RESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to explore intravenous (IV) medication errors in a Chinese hospital. The specific objectives were to 1) explore and measure the frequency of IV medication errors by direct observation and identify clues to their causes in Chinese hospital inpatient wards and 2) identify the clinical importance of the errors and find the potential risks in the preparation and administration processes of IV medications. METHODS: A prospective study was conducted by using the direct observational method to describe IV medication errors on two general surgery patient wards in a large teaching hospital in Beijing, China. A trained observer accompanied nurses during IV preparation rounds to detect medication errors. The difference in mean error rates between total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and non-TPN medications was tested by using the Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS: A final total of 589 ordered IV doses plus 4 unordered IV doses as prepared and administered to the patients was observed from August 3, 2010, to August 13, 2010. The overall error rate detected on the study ward was 12.8%. The most frequent errors by category were wrong dose (5.4%), wrong time (3.7%), omission (2.7%), unordered dose (0.7%), and extra dose (0.3%). Excluding wrong time errors, the error rate was 9.1%. Non-TPN medications had significantly higher error rates than did TPN medications including wrong time errors (P = 0.0162). CONCLUSIONS: A typical inpatient in a Chinese hospital was subject to about one IV error every day. Pharmacists had a very limited role in ensuring the accuracy of IV medication preparation and administration processes.
RESUMO
Inheritance of resistance to the peanut root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) Chitwood race 1) was investigated in the flue-cured tobacco cv. Speight G 28 and the breeding lines 81-RL-2K and SA 1214. The genetic relationship of this resistance in Speight G 28 to the resistance of the same cultivar to races 1 and 3 of M. incognita was also studied. Crosses were made between the root-knot nematode-susceptible flue-cured tobacco cv. NC 2326 and the three resistant genotypes. Parental, F1, F2 and backcross generations (BC1P1, BC1P2) were grown for each cross in randomized complete block designs with five replications in the greenhouse. Data indicated that resistance to M. arenaria race 1 in the three resistance sources is conditioned by a single dominant gene, but this resistance is partial compared to that for M. incognita races 1 and 3. Further, resistance to races 1 and 3 of M. incognita and resistance to M. arenaria race 1 in cv. Speight G 28 appear to be controlled by the same gene. These results, combined with the absence of segregation in the F2 populations of the crosses between resistant parents 81-RL-2K × SA 1214, 81-RL-2K × Speight G 28, and SA 1214 × Speight G 28, suggest allelism of resistance among these genotypes.