A novel spot mutation leading to sialidosis type 1-myoclonus syndrome and optical coherence tomography findings / Uma nova mutação pontual levando à sialidose tipo 1 - síndrome mioclônica e seus achados na tomografia de coerência óptica

ABSTRACT This report presents the optical coherence tomography findings and a new NEU1 mutation in bilateral macular cherry-red spot syndrome associated with sialidosis type 1. A 19-year-old patient with a macular cherry-red spot underwent metabolic and genetic analyses supported by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Fundus examination revealed bilateral macular cherry-red spot. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography revealed increased hyperreflectivity in the retinal inner layers and the photoreceptor layer in the foveal region. The genetic analysis detected a new NEU1 mutation, which caused type I sialidosis. In cases with a macular cherry-red spot, sialidosis should be included in the differential diagnosis, and NEU1 mutation should be screened. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography alone is not sufficient in the differential diagnosis because childhood metabolic diseases may exhibit similar signs.

RESUMO Neste artigo, objetivamos apresentar os achados da tomografia de coerência óptica em uma nova mutação detectada no gene NEU1 em um caso de síndrome macular vermelho-cereja bilateral associada à sialidose tipo 1. Um paciente de 19 anos com um achado de mancha macular vermelho-cereja foi submetido a análises metabólicas e genéticas, apoiadas por imagens de tomografia de coerência óptica de domínio espectral (SD-OCT). Ao exame de fundo de olho, foi observada uma mancha macular vermelho-cereja bilateral. Nas imagens de SD-OCT, observou-se hiper-refletividade nas camadas internas da retina e na camada fotorreceptora na região foveal. Foi realizada uma análise genética e uma nova mutação foi detectada no gene NEU1, resultando em sialidose tipo 1. Nos casos em que é detectada uma mancha vermelho-cereja na mácula, o diagnóstico diferencial de sialidose deve ser feito e mutações do gene NEU1 devem ser rastreadas. A SD-OCT por si só não é suficiente para o diagnóstico diferencial, porque achados de aparência semelhante podem se manifestar em casos de doenças metabólicas da infância.

Corneal parameters, ocular biometers, and retinal and choroidal thickness in acromegaly patients.

BACKGROUND: To compare ocular findings of acromegaly patients with healthy individuals and investigate the relation of serum levels of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) along with growth hormone (GH) and pituitary tumor (adenoma) dimensions (TD) with specific ocular parameters. METHODS: The ocular parameters of acromegaly patients (n = 38) were compared with those of healthy subjects (n = 36). These parameters were intraocular pressure, keratometric (K1-K2) values, central corneal thickness (CCT), total axial length along with anterior chamber-lens-vitreous length, retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, central foveal thickness (CFT), choroidal thickness (CT), ganglion cell layer thickness (GCLT), and inner plexiform layer thickness (IPLT). Also investigated was whether there was a correlation between disease duration, TD, GH, IGF-I, CCT, RNFL, CFT, GCLT, IPLT, and CT. RESULTS: The lens length of the acromegaly group was increased (p = 0.014). GH and IGF-1 levels were positively correlated with CT and CCT, respectively (p = 0.041, r = 0.343) (p = 0.03, r = 0.347). Analysis of TD also found a highly negative correlation with the mean RNFL thickness of the acromegaly patients (p < 0.01, r = -0.603). The mean value of the inner parts of GCLT and IPLT was negatively correlated with TD (p = 0.041, r = -0.343 and p = 0.025, r = -0.379, respectively). CONCLUSION: Serum IGF-1 and GH levels might be determinant factors in CCT and CT, respectively. The pituitary adenoma size increasing may be prone to lead RNFL, ganglion cell layer, inner plexiform layer thinning. Increased lens thickness was found in the acromegaly group.

