Echocardiographic screening of pregnant women by non-physicians with remote interpretation in primary care.

BACKGROUND: Impact of heart disease (HD) on pregnancy is significant. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the feasibility of integrating screening echocardiography (echo) into the Brazilian prenatal primary care to assess HD prevalence. METHODS: Over 13 months, 20 healthcare workers acquired simplified echo protocols, utilizing hand-held machines (GE-VSCAN), in 22 primary care centres. Consecutive pregnant women unaware of HD underwent focused echo, remotely interpreted in USA and Brazil. Major HD was defined as structural valve abnormalities, more than mild valve dysfunction, ventricular systolic dysfunction/hypertrophy, or other major abnormalities. Screen-positive women were referred for standard echo. RESULTS: At total, 1 112 women underwent screening. Mean age was 27 ± 8 years, mean gestational age 22 ± 9 weeks. Major HD was found in 100 (9.0%) patients. More than mild mitral regurgitation was observed in 47 (4.2%), tricuspid regurgitation in 11 (1.0%), mild left ventricular dysfunction in 4 (0.4%), left ventricular hypertrophy in 2 (0.2%) and suspected rheumatic heart disease in 36 (3.2%): all, with mitral valve and two with aortic valve (AV) involvement. Other AV disease was observed in 11 (10%). In 56 screen-positive women undergoing standard echo, major HD was confirmed in 45 (80.4%): RHD findings in 12 patients (all with mitral valve and two with AV disease), mitral regurgitation in 40 (14 with morphological changes, 10 suggestive of rheumatic heart disease), other AV disease in two (mild/moderate regurgitation). CONCLUSIONS: Integration of echo screening into primary prenatal care is feasible in Brazil. However, the low prevalence of severe disease urges further investigations about the effectiveness of the strategy.

Impact of incorporating echocardiographic screening into a clinical prediction model to optimise utilisation of echocardiography in primary care.

INTRODUCTION: Access to public subspecialty healthcare is limited in underserved areas of Brazil, including echocardiography (echo). Long waiting lines and lack of a prioritisation system lead to diagnostic lag and may contribute to poor outcomes. We developed a prioritisation tool for use in primary care, aimed at improving resource utilisation, by predicting those at highest risk of having an abnormal echo, and thus in highest need of referral. METHODS: All patients in the existing primary care waiting list for echo were invited for participation and underwent a clinical questionnaire, simplified 7-view echo screening by non-physicians with handheld devices, and standard echo by experts. Two derivation models were developed, one including only clinical variables and a second including clinical variables and findings of major heart disease (HD) on echo screening (cut point for high/low-risk). For validation, patients were risk-classified according to the clinical score. High-risk patients and a sample of low-risk underwent standard echo. Intermediate-risk patients first had screening echo, with a standard echo if HD was suspected. Discrimination and calibration of the two models were assessed to predict HD in standard echo. RESULTS: In derivation (N = 603), clinical variables associated with HD were female gender, body mass index, Chagas disease, prior cardiac surgery, coronary disease, valve disease, hypertension and heart failure, and this model was well calibrated with C-statistic = 0.781. Performance was improved with the addition of echo screening, with C-statistic = 0.871 after cross-validation. For validation (N = 1526), 227 (14.9%) patients were classified as low risk, 1082 (70.9%) as intermediate risk and 217 (14.2%) as high risk by the clinical model. The final model with two categories had high sensitivity (99%) and negative predictive value (97%) for HD in standard echo. Model performance was good with C-statistic = 0.720. CONCLUSION: The addition of screening echo to clinical variables significantly improves the performance of a score to predict major HD.

Integration of echocardiographic screening by non-physicians with remote reading in primary care.

