RESUMO
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers in Latin America and the Caribbean, with the highest rates reported for Uruguay, Brazil and Argentina. We provide a global snapshot of the CRC patterns, how screening is performed, and compared/contrasted to the genetic profile of Lynch syndrome (LS) in the region. From the literature, we find that only nine (20%) of the Latin America and the Caribbean countries have developed guidelines for early detection of CRC, and also with a low adherence. We describe a genetic profile of LS, including a total of 2,685 suspected families, where confirmed LS ranged from 8% in Uruguay and Argentina to 60% in Peru. Among confirmed LS, path_MLH1 variants were most commonly identified in Peru (82%), Mexico (80%), Chile (60%), and path_MSH2/EPCAM variants were most frequently identified in Colombia (80%) and Argentina (47%). Path_MSH6 and path_PMS2 variants were less common, but they showed important presence in Brazil (15%) and Chile (10%), respectively. Important differences exist at identifying LS families in Latin American countries, where the spectrum of path_MLH1 and path_MSH2 variants are those most frequently identified. Our findings have an impact on the evaluation of the patients and their relatives at risk for LS, derived from the gene affected. Although the awareness of hereditary cancer and genetic testing has improved in the last decade, it is remains deficient, with 39%-80% of the families not being identified for LS among those who actually met both the clinical criteria for LS and showed MMR deficiency.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Colorretais Hereditárias sem Polipose/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Colorretais Hereditárias sem Polipose/epidemiologia , Proteína 1 Homóloga a MutL/genética , Proteína 2 Homóloga a MutS/genética , Neoplasias Colorretais Hereditárias sem Polipose/genética , Detecção Precoce de Câncer , Feminino , Fidelidade a Diretrizes , Humanos , América Latina/epidemiologia , Masculino , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Medição de RiscoRESUMO
This review aims to present the genetic, clinical and diagnostic aspects of Lynch syndrome, as well as providing the most relevant information about genetic counseling in these patients and the current recommendations for their surveillance.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Colorretais Hereditárias sem Polipose , Algoritmos , Biomarcadores Tumorais , Neoplasias Colorretais Hereditárias sem Polipose/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Colorretais Hereditárias sem Polipose/genética , Neoplasias Colorretais Hereditárias sem Polipose/história , Neoplasias Colorretais Hereditárias sem Polipose/patologia , Reparo de Erro de Pareamento de DNA/genética , DNA de Neoplasias/genética , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Endoscopia Gastrointestinal , Genes Neoplásicos , Estudos de Associação Genética , Aconselhamento Genético , Heterogeneidade Genética , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , Humanos , Instabilidade de Microssatélites , Modelos Genéticos , Síndromes Neoplásicas Hereditárias/diagnóstico , Penetrância , Risco , Medição de RiscoRESUMO
La asesoría genética en cáncer permite reducir la morbimortalidad en pacientes con cáncer hereditario y sus familiares mediante un manejo multidisciplinario que establezca medidas preventivas, detección precoz y control de riesgos.
Assuntos
Aconselhamento Genético , Síndromes Neoplásicas Hereditárias/genética , Humanos , Síndromes Neoplásicas Hereditárias/prevenção & controleRESUMO
Esta revisión tiene como objetivo dar a conocer los aspectos genéticos, clínicos y diagnósticos del síndrome de Lynch, además de brindar la información más relevante acerca de la asesoría genética en estos pacientes y las recomendaciones actuales para su seguimiento.
This review aims to present the genetic, clinical and diagnostic aspects of Lynch syndrome, as well as providing the most relevant information about genetic counseling in these patients and the current recommendations for their surveillance.
Assuntos
História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , Humanos , Neoplasias Colorretais Hereditárias sem Polipose , Algoritmos , Síndromes Neoplásicas Hereditárias/diagnóstico , DNA de Neoplasias/genética , Neoplasias Colorretais Hereditárias sem Polipose/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Colorretais Hereditárias sem Polipose/genética , Neoplasias Colorretais Hereditárias sem Polipose/história , Neoplasias Colorretais Hereditárias sem Polipose/patologia , Biomarcadores Tumorais , Risco , Endoscopia Gastrointestinal , Medição de Risco , Heterogeneidade Genética , Penetrância , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Genes Neoplásicos , Instabilidade de Microssatélites , Reparo de Erro de Pareamento de DNA/genética , Estudos de Associação Genética , Aconselhamento Genético , Modelos GenéticosRESUMO
Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a malignant tumour of the calcitonin-secreting parafollicular C cells of the thyroid gland. Up to 25% of MTC are associated to pathogenic germinal variants on the proto-oncogene RET (locus 10q11.2), which cause Familial Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma (FMTC) or Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 2 (MEN2); genetic conditions inherited with autosomal dominant pattern. We present the first report of a Peruvian family with FMTC and a germinal pathogenic variant on RET proto-oncogene, identified with Sanger sequencing. This manuscript also shows a literature review of this hereditary cancer syndrome, where we highlight the relevance of primary prevention and the potential effect on public health in healthy carriers of germinal pathogenic variants.