Comparison of central corneal thickness in corneal edema by ultrasound pachymetry, specular microscopy, and anterior segment optical coherence tomography.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare ultrasound pachymetry Ultrasound pachymetry (UP), specular microscopy (SM), and anterior segment optical coherence tomography (ASOCT) in the measurement of central corneal thickness (CCT) in cases of corneal edema before and after uncomplicated phacoemulsification. METHODS: Preoperative pachymetric measurements were performed in all patients before cataract surgery. Sixty -seven patients who developed corneal edema after routine faoemulsification surgery were included in the study. CCT measurements were made the day before surgery and on the 1st, 7th, and 14th days after surgery. Correlation and agreement between the devices were quantified with the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), limits of agreement, and Bland-Altman plots. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 70.99 ± 9.56 (36-92) years. While CCT could be measured in all eyes with ASOCT after surgery, the number of eyes measured with UP and SM were 24 (11.7%) and 27 (16.1%), 55 (82.1%) and 52 (77.6%), and 46 (88.8%) and 45 (86.9%) on postoperative days 1, 7, and 14, respectively. ICC values between UP and SM, UP and ASOCT, and SM and ASOCT, respectively, were: preoperative 0.91, 0.94, and 0.92; 1st postoperative day 0.93, 0.86, and 0.93; 7th postoperative day 0.94, 0.85, and 0.96; and 14th postoperative day 0.95, 0.92, and 0.96. CONCLUSION: In all eyes with corneal edema, CCT measurements can be taken with ASOCT; however, in some cases, CCT measurements with SM and UP cannot be taken. However, there is a good correlation between measurements taken with these devices.

Anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha treatment in pediatric patients with pars planitis: a single-center experience from Turkey.

AIM: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha (anti-TNF-alpha) treatment (Adalimumab [ADA]) combined with immunomodulatory agents (IMAs) in the treatment of pars planitis (PP). METHODS: The patients with PP who were treated with anti-TNF-alpha agents for at least six months were qualified for the chart review. The outcome parameters were the steroid-free remission state, the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and the central macular thickness (CMT) of the patients at the last visit. RESULTS: After a mean total follow-up time of 15.5 ± 5.8 months (8-24 months), all the cases were in steroid-free remission at the last visit. The mean BCVA increased, and the mean CMT decreased significantly at the last visit (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION: ADA combined with IMAs offers effective and safe treatment modalities in the control of chronic intraocular inflammation in PP cases.

Effectiveness of Pulmonary Surfactant in the Treatment of Corneal Edema.

Purpose: To compare the effectiveness of topical surfactant and 3% sodium chloride (NaCl) in the treatment of corneal edema occurring after cataract surgery. Methods: Ninety eyes of 90 patients with no corneal disease who underwent cataract surgery were included in the study. Thirty eyes without corneal edema comprised group 1. Patients with corneal edema were divided into two groups: those treated with 3% NaCl (group 2, 30 eyes) and those treated with surfactant drop (group 3, 30 eyes). Results: The mean age was 70.8 ± 6.6 years, with no significant age difference between the groups. Preoperatively, there was no significant difference in mean central corneal thickness (CCT) or mean endothelial cell count (ECC) among the groups (P = 0.999). On postoperative day 1, CCT was significantly lower in group 1 (P < 0.001) but did not differ between groups 2 and 3 (P = 0.999). There was no significant difference between groups in terms of ECC (P > 0.05). At postoperative day 7 and 14, CCT differed significantly between groups 1 and 2 (P < 0.001) and between groups 2 and 3 (P = 0.001), with no significant difference between groups 1 and 3 (P = 0.474). ECC was significantly higher in group 1 (P < 0.05), whereas there was no significant difference between groups 2 and 3 (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Topical pulmonary surfactant may be a more effective treatment option than 3% hypertonic NaCl for the treatment of corneal edema that develops after cataract surgery.

[The Microbiological Analysis of a Rhizobium radiobacter Outbreak After Intravitreal Injection]. / Intravitreal Enjeksiyon Sonrasi Ortaya Çikan Rhizobium radiobacter Salgininin Mikrobiyolojik Analizi.

