[Non-therapeutic hysterectomy in Mexican young females with intellectual disability: a problematized reality]. / Histerectomía no terapéutica en jóvenes mexicanas con discapacidad intelectual: una realidad problematizada.

Background: Non-therapeutic hysterectomy in girls and adolescents with intellectual disability (ID) is an acceptable practice, even when there is a lack of prescriptive ethical reason. Objectives: To determine the magnitude of the practice of hysterectomy in girls and adolescents with ID, and explore the emic factors associated with this procedure. Material and methods: Multicenter, intersectoral study with a mixed methods design. Results: The quantitative results showed that 50 of 234 reported hysterectomies corresponded to females with ID. Average age at the time of surgery was 15 ± 2.9 years. Prophylactic abdominal hysterectomy was the most common procedure, and the justifications for it were "fertility control", "menstrual hygiene management", and "risk of sexual abuse". A qualitative analysis of 15 focus groups revealed that parents' main concern was how to manage their daughters' index disease and reproductive health; they perceived menstruation positively; they expressed their fear of dying and leaving them without support, and emphasized fertility control; none of them approved hysterectomy. Conclusions: The bodies that define health policies need to create a new philosophy that avoids the reductionist approach of current biomedical model, which separates (in the health-disease process) our interdependence with other humans.

Antecedentes: La histerectomía no terapéutica en niñas y adolescentes con discapacidad intelectual (DI) es una práctica aceptable, aun cuando se carece de razón ética prescriptiva. Objetivos: Determinar la magnitud de la práctica de la histerectomía en niñas y adolescentes con DI, y explorar los factores emic asociados a esta práctica. Material y métodos: Estudio multicéntrico e intersectorial con método mixto. Resultados: Los resultados cuantitativos mostraron que 50 de 234 histerectomías reportadas correspondieron a mujeres con DI. El promedio de edad a la cirugía fue de 15 ± 2.9 años. La histerectomía abdominal profiláctica fue el procedimiento predominante y las justificaciones fueron control de fertilidad, manejo de la higiene menstrual y riesgo de abuso sexual. El análisis cualitativo de 15 grupos focales reveló que la principal preocupación de los padres fue cómo manejar la enfermedad índice y la salud reproductiva de sus hijas; percibieron positivamente la menstruación, expresaron su miedo a morir y dejarlas sin ayuda, resaltaron el control de la fertilidad y ninguno aprobó la histerectomía. Conclusiones: Los organismos que definen políticas de salud necesitan crear una nueva filosofía que evite el enfoque reduccionista del actual modelo biomédico, el cual separa (en el proceso salud-enfermedad) la interdependencia entre los seres humanos.

El consentimiento informado: su importancia para la investigación retrolectiva y el progreso de la ciencia médica / Informed consent: its importance for retrolective research and medical science progress

Resumen En la investigación retrolectiva, la información necesaria para responder la pregunta de investigación se genera directamente de expedientes clínicos y de otras fuentes clínico-documentales. Este artículo analiza la dispensa del consentimiento informado y el aviso de privacidad cuando la investigación es retrolectiva, de lo cual emergen dos líneas de argumentación: una es el deber del médico de proteger la dignidad, la integridad, el derecho a la autodeterminación, la intimidad del enfermo y la confidencialidad de la información obtenida de él; la otra es la contribución de las investigaciones retrolectivas al control de las enfermedades y a la mejora de la salud de la sociedad. La dispensa del consentimiento o el aviso de privacidad en el expediente clínico es importante para la investigación retrolectiva, pero tiene implicaciones éticas para los investigadores que no cumplan con la racionalidad y responsabilidad personal que tienen ante la sociedad.

Abstract In retrolective research, the information necessary to answer the research question is directly generated from medical records and other clinical-documentary sources. This article analyzes the waiver of informed consent and privacy notice when research is retrolective, from which two lines of argument emerge: one is the physician’s duty to protect patient dignity, integrity, right to self-determination and privacy, as well as the confidentiality of the information obtained from him; the other is retrolective research contribution to the control of diseases and society’s health improvement. Waiver of informed consent or privacy notice documented in the medical record is important for retrolective research, but it has ethical implications for researchers who do not comply with the rationality and personal responsibility they have before society.

Los comités de investigación y ética en investigación y la obligación de que operen de acuerdo con el principio de la alianza social / Research and research ethics committees and the obligation for them to operate in accordance with the principle of the social covenant

Resumen La relación entre alianza social, ética e investigación científica es extremadamente importante para la sociedad. La prosperidad económica y la mejor salud son dos de las principales razones por las cuales la sociedad apoya a la ciencia, sin que la sociedad misma pueda determinar la naturaleza de las investigaciones que serán implementadas; esto último lo deciden los comités de investigación (CI) y los comités de ética en investigación (CEI). En este artículo se analiza cómo el trabajo de los CI y CEI debe tener una alianza social y representar los intereses de la sociedad para promover la confianza de esta en la investigación.

Abstract The relationship between the social covenant, ethics and scientific research is highly important for society. Economic prosperity and better health are two of the main reasons why society supports science, without society itself being able to determine the nature of the research that is to be implemented; this is decided by Research Committees (RCs) and Research Ethics Committees (RECs). This article analyzes how the work of RCs and RECs must have a social covenant and represent the interests of society in order to promote its trust in research.