INTRODUCTION: Heart disease (HD) accounts for high morbidity and mortality in Brazil. Underserved populations often suffer long delays in diagnosis. We aimed to evaluate the feasibility of integrating screening echocardiography (echo) with remote interpretation in the established primary care system (PC) in Brazil and to assess HD prevalence. METHODS: Over 11 months, 20 healthcare workers (four physicians, four nurses, and 12 technicians) at 16 PC centres were trained on simplified handheld echo protocols. Three screening (SC) groups, including all consented patients aged 17-20, 35-40 and 60-65 years, and patients referred (RF) for clinical indications underwent focused echo. Studies were remotely interpreted through telemedicine. Significant HD was defined as moderate/severe valve disease, ventricular dysfunction/hypertrophy, pericardial effusion, wall-motion abnormalities and congenital heart disease. RESULTS: Total 1004 patients underwent echo; 299 (29.8%) in the SC group. Median age was 51±18 years, 63.9% females; 42.7% had cardiovascular symptoms. Significant HD was found in 354 (35.3%) patients (23.4% in SC vs 40.3% in RF group, p<0.001). Prevalence was higher in patients in the SC group aged >60 years (29.2%), compared with 35-40 (14.9%) and under 20 (16.5%), p=0.012. Comparing SC to RF groups, moderate/severe left ventricular dysfunction was observed in 4.1% vs 8.1%, p=0.03, mitral regurgitation in 8.9% vs 20.3%, p<0.001 and aortic stenosis in 5.4% vs 4.3%, p=0.51. CONCLUSIONS: Integration focused echo into PC is feasible in Brazil as a strategy to deliver cardiovascular care to low-resourced areas through task shifting. The burden of HD observed suggests this tool may improve early diagnosis and referral.

Nível de NT-proBNP em pacientes com síndrome coronariana aguda sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST / NT-proBNP levels in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome

FUNDAMENTO: A síndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (SCASEST) está associada ao supradesnivelamento do peptídeo natriurético tipo B (BNP) e aos marcadores de necrose miocárdica, embora se desconheça a correlação dessa síndrome ao escore de trombólise no infarto do miocárdio (TIMI) e à função ventricular esquerda. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a correlação entre os níveis do fragmento N-terminal do peptídeo natriurético tipo B (NT-proBNP) e os marcadores de necrose miocárdica (creatinofosfoquinase fração músculo-cérebro CK-MB e troponina I), bem como entre o escore de risco TIMI e a fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE) nos pacientes com síndrome coronariana aguda sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. MÉTODOS: Oitenta e sete pacientes com síndrome coronariana aguda sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST foram divididos em dois grupos: 37 (42,5 por cento) com angina instável e 50 (57,5 por cento) com infarto agudo do miocárdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMSSST). RESULTADOS: A fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo superior a 40 por cento foi encontrada em 86,2 por cento do total da amostra. Os níveis séricos de NT-proBNP foram maiores em pacientes com infarto do miocárdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, em comparação àqueles com angina instável (p<0,001). O aumento dos níveis de NT-proBNP foi associado ao aumento de troponina I (rs=0,425, p<0,001), pico de CK-MB (rs=0,458, p<0,001) e FEVE (rs=-0,345, p=0,002), não havendo correlação com o escore de risco TIMI (rs=0,082, p=0,44). Na análise multivariada, a fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo e a troponina I correlacionaram-se de forma independente aos níveis de NT-proBNP (p=0,017 e p=0,002, respectivamente). CONCLUSÃO: O aumento dos níveis de NT-proBNP em pacientes com síndrome coronariana aguda sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST não está relacionado exclusivamente à redução da fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo, mas também pode ser provocado pela presença de isquemia miocárdica e necrose.