Rhizobium radiobacter, which is found in nature and causes tumorigenic plant diseases can lead to opportunistic infections, especially in people with underlying diseases. In our study, endophthalmitis that observed in ten patients caused by R.radiobacter bacteria after intravitreal ranibizumab injection in Ophthalmology Clinic were examined microbiologically. Vitreous fluid samples of 13 patients who received intravitreal ranibizumab injection were sent to the Microbiology Laboratory from Van Yuzuncu Yil University Faculty of Medicine's Ophthalmology Clinic for microbiological examination in December 21, 2016. Samples were examined under microscope after staining with Gram and cultured with 5% sheep blood agar and Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) agar. The culture plates were incubated for 18-24 hours at 37°C in 5% CO2. At the end of this period, catalase, oxidase, and urease tests were performed on the colonies. The identification and antibiotic susceptibility tests of microorganisms growing in vitreous fluid samples were performed using BD Phoenix (Becton Dickinson, USA), Vitek 2 Compact (BioMerieux, France), and Vitek MS (BioMerieux, France) systems. In addition, 16S rDNA sequence analysis was performed and the pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) method was used to determine the clonal relationship between the isolates. After growing in cultures (one day after the procedure), culture samples were collected from the objects, medical tools and equipment, hands of healthcare staff and a new injection solution in the area where the procedure was performed. R.radiobacter was isolated in 10 of the vitreous fluid samples of 13 patients, and no bacterial growth was detected in 3. The microorganisms were found to be gram-negative bacilli, non-fermenter, motile, catalase/oxidase/urease positive, in compliance with R.radiobacter. All isolates were identified as R.radiobacter by BD Phoenix (Becton Dickinson, USA), Vitek 2 Compact (BioMerieux, France), and Vitek MS (BioMerieux, France) (database v2.0) systems. R.radiobacter isolates were found to be resistant to ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanate, trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole, cefotaxime and ceftazidime; susceptible to cefuroxime, cefepime, amikacin, gentamicin, imipenem, meropenem, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and piperacillin/tazobactam. The isolates were identified as R.radiobacter by 16S rDNA sequence analysis. PFGE showed that all isolates had the same band profile. R.radiobacter isolates with the same band profile likely revealed that the contamination was from the same source. However, the growth of R.radiobacter was not detected in the cultures made from the objects, medical instruments and supplies, the hands of healthcare professionals and the new injection solution in the area where the procedure was performed, and the source of the agent could not be determined. The results have shown that intravitreal injection procedure carries a risk for R.radiobacter infection. Disinfection and antisepsis conditions, before and during the procedure, is important for the prevention of such infections. This study is the first epidemic outbreak report of endophthalmitis caused by the same strain of R.radiobacter and the second article in which R.radiobacter was reported as the cause of endophthalmitis after intravitreal injection.

Comparison of the efficacy of accelerated corneal cross-linking therapy in different pediatric age groups having progressive keratoconus.

PURPOSE: To report a comparison analysis of accelerated corneal cross-linking (A-CXL) treatment for progressive keratoconus patients in different pediatric age groups. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective, cross-sectional. METHODS: Patients with progressive keratoconus aged ≤ 18 were retrospectively reviewed. Forty-one eyes of 41 patients were included in the study. Patients were divided into two groups according to their age (≤ 14 years and 15-18 years). All patients underwent epithelium-off A-CXL protocol. Acquired data were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: The mean age was 14.3 ± 1.8 (10-18) years. Twenty-five (61%) of the participants were male, and 16 (39%) were female. Twenty (49%) patients were separated into group 1 (≤ 14 years of age), and 21 (51%) were in group 2 (15-18 years). Age at presentation was found to be the only factor in anticipating the progression of keratoconus at the second postoperative year visit (p < 0.001). Progression in keratometric values was detected in seven (35%) of the 20 eyes in group 1, and one (4%) of the 21 patients in group 2 (Z = - 2.44, p = 0.014). CONCLUSION: Even if proper treatment is applied, the progression of keratoconus is likely in patients younger than 14 years of age. Instead of evaluating pediatric patients as a whole, closer follow-up and early treatment may be useful in younger age groups (≤ 14 years).

In vivo analysis and comparison of anterior segment structures of both eyes in unilateral Fuchs' uveitis syndrome.

