Expression profile of key genes involved in DNA repair mechanisms in bovine cumulus cells cultured with bovine serum albumin or fetal calf serum.

Cumulus cells from cumulus-oocyte complexes (COC) matured in vitro in serum-free medium show high incidence of apoptosis and DNA double-strand breaks (DSB). This study aimed to characterize the transcript expression profile of selected genes involved in DNA repair mechanisms in bovine cumulus cells cultured with bovine serum albumin (BSA) or fetal calf serum (FCS). Briefly, bovine cumulus-oocyte complexes were in vitro matured with either, 0.4% BSA or 10% FCS for 3, 6, 12 or 24 h. The total RNA of cumulus cells was used for real-time PCR analysis. Transcript abundance of XRCC6, XRCC5, DNAPK, GAAD45B, TP53BP1, RAD50, RAD52, ATM and BRCA2 target genes changed as the IVM proceeded (P < 0.05). However, an interaction between protein source (FCS or BSA) and time was not detected (P ≥ 0.05). Cumulus cells from COCs matured with BSA presented higher mRNA expression of two genes compared to FCS group: TP53BP1 at 6 h and BRCA1 at 3, 6, 12 and 24 h (P < 0.05). In summary, our results showed for the first time the expression profile of the key genes involved in DSB repair mechanisms in cumulus cells obtained from bovine COCs matured with FCS or BSA. The higher mRNA expression of BRCA1 and TP53BP1 and lower mRNA expression of TNFAIP6 suggests an increase in apoptosis rate and DNA damage in cumulus cells cultured in BSA-supplemented medium and may explain, at least to some extent, the reduced developmental potential of bovine oocytes matured in serum-free medium.

The components of the angiotensin-(1-7) system are differentially expressed during follicular wave in cattle.

INTRODUCTION: This study was based on the hypothesis that some components of the angiotensin-(1-7) (Ang-(1-7)) system are differentially expressed during follicular development and can be involved in the follicular health/atresia transition in bovine. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The largest (F1) and second largest follicles (F2) were collected from cows before (Day 2), during (Day 3), or after (Day 4) the expected moment of follicular deviation. In the second experiment, F1 was induced to atresia through intrafollicular injection of fulvestrant (estrogen receptor-antagonist) and, in both experiments, mRNA expression of the Mas receptor, ACE2, NEP, and PEP was evaluated in the granulosa and theca cells. RESULTS: The mRNA expression of Mas receptor was upregulated in the granulosa cells of F2 after the establishment of follicular deviation, while PEP mRNA increased during and after the deviation process. The mRNA expression of ACE2 was upregulated in the granulosa cells of F1 during and after the follicular deviation. The mRNA expression of NEP was not regulated in F1 and F2. Mas receptor expression increased in the F1 induced to atresia. CONCLUSIONS: mRNA for Mas receptor, ACE2, and PEP are differentially expressed in granulosa cells throughout follicular development and the Mas receptor can be involved with the establishment of follicular dominance.

The effect of equine chorionic gonadotropin on follicular size, luteal volume, circulating progesterone concentrations, and pregnancy rates in anestrous beef cows treated with a novel fixed-time artificial insemination protocol.

The objective was to determine the effects of eCG given on the day of, or 2 days before removal of an intravaginal progestin device, on ovarian follicle diameter, luteal volume, serum progesterone (P4) concentrations, and pregnancy per insemination in a fixed-time AI (FTAI) protocol. Lactating, anestrous, multiparous Bos taurus cross beef cows, 40 to 60 days postpartum, were given estradiol benzoate (2 mg im) and a progestin intravaginal device containing 250 mg of medroxyprogesterone acetate on Day 0 and cloprostenol (0.265 mg) on Day 6. Intravaginal devices were removed on Day 8 and GnRH (100 µg im) was given on Day 9, with timed AI 16 hours later. In experiment 1, cows were randomly assigned to receive 400 IU im eCG on Day 6 (eCG6; N = 8) or Day 8 (eCG8; N = 8), or to not receive eCG (control; N = 8). Dominant follicle diameter on Day 9 in the eCG6 group (10.0 ± 0.5 mm) was larger (P < 0.05) than in the eCG8 (8.6 ± 0.2 mm) or control (8.5 ± 0.4 mm) groups. Corpora lutea (CL) in all cows in the control group underwent premature luteolysis within 10 days after ovulation. Luteal volumes and P4 concentrations 10 and 15 days after ovulation were higher (P < 0.05) in the eCG6 group than in the eCG8 group. In experiment 2, the eCG6 (N = 121) and eCG8 (N = 125) protocols were compared in lactating anestrous cows that underwent FTAI. Pregnancy rate was higher (P < 0.05) in the cows that received eCG on Day 6 (27.3%; 33/121) than on Day 8 (16.0%; 20/125). Furthermore, CL volumes and P4 concentrations were higher (P < 0.05) in the eCG6 group (5784.0 ± 857.3 mm(3) and 8.1 ± 1.3 ng/mL, respectively) than in the eCG8 group (3220.9 ± 505.1 mm(3) and 4.5 ± 0.7 ng/mL, respectively). We concluded that eCG given 2 days before progestin removal in this FTAI protocol for anestrous beef cows increased diameter of the dominant follicle, luteal volume, serum P4 concentrations, and pregnancy rates.

Angiotensin II, progesterone, and prostaglandins are sequential steps in the pathway to bovine oocyte nuclear maturation.

