magnetic nanobiocomposite has the potential to perform well in hyperthermia therapy when subjected to an alternating magnetic field.

A novel ternary magnetic nanobiocomposite based on tragacanth-silk fibroin hydrogel for hyperthermia and biological properties.

This study involves the development of a new nanocomposite material for use in biological applications. The nanocomposite was based on tragacanth hydrogel (TG), which was formed through cross-linking of Ca2+ ions with TG polymer chains. The utilization of TG hydrogel and silk fibroin as natural compounds has enhanced the biocompatibility, biodegradability, adhesion, and cell growth properties of the nanobiocomposite. This advancement makes the nanobiocomposite suitable for various biological applications, including drug delivery, wound healing, and tissue engineering. Additionally, Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles were synthesized in situ within the nanocomposite to enhance its hyperthermia efficiency. The presence of hydrophilic groups in all components of the nanobiocomposite allowed for good dispersion in water, which is an important factor in increasing the effectiveness of hyperthermia cancer therapy. Hemolysis and 3-(4,5 dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assays were conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the nanobiocomposite for in-vivo applications. Results showed that even at high concentrations, the nanobiocomposite had minimal hemolytic effects. Finally, the hyperthermia application of the hybrid scaffold was evaluated, with a maximum SAR value of 41.2 W/g measured in the first interval.

Design and fabrication of a magnetic nanobiocomposite based on flaxseed mucilage hydrogel and silk fibroin for biomedical and in-vitro hyperthermia applications.

In this research work, a magnetic nanobiocomposite is designed and presented based on the extraction of flaxseed mucilage hydrogel, silk fibroin (SF), and Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4 MNPs). The physiochemical features of magnetic flaxseed mucilage hydrogel/SF nanobiocomposite are evaluated by FT-IR, EDX, FE-SEM, TEM, XRD, VSM, and TG technical analyses. In addition to chemical characterization, given its natural-based composition, the in-vitro cytotoxicity and hemolysis assays are studied and the results are considerable. Following the use of highest concentration of magnetic flaxseed mucilage hydrogel/SF nanobiocomposite (1.75 mg/mL) and the cell viability percentage of two different cell lines including normal HEK293T cells (95.73%, 96.19%) and breast cancer BT549 cells (87.32%, 86.9%) in 2 and 3 days, it can be inferred that this magnetic nanobiocomposite is biocompatible with HEK293T cells and can inhibit the growth of BT549 cell lines. Besides, observing less than 5% of hemolytic effect can confirm its hemocompatibility. Furthermore, the high specific absorption rate value (107.8 W/g) at 200 kHz is generated by a determined concentration of this nanobiocomposite (1 mg/mL). According to these biological assays, this magnetic responsive cytocompatible composite can be contemplated as a high-potent substrate for further biomedical applications like magnetic hyperthermia treatment and tissue engineering.

Magnetic carboxymethyl cellulose-silk fibroin hydrogel: A ternary nanobiocomposite exhibiting excellent biological activity and in vitro hyperthermia of cancer therapy.

In this work, a magnetic nanobiocomposite scaffold based on carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) hydrogel, silk fibroin (SF), and magnetite nanoparticles was fabricated. The structural properties of this new magnetic nanobiocomposite were characterized by various analyses such as FT-IR, XRD, EDX, FE-SEM, TGA and VSM. According to the particle size histogram, most of the particles were between 55 and 77 nm and the value of saturation magnetization of this nanobiocomposite was reported 41.65 emu.g- 1. Hemolysis and MTT tests showed that the designed magnetic nanobiocomposite was compatible with the blood. In addition, the viability percentage of HEK293T normal cells did not change significantly, and the proliferation rate of BT549 cancer cells decreased in its vicinity. EC50 values for HEK293T normal cells after 48 h and 72 h were 3958 and 2566, respectively. Also, these values for BT549 cancer cells after 48 h and 72 h were 0.4545 and 0.9967, respectively. The efficiency of fabricated magnetic nanobiocomposite was appraised in a magnetic fluid hyperthermia manner. The specific absorption rate (SAR) of 69 W/g (for the 1 mg/mL sample at 200 kHz) was measured under the alternating magnetic field (AMF).

Magnetized chitosan hydrogel and silk fibroin, reinforced with PVA: a novel nanobiocomposite for biomedical and hyperthermia applications.

Herein, a multifunctional nanobiocomposite was designed for biological application, amongst which hyperthermia cancer therapy application was specifically investigated. This nanobiocomposite was fabricated based on chitosan hydrogel (CS), silk fibroin (SF), water-soluble polymer polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4 MNPs). CS and SF as natural compounds were used to improve the biocompatibility, biodegradability, adhesion and cell growth properties of the nanobiocomposite that can prepare this nanocomposite for the other biological applications such as wound healing and tissue engineering. Since the mechanical properties are very important in biological applications, PVA polymer was used to increase the mechanical properties of the prepared nanobiocomposite. All components of this nanobiocomposite have good dispersion in water due to the presence of hydrophilic groups such as NH2, OH, and COOH, which is one of the effective factors in increasing the efficiency of hyperthermia cancer therapy. The structural analyzes of the hybrid nanobiocomposite were determined by FT-IR, XRD, EDX, FE-SEM, TGA and VSM. Biological studies such as MTT and hemolysis testing proved that it is hemocompatible and non-toxic for healthy cells. Furthermore, it can cause the death of cancer cells to some extent (20.23%). The ability of the nanobiocomposites in hyperthermia cancer therapy was evaluated. Also, the results showed that it can be introduced as an excellent candidate for hyperthermia cancer therapy.

Decoration of graphene oxide nanosheets with carboxymethylcellulose hydrogel, silk fibroin and magnetic nanoparticles for biomedical and hyperthermia applications.

In this study, an efficient nanobiocomposite based on graphene oxide (GO), carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) hydrogel, silk fibroin (SF), and Fe3O4 nanoparticles was synthesized. For this purpose and in order to provide a suitable scaffold for the nanobiocomposite, GO was functionalized with a CMC hydrogel via covalent bonding. In the next step, SF was added to the synthesized structure to increase biocompatibility and biodegradability. Fe3O4 was added into the structure by an in situ process and the GO-CMC hydrogel/SF/Fe3O4 nanobiocomposite was synthesized. The synthesized structure was evaluated in terms of toxicity and hemocompatibility and finally, it was used in the hyperthermia technique. This nanocomposite did not destroy healthy HEK293T cells after 48 h and 72 h, while it did annihilate BT549 cancer cells. The GO-CMC hydrogel/SF/Fe3O4 nanobiocomposite has EC50 values of 0.01466 and 0.1415 against HEK293T normal cells and BT549 cancer cells, respectively (after 72 h). The nanocomposite has good potential in hyperthermia applications and at a concentration and a frequency of 1 mg mL-1 and 400 kHz it has a SAR of 67.7 W g-1.