El cáncer medular de tiroides (CMT) es un tumor maligno de las células C parafoliculares secretoras de calcitonina. Se estima que el 25% de los casos de CMT se asocian a variantes patogénicas a nivel de línea germinal en el protooncogen RET (locus 10q11.2), que son las causantes del desarrollo de Carcinoma Medular de Tiroides Familiar (CMTF) o de la Neoplasia Endocrina Múltiple tipo 2 (NEM2); condiciones genéticas con patrón de herencia autosómico dominante. Presentamos el primer reporte de una familia peruana con CMTF y con variante patogénica identificada a nivel de línea germinal en el gen RET, mediante secuenciamiento Sanger. Este manuscrito también muestra una revisión de la literatura de este síndrome hereditario oncológico, donde se resalta su importancia en la prevención primaria y potencial efecto en la salud pública en casos de portadores de variantes patogénicas germinales aparentemente sanos.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Medular/congênito , Neoplasia Endócrina Múltipla Tipo 2a/genética , Neoplasia Endócrina Múltipla Tipo 2a/patologia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-ret/genética , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/genética , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/patologia , Carcinoma Medular/genética , Carcinoma Medular/patologia , Carcinoma Medular/cirurgia , Feminino , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Neoplasia Endócrina Múltipla Tipo 2a/cirurgia , Mutação , Proto-Oncogene Mas , Fatores de Risco , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/cirurgia , Tireoidectomia/métodos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
RESUMEN El síndrome Gorlin (SG) es una condición genética, con patrón de herencia autosómico dominante, con penetrancia completa y expresividad variable, debida a mutaciones germinales en los genes PTCH1 o SUFU, los cuales son componentes de la vía molecular Sonic hedgehog. El SG se caracteriza por la presencia de múltiples carcinomas de células basales nevoides, quistes odontogénicos, calcificación de la hoz del cerebro y lesiones en sacabocado en palmas y plantas. Este es el primer reporte de casos en el Perú sobre pacientes con SG, que cuentan con evaluación y asesoría genética. Presentamos dos casos de SG que cumplen criterios clínicos del síndrome y una revisión de la literatura.
ABSTRACT Gorlin syndrome (GS) is a genetic disorder with an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, with complete penetrance and variable expressivity. GS is caused by germline mutations in the genes PTCH1 or SUFU, which are components of the Sonic hedgehog molecular pathway. GS is characterized by the presence of multiple nevoid basal cell carcinomas, odontogenic cysts, calcification of the brain sickle, and lesions in the palms and soles. This study is the first to report cases in Peru of patients with GS who underwent genetic evaluation and counseling. We present two GS cases that meet the clinical criteria for the syndrome and review the literature
Assuntos
Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neoplasias Cutâneas/patologia , Síndrome do Nevo Basocelular/patologia , Linhagem , Neoplasias Cutâneas/genética , Síndrome do Nevo Basocelular/genéticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Genetic counselling and testing for Lynch syndrome (LS) have recently been introduced in several Latin America countries. We aimed to characterize the clinical, molecular and mismatch repair (MMR) variants spectrum of patients with suspected LS in Latin America. METHODS: Eleven LS hereditary cancer registries and 34 published LS databases were used to identify unrelated families that fulfilled the Amsterdam II (AMSII) criteria and/or the Bethesda guidelines or suggestive of a dominant colorectal (CRC) inheritance syndrome. RESULTS: We performed a thorough investigation of 15 countries and identified 6 countries where germline genetic testing for LS is available and 3 countries where tumor testing is used in the LS diagnosis. The spectrum of pathogenic MMR variants included MLH1 up to 54%, MSH2 up to 43%, MSH6 up to 10%, PMS2 up to 3% and EPCAM up to 0.8%. The Latin America MMR spectrum is broad with a total of 220 different variants which 80% were private and 20% were recurrent. Frequent regions included exons 11 of MLH1 (15%), exon 3 and 7 of MSH2 (17 and 15%, respectively), exon 4 of MSH6 (65%), exons 11 and 13 of PMS2 (31% and 23%, respectively). Sixteen international founder variants in MLH1, MSH2 and MSH6 were identified and 41 (19%) variants have not previously been reported, thus representing novel genetic variants in the MMR genes. The AMSII criteria was the most used clinical criteria to identify pathogenic MMR carriers although microsatellite instability, immunohistochemistry and family history are still the primary methods in several countries where no genetic testing for LS is available yet. CONCLUSION: The Latin America LS pathogenic MMR variants spectrum included new variants, frequently altered genetic regions and potential founder effects, emphasizing the relevance implementing Lynch syndrome genetic testing and counseling in all of Latin America countries.