PURPOSE: To compare corneal endothelial cell density (ECD), iris stromal thickness (IST), iris pigment epithelium optical density (IPE OD), and Schlemm's canal (SC) measurements in patients having unilateral Fuchs' uveitis syndrome (FUS). METHODS: This is a randomized, prospective study. Currently, diagnosed unilateral FUS and phakic cases were defined to be the inclusion criteria to the study. The specular microscope was used to measure ECD. Anterior segment images were acquired by using SD-OCT. The images were extracted and uploaded to the ImageJ program for further analysis. Two blinded investigators analyzed the IST, IPE OD, and SC area in both healthy (N) and affected eyes (FUS) and the comparative analysis was made by using SPSS program. RESULTS: Of twenty-one participants, 13 were female (62%). The mean age of the participants was 30 ± 9 (18-47) years. ECD was 2228 ± 365 and 2513 ± 209 cells/mm2 in the FUS and N, respectively (p < 0,001). In FUS, the mean nasal and temporal (n-t) IST was measured as 380 ± 44 and 347 ± 41 µm, compared to 393 ± 61 and 355 ± 62 µm in N, respectively (p = 0.3 and p = 0.4 respectively). The mean n-t IPE OD was measured as 1110 ± 499 and 937 ± 370 in FUS, compared to 1147 ± 528 and 1267 ± 428 in N, respectively (p = 0.008 temporal). The mean n-t SC area was measured as 5479 ± 1951 and 5624 ± 2722 µm2 in FUS, compared to 5736 ± 2574 and 5633 ± 1835 µm2 in N, respectively (p = 0.9 and p = 0.7 respectively). CONCLUSION: Decreased ECD in FUS may lead to serious complications after cataract surgery. Temporal IPE depigmentation occurs prior to the nasal side in FUS.

Long-Term Results of Accelerated Corneal Cross-Linking in Adolescent Patients With Keratoconus.

PURPOSE: To report long-term results of accelerated corneal collagen cross-linking treatment in patients with progressive keratoconus in the pubertal period. METHODS: Patients with progressive keratoconus aged 14 and younger were retrospectively reviewed. Thirty-five eyes of 23 patients, who were followed for at least 4 years postoperatively, were included in the study. Demographic characteristics, uncorrected visual acuity, best-corrected visual acuity, and corneal topography data were recorded. All patients underwent an epi-off accelerated corneal collagen cross-linking protocol. RESULTS: The mean age of the participants was 13 ± 0.5 (11-14) years. Male to female ratio was 3/2. The mean pupillary center to cone apex distance was 1.6 ± 0.5 mm. At presentation, 11 eyes (31%) were classified as stage 1 keratoconus; 14 eyes (40%) were classified as stage 2 keratoconus, 8 eyes (23%) were classified as stage 3 keratoconus, and 2 eyes (6%) were classified as stage 4 keratoconus. The mean follow-up period was 56 ± 8 months. At the first year of the follow-up, central corneal thickness (CCT) and thickness of thinnest point of the cornea (TTPC) were found to be decreased significantly in comparison to preoperative values (P = 0.02 and P = 0.003, respectively). At the second year of follow-up, only TTPC was found to be decreased in comparison to preoperative value (P = 0.01). At the last follow-up visit, CCT was found to be increased significantly in comparison to preoperative CCT (P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: After an average follow-up of 56 months, progression was determined in 20% of the eyes despite appropriate treatment. In the last visit, progression was found to be associated with K1, K2, CCT, TTPC, and age.

Evaluation of changes in axial length after congenital cataract surgery.

PURPOSE: To investigate the relationship between lens status and axial length (AL) in patients operated for unilateral and bilateral congenital cataract. SETTING: Yüzüncü Yil University, Ophthalmology Clinic, Van, Turkey. DESIGN: Retrospective study. METHODS: Records of patients who underwent surgery for unilateral or bilateral congenital cataract were analyzed. The patients were separated into three groups: bilateral aphakic, bilateral pseudophakic, and unilateral. The unilateral group was subdivided into the operated cataract eyes (unilateral aphakic and unilateral pseudophakic) and unoperated fellow phakic eyes. The patients' age at surgery, follow-up time, preoperative and postoperative AL measurements, change in AL, and monthly growth rate were evaluated. RESULTS: The bilateral aphakic group included 40 eyes of 20 patients, the bilateral pseudophakic group included 103 eyes of 54 patients, and the unilateral group included 40 eyes of 20 patients. The mean age at time of surgery in these groups was 8.17 months ± 10.65 (SD), 42.47 ± 43.81 months, and 42.47 ± 43.81 months, respectively. There were no significant differences in preoperative AL, postoperative AL, change in AL, or monthly growth rate between the aphakic and fellow phakic eyes in the unilateral group (P > .05). There were also no significant differences between unilateral pseudophakic eyes and fellow phakic eyes in the unilateral group with respect to preoperative AL or change in AL, but there were significant differences in final AL and monthly growth rate (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Various factors can affect axial elongation. The monthly growth rate was lower in pseudophakic eyes compared with phakic eyes. Experimental studies are required to understand the mechanism underlying this effect.