BACKGROUND: Non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome is associated with elevation of brain natriuretic peptide and markers of myocardial necrosis, although its relationship with the TIMI score and left ventricular function are largely unknown. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the correlation between plasma N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and markers of myocardial necrosis [creatine phosphokinase muscle-brain fraction (CK-MB) and troponin I], TIMI risk score and left ventricular ejection fraction in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome. METHODS: Eighty-seven patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome were divided into two groups: 37 (42.5 percent) with unstable angina and 50 (57.5 percent) with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. RESULTS: Left ventricular ejection fraction more than 40 percent was found in 86.2 percent of the total sample. Serum levels of NT-proBNP was higher in patients with non-ST elevation myocardial infarction than in those with unstable angina (p<0.001). Increased levels of NT-proBNP were associated with increases in troponin I (rs=0.425, p<0.001), peak CK-MB (rs=0.458, p<0.001) and low left ventricular ejection fraction (rs=-0.345, p=0.002); no correlation was found with the TIMI risk score (rs=0.082, p=0.44). Multivariate analysis revealed that left ventricular ejection fraction and troponin I levels were independently correlated with NT-proBNP levels (p=0.017 and p=0.002, respectively). CONCLUSION: Increased levels of NT-proBNP in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome are not related exclusively to low left ventricular ejection fraction, but can also be caused by the presence of myocardial ischemia and necrosis.

The duration of the use of imatinib mesylate is only weakly related to elevated BNP levels in chronic myeloid leukaemia patients.

Cardiotoxicity has been feared as a potential side effect of imatinib therapy. Studies with short-term follow-up failed to identify an excess of cardiac events, but longer-term observations are needed to more definitely exclude this adverse effect. This study was designed to assess the cardiac effects of imatinib in patients under long-term treatment. We included 90 chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) patients under imatinib therapy for a median treatment time of 3.3 years (mean age 48.9 ± 15.1 years). Patients underwent clinical evaluation, electrocardiography, echocardiography (two-dimensional, colour flow, tissue Doppler and strain imaging), brain natiuretic peptide (BNP) and troponin I measurements. Twenty healthy volunteers were included as a control group for strain measurements. The mean ejection fraction was 68 ± 7% and the median BNP level was 9.6 pg/ml (interquartile range [IQR] 5.7-17.0 pg/ml). Two patients had either an elevated BNP or a depressed ejection fraction (2.2%; 90%CI 0.9-6.8%). Most of troponin I measurements were lower than the detection limit, except for two patients. Longitudinal strain was similar to measurements in healthy controls. A weak relation was observed between log BNP and imatinib treatment duration and dose. There was no relation between these variables and left ventricle ejection fraction. In conclusion, matinib-related cardiotoxicity is an uncommon event in CML patients, even during long-term treatment. Therefore, its use should not be cause of great concern, and the usefulness of regular cardiac monitoring all patients while on imatinib therapy is questionable.

The use of imatinib mesylate has no adverse effects on the heart function. Results of a pilot study in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia.

To investigate cardiac effects of imatinib at an extended follow-up (median 12.4 months), 12 chronic myeloid leukemia patients underwent cardiac screening. No significant changes on the frequency of cardiovascular signs and symptoms, electrocardiographic abnormalities, echocardiographic measurements and BNP levels were observed. Median ejection fraction was 67% at baseline versus 68% at follow-up (median intra-patient change 0.5%). Median BNP levels were 8.3 versus 7.3pg/mL (median intra-patient change 0.2pg/mL). Troponin I measures were below the lower limit of detection, whereas strain measures were similar to healthy control. This pilot study suggests that it is probably safe to perform cardiac monitoring on an annual basis.

Valor prognóstico independente da relação E/e' na miocardiopatia dilatada chagásica / Independent prognostic value of E/e´ratio dilated chagas cardiomyopathy

