Genetically predicted gene expression of prefrontal DRD4 gene and the differential susceptibility to childhood emotional eating in response to positive environment.

Genetic differential susceptibility states that individuals may vary both by exhibiting poor responses when exposed to adverse environments, and disproportionally benefiting from positive settings. The dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) may be particularly implicated in these effects, including disturbed eating behaviors that might lead to obesity. Here, we explore differential susceptibility to positive environments according to the predicted genetically regulated gene expression of prefrontal cortex DRD4 gene. Using MAVAN as the discovery cohort (Maternal Adversity, Vulnerability and Neurodevelopment) and GUSTO as the replication cohort (Growing Up in Singapore Towards Healthy Outcomes), we analyzed the interaction between a) a Positive postnatal environmental score, that accounts for positive outcomes in the postnatal period and b) the genetically regulated gene expression of prefrontal DRD4, computed using a machine learning prediction method (PrediXcan). The outcome measures were the pro-intake domains (Emotional over-eating, Food Responsiveness, Food Enjoyment and Desire to Drink) from the Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire at 48 months of age (MAVAN) and 60 months of age (GUSTO). The interaction between the positive environment and the predicted prefrontal DRD4 gene expression was significant for emotional over-eating in MAVAN (ß = -0.403, p < 0.02), in which the high gene expression group had more or less emotional eating according to the exposure to lower or higher positive environment respectively, showing evidence of differential susceptibility criteria. In the replication cohort, a similar result was found with the pro-intake domain Desire to drink (ß = -0.583, p < 0.05). These results provide further evidence for the genetic differential susceptibility, accounting for the benefit of positive environments.

Descrição cronológica das manifestações amorosas de adolescentes do sul do Brasil / Chronological description of south brazilian adolescents romantic behaviors / Descripción cronológica de las manifestaciones amorosas de adolescentes del sur de Brasil

A literatura brasileira sobre iniciação sexual e sexualidade na adolescência é vasta, no entanto, verifica-se uma escassez de investigações sobre as manifestações amorosas pré-sexuais. Objetivou-se descrever a idade de início de diferentes manifestações amorosas de adolescentes de Porto Alegre e de Canoas, no Rio Grande do Sul, buscando identificar uma possível cronologia. Adolescentes (n = 380) do sexo feminino (66,2%, n = 240) e masculino (33,8%, n = 123), estudantes de escolas públicas e privadas, com média de idade de 14,6 anos (DP = 1,47), preencheram uma ficha de dados sociodemográficos e o Romantic History Survey. Verificou-se o início do interesse romântico aos 10-11 anos de idade, e aos 14-15 anos a efetivação desse interesse em um relacionamento amoroso. Foi observada diferença significativa quanto ao início do interesse romântico e de encontros amorosos conforme o sexo, mais precoces para as meninas em comparação aos meninos. Estudos qualitativos e que incluem a perspectiva de familiares, amigos e parceiros amorosos permitiriam ampliar a compreensão do tema.

There is an extent Brazilian literature that focuses on sexual initiation and adolescent sexuality already exists, however, the investigation of romantic pre-sexual behaviors is still scarce. This study aimed at describing the age of onset of different romantic behaviors in teenagers of Porto Alegre and Canoas, in Rio Grande do Sul, in Brazil, seeking to identify a possible chronology. Adolescents (n = 380), both female (66.2%, n = 240) and male (33.8%, n = 123), from public and private schools, with an age average of 14.6 years (SD = 1.47), filled a sociodemographic questionnaire and the Romantic History Survey. Adolescents begin to be romantically interested in other people around 10-11 years, and this interest evolved at the 14-15 years range when a romantic relationship happens. There is a significant difference between male and female adolescents regarding the beginning of a romantic interest and dating because it happens to girls earlier than to boys. Qualitative studies, that include family, friends and romantic partners' perspective, may increase the understanding of this topic.

En Brasil, la literatura sobre la iniciación sexual y la sexualidad de los adolescentes es amplia. Sin embargo, investigaciones sobre las manifestaciones amorosas pre-sexuales son aún escasas. Ese estudio tuvo como objetivo describir la edad de inicio de diferentes manifestaciones románticas en adolescentes de Porto Alegre y Canoas/RS, buscando identificar una posible cronología. Adolescentes (n = 380) del sexo femenino (66,2%, n = 240) y masculino (33,8%, n = 123), estudiantes de escuelas públicas y privadas, con una media de edad de 14,6 años (DP = 1,47), llenaron una ficha de datos sociodemográficos y el Romantic History Survey. Se verificó el inicio del interés romántico a los 10-11 años de edad y a los 14-15 años, el establecimiento de una relación amorosa, concretizando ese interés. Se identificó una diferencia significativa relacionado con el inicio del interés y de los encuentros amorosos según el sexo, más precoces para las niñas en comparación a los niños. Estudios cualitativos y que incluyan la perspectiva de la familia, amigos y parejas amorosas, permitirían ampliar la comprensión del tema.

Crestal Sinus Augmentation with Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2: Clinical and Radiographic Outcomes of 2-Year Pilot Trial.

PURPOSE: Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rhBMP-2) together with an absorbable collagen carrier (ACS) was approved for augmentation of the maxillary sinus prior to implant placement. The original registration trial was based on a lateral window approach. Clinical outcomes of crestal sinus augmentation with rhBMP-2 have not been reported so far. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An uncontrolled pilot trial in which seven patients with a residual maxillary height below 5 mm were enrolled to receive crestal sinus augmentation with rhBMP-2/ACS was conducted. Elevation of the sinus mucosa was performed by gel pressure. Primary endpoints were the gain in augmentation height and volume measured by computed tomography after 6 months. Evaluation of bone quality at the time of implant placement was based on histology. Secondary endpoints were the clinical and radiologic evaluation of the implants and patient satisfaction by visual analog scale (VAS) at the 2-year follow-up. RESULTS: Median gain in augmentation height was 7.2 mm (range 0.0 to 17.5 mm). Five patients gained at least 5 mm of bone height. Two patients with a perforation of the sinus mucosa failed to respond to rhBMP-2/ACS and underwent lateral window augmentation. The median gain in augmentation volume of the five patients was 781.3 mm³ (range 426.9 to 1,242.8 mm³). Biopsy specimens showed a cancellous network consisting of primary plexiform bone with little secondary lamellar bone. After 2 years, implants were in function with no signs of inflammation or peri-implant bone loss. Patients were satisfied with the esthetic outcomes and chewing function. CONCLUSION: This pilot clinical trial supports the original concept that rhBMP-2/ACS supports bone formation, also in crestal sinus augmentation, and emphasizes the relevance of the integrity of the sinus mucosa to predict the bone gain.