Pulmonary functions in pseudoexfoliation syndrome.

OBJECTIVES: It is well-known that pseudoexfoliative material deteriorates iris dilatation function. This material was also found in lung tissue. The aim of the study was to evaluate pulmonary function in patients with pseudoexfoliation. METHODS: This prospective study included 60 pseudoexfoliation syndrome patients without any pulmonary diseases and 52 age- and gender-matched controls without any pulmonary diseases. Patients were asked about their cigarette use and the presence of any systemic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension and asthma. All cases underwent full ophthalmologic and general medical examinations including pulmonary auscultation and pulmonary posterior-anterior X-ray. Pulmonary function tests were used for evaluation of pulmonary function. FVC, FEV1 , FEV1 %, FEV1 /FVC and saturation values were recorded. RESULTS: Mean age was 67.1 ± 8.8 (44-82) years in the pseudoexfoliation group and 63.8 ± 9.4 (43-82) years in the control group (P > .05). Mean FEV1 was 1.60 ± 0.62 in the pseudoexfoliation group and 1.84 ± 0.61 in the control group (P = .036). Mean FEV1 % was 70.65 ± 23.89 in the pseudoexfoliation group and 83.46 ± 17.83 in the control group (P = .002). Mean FEV1 /FVC ratios were 0.72 ± 0.15 in the pseudoexfoliation group and 0.77 ± 0.11 in the control group (P = .043). No statistically significant differences were found between the groups for FVC, saturation or cigarette use. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that there is decline in some pulmonary functions in pseudoexfoliation syndrome.

Epidemiology of Open Globe Injury in Children.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the epidemiology and outcomes of pediatric open globe injury (OGI). METHOD: The medical records of all patients diagnosed with OGI in the authors' clinic between 1996 and 2015 were screened retrospectively. A total of 893 eyes of 892 patients aged 16 years or younger were included in the study. Open globe injury was classified according to the ocular trauma classification (OTS). Age, sex, history, cause and month of trauma, treatment received, visual acuity at presentation, final visual acuity, and cause of vision loss were recorded. RESULTS: Children aged 16 years or younger comprised 67.7% of all OGI patients within the studied time period. The annual incidence of OGI in children was 5.16 per 100,000 overall, with 6.12 per 100,000 boys and 4.14 per 100,000 girls. Open globe injuries occurred most frequently in the 3 to 7 year age group and in the summer months. The most common scene of injury was playgrounds (50.2%). A strong, linear, negative correlation was found between OTS values and final visual acuity in logMAR (rp = -0.550, P = 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The authors' study revealed that a high proportion of all OGIs in the authors' region occurred in children under 17 years old. As with adults, OGI in children often results in significant vision loss. However, considering the varying degrees of visual recovery demonstrated by some of the authors' patients, particularly those with no light perception at admission, the authors believe an eye-sparing approach is warranted in pediatric OGI.

Wiedemann-Rautenstrauch Syndrome With Bilateral Tarsal Kink: Three Sutures for Correction.

The authors describe a 5-month-old male infant with Wiedemann-Rautenstrauch syndrome, which is an extremely rare condition. He had tarsal kink in upper eyelids in both eyes. The authors treated bilateral tarsal kink with an everting suture via a transconjunctival approach under local anesthesia.

The Stabilization Time of Ocular Measurements after Cataract Surgery.

PURPOSE: To determine the stabilization time of automated refraction, ocular biometric parameters, keratometry, and central corneal thickness (CCT) and to find the optimal time for glasses' prescription after cataract surgery. METHODS: This was a prospective, case series study of 62 consecutive eyes with senile cataracts. Patients undergoing uncomplicated phacoemulsification surgery were included in the study. Automated refraction, keratometry, ocular biometric parameters, and CCT were recorded at baseline before cataract surgery and at follow-up visits at one day, one week, two weeks, and four weeks after surgery. RESULTS: The study was composed of 62 eyes of 62 patients with a mean age of 66±12.38 (range, 40 to 84 years). The automated refraction stabilized one week after surgery and changed minimally between the first week and the first month after cataract surgery. The stabilization of average keratometric corneal astigmatism in keratometry, average anterior chamber depth, and CCT was achieved after the second postsurgical week. CONCLUSION: It may be possible to prescribe glasses starting from two weeks after an uneventful phacoemulsification cataract surgery for most patients.