Introdução: A insuficiência cardíaca (IC) é a manifestação clínica mais grave da doença de Chagas. Parâmetros ecocardiográficos de elevação das pressões de enchimento do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) apresentam valor prognóstico na IC, podendo ser importante na estratificação de risco dos pacientes chagásicos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar parâmetros ecocardiográficos de função diastólica, preditores de sobrevida em pacientes com miocardiopatias chagásica. Métodos: O estudo inclui, prospectivamente, 224 pacientes (137 homens, idade de 48 + ou menos 12 anos), encaminhados para avaliação cardiológica no Ambulatório de Referência em doença de Chagas. Os pacientes foram selecionados se apresentassem sorologia positiva para doença de Chagas e miocardiopatia dilatada. O desfecho analisado foi morte cardíaca ou necessidade de transplante. Resultados: Durante um período de acompanhamento de 37,7 meses, 83 pacientes morreram e 8 submeteram-se ao transplante cardíaco de urgência. A relação E/ e'destacou-se como preditor independente de sobrevida, apresentando valor prognóstico adicional aos fatores clínicos, fração de ejeção do VE, função ventricular direita e volume do átrio esquerdo indexado pela superfície corpórea. Curva de Kaplan-Meier mostrou uma maior mortalidade entre os pacientes com E/ e' > ou igual 15, em relação aos pacientes com E/ e' , 15 (log-rank 23, p<0,001). Conclusão: A relação E/ e' apresentou informação prognóstica adicional e independente da classe funcional da NYHA e de parâmetros ecocardiográficos de sobrevida incluindo fração de ejeção do VE, função ventricular direita e volume do átrio esquerdo. A relação E/e' parece ser uma ferramenta útil na estratificação de risco dos pacientes com doença de Chagas.

Dobutamine-stress echocardiography in asymptomatic patients with aortic regurgitation.

BACKGROUND: Decreased contractile reserve may already be present in asymptomatic patients with aortic regurgitation and normal ejection fraction (EF), thus indicating the need for frequent and accurate assessments of the left ventricular function for the early detection of systolic dysfunction. OBJECTIVE: To analyze if increments in EF with low dose dobutamine could predict surgery and/or death in patients with aortic regurgitation. METHODS: Dobutamine-stress echocardiography was performed in 24 patients with aortic regurgitation in order to analyze whether EF increments at low dobutamine doses could predict the need for surgery and/or death in this group of patients. RESULTS: Mean age was 37.8+/-16.8 years and 16 patients (66%) were male. EF increased from a mean baseline value of 62.3+/-7.9% to 71.5+/-10.5% at a dobutamine dose of 20 microg/kg/min (p<0.001). The patients were followed-up for 36.6+/-20.1 months; two patients died (one of cardiovascular death) and five underwent cardiac surgery. Baseline EF was correlated with surgery and death in the follow-up of patients. CONCLUSION: Baseline EF was correlated with surgery or death in the follow-up of young patients with aortic regurgitation. However, the percentage increase in EF at low dobutamine doses did not allow us to predict events in these patients.

Ecocardiograma sob estresse com dobutamina em pacientes assintomáticos com regurgitação aórtica / Ecocardiografía bajo estrés con dobutamina en pacientes asintomáticos con regurgitación aórtica / Dobutamine-stress echocardiography in asymptomatic patients with aortic regurgitation

FUNDAMENTO: A reserva contrátil diminuída pode já estar presente em pacientes portadores de regurgitação aórtica, assintomáticos com fração de ejeção (FE) normal, indicando a necessidade de avaliações frequentes e acuradas da função ventricular esquerda para detectar disfunção sistólica incipiente. OBJETIVO: Analisar se incrementos na FE em doses baixas de dobutamina podem predizer cirugia e/ou morte em pacientes com regurgitação aórtica. MÉTODOS: Eco de estresse com dobutamina foi realizado em 24 pacientes portadores de regurgitação aórtica para verificar se incrementos da FE em doses baixas de dobutamina seriam capazes de predizer a necessidade de cirurgia e/ou morte nesse grupo de pacientes. RESULTADOS: A idade média foi de 37,8±16,8 anos, e 16 (66 por cento) eram homens. A FE aumentou de um valor basal médio de 62,3±7,9 por cento para 71,5±10,5 por cento, na dose de 20 µg/kg/min de dobutamina (p < 0,001). Os pacientes foram acompanhados por 36,6±20,1 meses: dois pacientes morreram (um de morte cardiovascular) e cinco foram submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca. A FE basal se correlacionou com cirurgia e morte no seguimento de pacientes. CONCLUSÃO: A FE basal se correlacionou com cirurgia ou morte no seguimento de pacientes jovens com regurgitação aórtica. Porém, o incremento percentual na FE com dose baixa de dobutamina não foi capaz de predizer eventos nesses pacientes.

