Intracranial EEG analysis in tumor-related epilepsy: Evidence of distant epileptic abnormalities.

OBJECTIVE: In patients with tumor-related epilepsy (TRE), surgery traditionally focuses on tumor resection; but identification and removal of associated epileptogenic zone may improve seizure outcome. Here, we study spatial relationship of tumor and seizure onset and early spread zone (SOSz). We also perform quantitative analysis of interictal epileptiform activities in patients with both TRE and non-lesional epilepsy in order to better understand the electrophysiological basis of epileptogenesis. METHODS: Twenty-five patients (11 with TRE and 14 with non-lesional epilepsy) underwent staged surgery using intracranial electrodes. Tumors were outlined on MRI and images were coregistered with post-implantation CT images. For each electrode, distance to the nearest tumor margin was measured. Electrodes were categorized based on distance from tumor and involvement in seizure. Quantitative EEG analysis studying frequency, amplitude, power, duration and slope of interictal spikes was performed. RESULTS: At least part of the SOSz was located beyond 1.5 cm from the tumor margin in 10/11 patients. Interictally, spike frequency and power were higher in the SOSz and spikes near tumor were smaller and less sharp. Interestingly, peritumoral electrodes had the highest spike frequencies and sharpest spikes, indicating greatest degree of epileptic synchrony. A complete resection of the SOSz resulted in excellent seizure outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Seizure onset and early spread often involves brain areas distant from the tumor. SIGNIFICANCE: Utilization of epilepsy surgery approach for TRE may provide better seizure outcome and study of the intracranial EEG may provide insight into pathophysiology of TRE.

An animal model to study the clinical significance of interictal spiking.

Interictal spikes (IIS) are paroxysmal discharges commonly observed in patients with epilepsy which represent an abnormally-synchronized population of hyperexcitable neurons firing as an aggregate. Due to conflicting studies on the clinical significance of IIS, research focusing on IIS has been sparse. However, recent attention on IIS has increased for patients undergoing surgery for intractable epilepsy as a means to identify epileptic foci for surgical resection. There is growing evidence that IIS are not asymptomatic as has been commonly accepted. Other than epilepsy, IIS have been associated with a wide range of behavioral and psychiatric disorders, including attention deficit disorder, anxiety disorders and psychoses. For these reasons, a well-characterized animal model of interictal spiking which accurately mimics the human phenomenon would be a valuable tool to gain, insights both into the pathophysiology of epilepsy as well as a broad variety of human neuropsychiatric diseases. Here, we review the literature on the clinical significance of IIS in humans and on animal models where IIS has been observed. We then demonstrate the utility of using tetanus toxin to generate a reproducible pattem of progressive IIS for future studies into their clinical significance.