Oocyte meiotic resumption is triggered by the ovulatory gonadotropin surge; in cattle, angiotensin II (AngII) and prostaglandins (PG) are key mediators of this gonadotropin-induced event. Here, we tested the hypothesis that progesterone (P(4)) is also involved in oocyte meiotic resumption induced by the gonadotropin surge. In Experiment I, P(4) induced nuclear maturation in a dose-dependent manner using a coculture of follicular hemisections and cumulus-oocyte complexes. In the second experiment, using an in vivo model, an injection of mifepristone (MIFE; P(4) receptor antagonist) at the antrum of preovulatory follicles prevented GnRH-induced oocyte meiotic resumption in vivo. In Experiment III (coculture system similar to that of Experiment I), MIFE prevented stimulatory effects of AngII on resumption of meiosis, but saralasin (AngII receptor antagonist) did not inhibit P(4) actions. In Experiments IV and V, fibroblast growth Factor 10 (FGF10; known to suppress steroidogenesis in granulosa cells), blocked AngII-but not P(4)-induced oocyte meiotic resumption. Therefore, we inferred that AngII is upstream to P(4) in a cascade to induce meiotic resumption. Previously, we had reported that AngII acted throughout the PGs pathway to modulate nuclear progression. In Experiment V, indomethacin inhibited resumption of meiosis induced by P(4), providing further support to the AngII-P(4) sequential effect on meiotic resumption. In conclusion, we inferred that AngII, P(4) and PGs are sequential steps in the same pathway that culminates with bovine oocyte maturation.

Vacuum-cooled liquid nitrogen increases the developmental ability of vitrified-warmed bovine oocytes

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of vacuum-cooled liquid nitrogen on the development of vitrified immature (germinal vesicle stage; GV) and mature (metaphase II; MII) bovine oocytes after re-warming. Liquid nitrogen was exposed to either atmospheric pressure or to a vacuum (300mm Hg for 45sec); the latter decreased the temperature of the liquid nitrogen to -200°C. Partially denuded oocytes were vitrified either just after selection (GV) or after 22 hours of in vitro maturation (MII) in TCM 199 medium + 10 percent of estrous mare serum. For vitrification, oocytes were firstly exposed to an intermediate solution (10 percent EG + 10 percent DMSO) for 30sec, followed by the vitrification solution (20 percent EG + 20 percent DMSO + 0.5M sucrose) for 20sec. Groups of three or four oocytes were loaded into an open-pulled-straw and directly plunged into liquid nitrogen. Oocytes were subsequently re-warmed by exposure to air (25°C) for 4sec, followed by 5 min exposure to decreasing concentrations (0.3 and 0.15M) of sucrose. Fertilization (Day 0) was done with 2 x 106 spermatozoa mL-1 (selected by a swim-up procedure) and incubated for 18 to 22 hours. Presumptive zygotes were cultured at 39°C in four-well dishes with SOFaaci medium, under 5 percent CO2 and saturated humidity. Cleavage (Day 2) and blastocyst rates (Day 8) were 33.9 and 4.2 percent, respectively, for GV stage oocytes at atmospheric pressure, 41.2 and 8.8 percent for GV oocytes under vacuum, 43.5 and 6.7 percent for MII oocytes at atmospheric pressure, and 53.6 and 10.6 percent for MII oocytes under vacuum. In conclusion, vacuum-cooled liquid nitrogen improved developmental rates of vitrified-thawed bovine oocytes.

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o efeito do nitrogênio liquido super resfriado por vácuo no desenvolvimento, após reaquecimento, de oócitos bovinos vitrificados imaturos ou maturados. O nitrogênio líquido foi mantido em atmosfera normal ou submetido ao vácuo (300mm Hg por 45s) este último reduzindo a temperatura do nitrogênio para -200°C. Oócitos parcialmente desnudos foram vitrificados logo após a seleção (estádio de vesícula germinativa; VG), ou após 22 horas de maturação (metáfase II; MII) em meio TCM 199 + 10 por cento de soro de égua em estro. Para a vitrificação, os oócitos foram inicialmente expostos a uma solução intermediária (10 por cento EG + 10 por cento DMSO) por 30s e a seguir a uma solução de vitrificação (20 por cento EG + 20 por cento DMSO + 0,5M sacarose) por 20s. Grupos de 3 ou 4 oócitos foram envasados em palhetas estiradas e abertas e mergulhados no nitrogênio líquido. Os oócitos foram então reaquecidos por exposição ao ar (25°C) por 4s, seguido de exposição a concentrações decrescentes de sacarose (0,3 e 0,15M - 5 minutos cada). A fecundação (dia 0) foi realizada com 2 x 106 espermatozóides mL-1 (selecionados por "swim-up") e incubação por 18 a 22 horas. Os presumíveis zigotos foram cultivados a 39°C, em placas de quatro poços, com meio SOFaaci, com 5 por cento de CO2 e umidade saturada. As taxas de clivagem (Dia 2) e de blastocistos (Dia 8) obtidas foram de 33,9 e de 4,2 por cento, respectivamente, para oócitos no estágio de VG / pressão normal, de 41,2 e 8,8 por cento para oócitos VG / vácuo, 43,5 e 6,7 por cento para oócitos MII / pressão normal e de de 53,6 e 10,6 por cento para oócitos MII / vácuo. Conclui-se que o emprego de nitrogênio líquido super resfriado pelo vácuo melhora as taxas de desenvolvimento de oócitos bovinos após a vitrificação.