BACKGROUND: Decreased contractile reserve may already be present in asymptomatic patients with aortic regurgitation and normal ejection fraction (EF), thus indicating the need for frequent and accurate assessments of the left ventricular function for the early detection of systolic dysfunction. OBJECTIVE: To analyze if increments in EF with low dose dobutamine could predict surgery and/or death in patients with aortic regurgitation. METHDOS: Dobutamine-stress echocardiography was performed in 24 patients with aortic regurgitation in order to analyze whether EF increments at low dobutamine doses could predict the need for surgery and/or death in this group of patients. RESULTS: Mean age was 37.8±16.8 years and 16 patients (66 percent) were male. EF increased from a mean baseline value of 62.3±7.9 percent to 71.5±10.5 percent at a dobutamine dose of 20 µg/kg/min (p<0.001). The patients were followed-up for 36.6±20.1 months; two patients died (one of cardiovascular death) and five underwent cardiac surgery. Baseline EF was correlated with surgery and death in the follow-up of patients. CONCLUSION: Baseline EF was correlated with surgery or death in the follow-up of young patients with aortic regurgitation. However, the percentage increase in EF at low dobutamine doses did not allow us to predict events in these patients.

FUNDAMENTO: La reserva contráctil disminuida puede ya estar presente en pacientes portadores de regurgitación aórtica, asintomáticos con fracción de eyección (FE) normal, indicando la necesidad de evaluaciones frecuentes y cuidadosas de la función ventricular izquierda para detectar disfunción sistólica incipiente. OBJETIVO: Analizar se incrementos en la FE en dosis bajas de dobutamina pueden predecir cirugía y/o muerte en pacientes con regurgitación aórtica. MÉTODOS: Eco de estrés con dobutamina se realizó en 24 pacientes portadores de regurgitación aórtica para verificar se incrementos de la FE en dosis bajas de dobutamina serían capaces de predecir la necesidad de cirugía y/o muerte en ese grupo de pacientes. RESULTADOS: La edad promedio fue de 37,8±16,8, y 16 (66 por ciento) eran varones. La FE aumentó de un valor basal promedio de 62,3±7,9 por ciento para 71,5±10,5 por ciento, en la dosis de 20 µg/kg/min de dobutamina (p < 0,001). Los pacientes se siguieron por 36,6±20,1 meses: dos pacientes murieron (uno de muerte cardiovascular) y cinco se sometieron a cirugía cardiaca. La FE basal se correlacionó con cirugía y muerte en el seguimiento de pacientes. CONCLUSIÓN: La fe basal se correlacionó con cirugía o muerte en el seguimiento de pacientes jóvenes con regurgitación aórtica. Sin embargo, el incremento porcentual en la FE con dosis baja de dobutamina no fue capaz de predecir eventos en esos pacientes.

An evaluation of the cardiotoxicity of imatinib mesylate.

We studied 103 consecutive patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia on treatment with imatinib (IM) and 57 patients with chronic myeloproliferative disorders not treated with IM in order to evaluate its cardiotoxicity. There was no statistical difference regarding cardiac symptoms and signs, BNP levels and echocardiographic measurements for IM and control groups, except for peripheral oedema, more frequent in the IM group. Four patients in the IM group presented a BNP level >100pg/ml, one of them with depressed LVEF. IM was not related to systematic deterioration of cardiac function, but there is still a possibility of isolated cases of cardiotoxicity.

Diagnóstico pela ecocardiografia transesofágica e evoluçäo de 35 pacientes portadores de Flail Mitral Valve / Flail mitral valve leaflet diagnosis by transesophageal echocardiography. Repost and evolution of 35 cases