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Colorretais Hereditárias sem Polipose/epidemiologia , Adulto , Neoplasias Colorretais Hereditárias sem Polipose/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Colorretais Hereditárias sem Polipose/genética , Biologia Computacional/métodos , Reparo de Erro de Pareamento de DNA , Feminino , Efeito Fundador , Aconselhamento Genético , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Testes Genéticos , Variação Genética , Mutação em Linhagem Germinativa , Humanos , América Latina/epidemiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Vigilância da População , Splicing de RNA , Sistema de Registros , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Gorlin syndrome (GS) is a genetic disorder with an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, with complete penetrance and variable expressivity. GS is caused by germline mutations in the genes PTCH1 or SUFU, which are components of the Sonic hedgehog molecular pathway. GS is characterized by the presence of multiple nevoid basal cell carcinomas, odontogenic cysts, calcification of the brain sickle, and lesions in the palms and soles. This study is the first to report cases in Peru of patients with GS who underwent genetic evaluation and counseling. We present two GS cases that meet the clinical criteria for the syndrome and review the literature.
El síndrome Gorlin (SG) es una condición genética, con patrón de herencia autosómico dominante, con penetrancia completa y expresividad variable, debida a mutaciones germinales en los genes PTCH1 o SUFU, los cuales son componentes de la vía molecular Sonic hedgehog. El SG se caracteriza por la presencia de múltiples carcinomas de células basales nevoides, quistes odontogénicos, calcificación de la hoz del cerebro y lesiones en sacabocado en palmas y plantas. Este es el primer reporte de casos en el Perú sobre pacientes con SG, que cuentan con evaluación y asesoría genética. Presentamos dos casos de SG que cumplen criterios clínicos del síndrome y una revisión de la literatura.
Assuntos
Síndrome do Nevo Basocelular/patologia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/patologia , Síndrome do Nevo Basocelular/genética , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Linhagem , Neoplasias Cutâneas/genéticaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To determine the presence of microsatellite instability in patients with colorectal cancer using the molecular panel Bethesda and discuss its significance in patients with suspected hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) or Lynch Syndrome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We worked with samples of peripheral blood and tumor tissue of 28 patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer referred to the Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas (INEN), Lima, with suspected of Lynch syndrome. DNA was extracted using kits of nucleic acid extraction of peripheral blood and paraffin-embedded tumor tissue. Five microsatellite markers of Bethesda panel were amplified: BAT25, BAT26, D2S123, D5S346 and D17S250, by polymerase chain reaction. IMS analysis was performed by electrophoresis on chip in the Bioanalyzer Agilent 2100. RESULTS: Of the patients studied, 11 had high IMS(IMS-H) and one could not be fully ranked, staying as MSI-H / IMS-L. In all cases of IMS-H both BAT26 and BAT25 were unstable. The IMS-H in these patients indicates high probability of HNPCC or Lynch syndrome; it must be contrasted with the genetic analysis of MMR genes. CONCLUSION: The technique allowed determine which patients have to continue with the study of system mismatch repair genes, for establish whether we facing to HNPCC or sporadic colorectal cancer.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , Neoplasias Colorretais Hereditárias sem Polipose/genética , Instabilidade de Microssatélites , Adulto , Idoso , Neoplasias Colorretais Hereditárias sem Polipose/diagnóstico , Feminino , Testes Genéticos/métodos , Humanos , Masculino , Repetições de Microssatélites , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Reação em Cadeia da PolimeraseRESUMO
Lynch syndrome (LS) is an autosomal-dominant inherited cancer predisposition syndrome caused by germline mutations in DNA mismatch repair genes (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 or PMS2). Muir-Torre syndrome (MTS) is a phenotypic variant of LS that includes a predisposition to sebaceous glands tumors and keratoacanthomas. We report two patients with MTS, with more than one LS-related cancer, skin lesions, family history of cancer andmicrosatellite instability and immunohistochemistry analysis.