Epidemiology of Adult Open Globe Injury.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the epidemiology and outcomes of adult open globe injuries (OGI) in the eastern part of Turkey. METHODS: The retrospective study included all the patients who were diagnosed with OGI (436 eyes in 425 patients) at our clinic between 1997 and 2015. The OGI patients aged over 16 years were included into the study. Open globe injuries were classified according to the Ocular Trauma Classification. Age, gender, medical history, time between trauma and hospital admission, and mechanism of injury were recorded for each patient. RESULTS: The incidence of OGI in adults was found to be 3.40/100,000, with 5.00/100,000 in males and 1.67/100,000 in females. Open globe injuries were mostly seen in the age group of 17 to 29 years and in October and November. The patients included 79.5% males and 20.5% females. Intraocular foreign body was detected in 99 (22.7%) eyes. A strong, linear, negative correlation was found between the Ocular Trauma Classification values and final visual LogMAR (rp = -0.602, P = 0.0001). The most common mechanism of injury was occupational accident (38.4%). CONCLUSION: Open globe injuries remain a serious public health problem, resulting in significant vision loss. Open globe injuries are mostly seen in the young, middle-aged, and male working population. Additional preventive measures should be taken for the individuals in these groups.

In Vivo Confocal Microscopy and Biomicroscopy of Filtering Blebs After Trabeculectomy.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to analyze filtering blebs (FBs) after trabeculectomy with in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) and slit-lamp biomicroscopy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: IVCM using the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph/Rostock Cornea Module and biomicroscopic examination were performed in 67 FBs in 55 patients 3 months to 30 years postoperatively (mean, 3.2 ± 2.1 y). Although the blebs were evaluated by slit-lamp biomicroscopy, standardized FB classification was used. RESULTS: Of the patients, 9 were female (16.3%) and 46 were male (83.7%), ranging in age from 32 to 81 (51.5 ± 13.2) years. The absence of vascularization and tortuous vessels and the presence of epithelial microcysts on the bleb were significantly correlated with good bleb function (P=0.001). IVCM findings significantly correlated with good bleb function, including the number of epithelial microcysts (P=0.002), the stromal cysts without capsule (P<0.001), minimal vascularization (P=0.002), and the absence of tortuous conjunctival vessels (P=0.003) and reticular and trabecular bleb patterns (P=0.01 and <0.01, respectively). In contrast, a hyperreflective condensed bleb stroma was significantly associated with bleb failure (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: IVCM supports biomicroscopic evaluation as the mainstay for FB analysis and permits diagnostic imaging of FBs to evaluate and follow-up the bleb, differentiation between good and insufficient bleb function, and a microscopic analysis at a cellular level including the structural pattern of the bleb.

Posterior Capsular Opacification in Preschool- and School-Age Patients after Pediatric Cataract Surgery without Posterior Capsulotomy.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to evaluate the development of posterior capsular opacification (PCO) in preschool- and school-age children with cataract who underwent cataract surgery without posterior capsulotomy and anterior vitrectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The records of 30 eyes of 21 patients who underwent pediatric cataract surgery and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation were retrospectively reviewed. Patients' age, PCO status and duration, need for neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd:YAG) laser treatment based on coverage of visual axis, and follow-up period were recorded. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 7.6±2.83 (4-12) years. Unilateral cataract surgery and IOL implantation were performed in 12 patients (57.14%) and bilateral cataract surgery and IOL implantation were performed in nine patients (42.86%). Average follow-up time was 17.7±22.67 (3-83) months. PCO developed in 21 eyes (70%) and covered the visual axis in 15 eyes (50%), which therefore required Nd:YAG laser posterior capsulotomy. The mean duration of postoperative PCO development was 8.91±18.7 months (1 week-71 months). CONCLUSION: We believe that with adequately experienced surgeons, performing both cataract surgery and posterior capsulotomy with anterior vitrectomy in the same session is appropriate for selected preschool- and school-age children with cataract.