Objetivo - Descrever os achados ao ecocardiograma transesofágico e evolução clínica de portadores de flail mitral valve. Métodos - No período de janeiro/93 a março/97, 1675 pacientes foram submetidos, em nossa instituição, a ecocardiograma transesofágico, sendo que em 35 casos foi feito o diagnóstico de flail mitral valve e, posteriormente, obtida sua evolução clínica. Resultados - A idade dos pacientes variou 12 a 87 anos (média 65 + 15) e 27 (77 por cento) eram do sexo masculino. O folheto posterior foi o mais acometido (25 pacientes, 71 por cento). O mecanismo do flial foi ruptura de cordoalha tendínea em todos os casos, exceto um, que apresentava importante alongamento e redundância de cordoalha. A etiologia foi prolapso e/ou degeneração mixomatosa em 15 pacientes, degenerativa em 9, isquêmia em 5, reumática em 4 e endocardite em 3. Regurgitação mitral de grau importante ocorreu em 25 (71 por cento) pacientes e moderada em 10 (29 por cento). O tempo médio de acompanhamento foi de 375+395 dias (1 a 1380). Foram submetidos a tratamentoclínico 19 pacientes e a tratamento cirúrgico 16, sendo que em todos foi confirmado o diagnóstico transesofágico. O número total de óbitos (hospitalar e pós-hospitalar) foi alto (34 por cento), tanto em pacientes submetidos a tratamento clínico quanto cirúrgico. Entre os sobreviventes, 17 estão em classe funcional (CF) I e 6 em CF II da NYHA. Conclusão - O diagnóstico de flail mitral valve ao ecocardiograma transesofágico é acurado, permitindo a definição de sua etiologia e mecanismo. A alta mortalidade à época do diagnóstico, provavelmente, se relaciona à gravidade da doença subjacente. Embora os pacientes não operados estejam envoluindo bem, a baixa CF observada nestes pacientes pode ser atribuída ao curto período de seguimento.

O Projeto Queixadinha: a morbidade e o controle da esquistossomose em área endêmica no nordeste de Minas Gerais, Brasil / Queixadinha project: morbidity and control of schistosomiasis in an endemic area in the northeast of State of Minas Gerais, Brazil

In an endemic area for schistosomiasis in the northeast of the state of Minas Gerais in Brazil 516 individuals have been submitted to clinical and laboratory examination, ultrasonography of the abdomen and dopplerecocardiography in order to define the morbidity of schistosomiasis before and after treatment. A high prevalence of schistosomiasis (66.3 per cent) and of severe disease (9.5per cent with palpable spleens) were recorded. Ultrasonography classified liver periportal fibrosis as light (19.4 per cent), moderate (27.6 per cent) and intense (6.8 per cent), and 46.0 per cent presented no periportal fibrosis. Twenty one out of the 53 individuals (39.6 per cent) with palpable spleens did not present liver fibrosis on ultrasound. Periportal lymph nodes were described in 33.8 per cent of the population and anti-KLH antibodies were found in the serum of 40.7 per cent. Urinary alterations compatible with the glomerulopathy of schistosomiasis were observed in 4.5 per cent of the population, and 11.7 per cent of the individuals examined by dopplerecocardiography had pulmonary hypertension. Twelve months after treatment for schistosomiasis the prevalence of the disease dropped from 66.3 per cent to 25.0 per cent. In Queixadinha, a profile of the morbidity of schistosomiasis has just been established.

Diagnóstico ecocardiográfico de hematoma localizado comprimindo átrio direito em pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca / Echocardiographic Diagnosis of Hematoma Compressing the Right Atrium in Immediate Post-Operative Period

Uma paciente apresentou um grande hematoma comprimindo o átrio direito no pós-operatório de troca valvar e o diagnóstico pelo ecocardiograma, permitiu tratamento cirúrgico imediato, com reversäo do comprometimento hemodinâmico. O ecocardiograma é um exame näo invasivo importante no diagnóstico de complicaçöes pós-opertórias, situaçöes em que o exame transtorácico é tecnicamente dificil e o ecocardiograma transesofágico pode ser muito útil

This is a report of a patient presenting with a hematoma compresseing the right atrium in the immediate post-operative period and the diagnosis by echocardiography allowed prompt surgical treatment with reversibility of the hemodynamic failure. Echocardiography is an important tool in the diagnosis of post-operative complications and transesophageal echocardiography can be very helpful in this setting, where technically difficult transthoracic exams are the rule