Assuntos
Síndrome de Muir-Torre/diagnóstico , Feminino , Humanos , Instabilidade de Microssatélites , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Síndrome de Muir-Torre/genética , LinhagemRESUMO
Determinar la presencia de inestabilidad de microsatélites en pacientes con cáncer colorrectal usando el panel molecular Bethesda y discutir su importancia en pacientes con sospecha de cáncer colorrectal hereditario no polipósico (HNPCC) o con sospecha de síndrome de Lynch. Materiales y métodos: Se trabajó con muestras de sangre periférica y tejido tumoral de 28 pacientes con diagnóstico de cáncer colorrectal remitidos al laboratorio de Biología Molecular del Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas (INEN) de Lima, bajo sospecha de Síndrome de Lynch. El ADN fue extraído utilizando kits de extracción de ácidos nucleicos para sangre periférica y tejido tumoral embebido en parafina. Se amplificaron los cinco marcadores microsatélites del panel Bethesda: BAT25, BAT26, D2S123, D5S346 y D17S250, por reacción en cadena de la polimerasa. El análisis de IMS fue realizado mediante electroforesis en chip en el bioanalizador Agilent 2100. Resultados: Del total de pacientes estudiados 11 tuvieron IMS alta (IMS-H) y uno no pudo ser totalmente clasificado quedando como IMS-H/IMS-L. En todos los casos de IMS-H tanto BAT25 como BAT26 resultaron inestables. La IMS-H en estos pacientes indica mayor probabilidad de HNPCC o síndrome de Lynch, lo cual debe ser contrastado con el análisis genético de los genes MMR. Conclusión: La técnica permitió determinar cuáles son los pacientes que deben continuar con el estudio de los genes del sistema de reparación de mal apareamiento del ADN, para establecer si estamos frente a casos de HNPCC o ante casos de cáncer colorrectal esporádicos...
To determine the presence of microsatellite instability in patients with colorectal cancer using the molecular panel Bethesda and discuss its significance in patients with suspected hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) or Lynch Syndrome. Materials and methods: We worked with samples of peripheral blood and tumor tissue of 28 patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer referred to the Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas (INEN), Lima, with suspected of Lynch syndrome. DNA was extracted using kits of nucleic acid extraction of peripheral blood and paraffin-embedded tumor tissue. Five microsatellite markers of Bethesda panel were amplified: BAT25, BAT26, D2S123, D5S346 and D17S250, by polymerase chain reaction. IMS analysis was performed by electrophoresis on chip in the Bioanalyzer Agilent 2100. Results: Of the patients studied, 11 had high IMS (IMS-H) and one could not be fully ranked, staying as MSI-H / IMS-L. In all cases of IMS-H both BAT26 and BAT25 were unstable. The IMS-H in these patients indicates high probability of HNPCC or Lynch syndrome; it must be contrasted with the genetic analysis of MMR genes. Conclusion: The technique allowed determine which patients have to continue with the study of system mismatch repair genes, for establish whether we facing to HNPCC or sporadic colorectal cancer...
Assuntos
Humanos , Instabilidade de Microssatélites , Neoplasias Colorretais Hereditárias sem Polipose , Reação em Cadeia da PolimeraseRESUMO
El síndrome de Lynch (SL), es un síndrome genético con patrón de herencia autosómico dominante, que predispone el desarrollo de cáncer colorrectal y neoplasias extracolónicas, debido a la mutación germinal en alguno de los genes reparadores de los errores de la replicación del ADN (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 o PMS2). El Síndrome de Muir-Torre (SMT), es una variante fenotípica del SL que predispone además a desarrollar tumores de glándulas sebáceas y queratoacantomas. Presentamos el caso de dos pacientes con SMT, con más de una neoplasia relacionada al SL, lesiones cutáneas, antecedentes familiares de cáncer y estudios de inestabilidad de microsatélites e inmunohistoquímica...
Lynch syndrome (LS) is an autosomal-dominant inherited cancer predisposition syndrome caused by germline mutations in DNA mismatch repair genes (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 or PMS2). Muir-Torre syndrome (MTS) is a phenotypic variant of LS that includes a predisposition to sebaceous glands tumors and keratoacanthomas. We report two patients with MTS, with more than one LS-related cancer, skin lesions, family history of cancer andmicrosatellite instability and immunohistochemistry analysis...