Los comités de investigación en salud: su autoridad, responsabilidad fundamental y necesidad de que se sometan a auditorías periódicas / Health research committees: their authority, fundamental responsibility and the need for them to undergo periodic audits

Resumen La ética de la investigación debe incluir las dimensiones teórica y práctica. La primera la conforman regulaciones y directrices y la segunda alude a la forma cómo los comités de ética y ética de la investigación interpretan y aplican esas regulaciones y directrices. En este artículo se analiza la operación de los comités a nivel práctico. Dado que la evaluación y el dictamen de los protocolos de investigación es un proceso que requiere consciencia plena, la omisión de esta conlleva importantes implicaciones para la investigación en salud.

Abstract Research ethics must include theoretical and practical dimensions. The first one is structured by regulations and policies, and the second dimension refers to how the committee interprets and applies those regulations and policies. This article analyses the operation of the committees at a practical level. Given that the evaluation and judgement of research protocols is a process that requires full awareness, its omission entails important implications for health research.

Decision-making on therapeutic futility in Mexican adolescents with cancer: a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: The world literature shows that empirical research regarding the process of decision-making when cancer in adolescents is no longer curable has been conducted in High-income, English speaking countries. The objective of the current study was to explore in-depth and to explain the decision-making process from the perspective of Mexican oncologists, parents, and affected adolescents and to identify the ethical principles that guide such decision-making. METHODS: Purposive, qualitative design based on individual, fact-to-face, semi-structured, in-depth interviews. The participants were thirteen paediatric oncologists, 13 parents or primary carers, and six adolescents with incurable cancer. The participants were recruited from the paediatric oncology services of three national tertiary-care medical centres in Mexico City. RESULTS: The oncologists stated that they broach the subject of palliative management when they have determined that curative treatment has failed. Respect for autonomy was understood as the assent of the parent/adolescent to what the oncologist determined to be in the best interest of the adolescent. The oncologists thought that the adolescent should be involved in the decision-making. They also identified the ability to count on a palliative care clinic or service as an urgent need. For the parents, it was essential that the oncologist be truly interested in their adolescent child. The parents did not consider it necessary to inform the child about impending death. The adolescents stated that the honesty of their oncologists was important; however, several of them opted for a passive role in the decision-making process. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study evidence that to achieve good medical practice in low-middle income countries, like Mexico, it is urgent to begin effective implementation of palliative care, together with appropriate training and continuing education in the ethics of clinical practice.

When to stop? Decision-making when children's cancer treatment is no longer curative: a mixed-method systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Children with cancer, parents, and clinicians, face difficult decisions when cure is no longer possible. Little is known about decision-making processes, how agreement is reached, or perspectives of different actors. Professionals voice concerns about managing parental expectations and beliefs, which can be contrary to their own and may change over time. We conducted the first systematic review to determine what constitutes best medico-legal practice for children under 19 years as context to exploring the perspectives of actors who make judgements and decisions when cancer treatment is no longer curative. METHODS: Theory-informed mixed-method thematic systematic review with theory development. RESULTS: Eight legal/ethical guidelines and 18 studies were included. Whilst there were no unresolved dilemmas, actors had different perspectives and motives. In line with guidelines, the best interests of the individual child informed decisions, although how different actors conceptualized 'best interests' when treatment was no longer curative varied. Respect for autonomy was understood as following child/parent preferences, which varied from case to case. Doctors generally shared information so that parents alone could make an informed decision. When parents received reliable information, and personalized interest in their child, they were more likely to achieve shared trust and clearer transition to palliation. Although under-represented in research studies, young people's perspectives showed some differences to those of parents and professionals. For example, young people preferred to be informed even when prognosis was poor, and they had an altruistic desire to help others by participating in research. CONCLUSION: There needs to be fresh impetus to more effectively and universally implement the ethics of professionalism into daily clinical practice in order to reinforce humanitarian attitudes. Ethical guidelines and regulations attempt to bring professionals together by articulating shared values. While important, ethics training must be supported by institutions/organizations to assist doctors to maintain good professional standards. Findings will hopefully stimulate further normative and descriptive lines of research in this complex under-researched field. Future research needs to be undertaken through a more deliberative cultural lens that includes children's and multi-disciplinary team members' perspectives to more fully characterize and understand the dynamics of the decision-making process in this specific end-of life context.

Los comités de ética clínica en México: la ambigua frontera entre la ética asistencial y la ética en investigación clínica / Institutional ethics committees in Mexico: the ambiguous boundary between health care ethics and research ethics

OBJETIVO: Identificar los comités de ética de la práctica clínica en México y establecer las posibles implicaciones derivadas de su composición y funcionamiento. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal descriptivo realizado entre enero y diciembre de 2005. Se envió por correo electrónico una encuesta a todos los hospitales y unidades de medicina familiar del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (n = 437) y del Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado (n = 167) que contaran con más de 10 consultorios, y a los establecimientos asistenciales más importantes de la Secretaría de Salud de México (n = 15). Los elementos analizados fueron: nombre del comité, fecha en la que fue constituido, estado actual de actividad, composición, funciones y facultades. RESULTADOS: Se identificaron 116 comités con muy diversos nombres, de ellos 101 (87,1 por ciento) estaban activos. Estos comités se crearon entre 1985 y 2006, con un pico entre los años 2004 y 2005. De los comités activos, 59 (58,4 por ciento) se encargaban tanto de los problemas/dilemas éticos relacionados con la práctica clínica como de los proyectos de investigación. De los integrantes, 357 (59,0 por ciento) tenían puestos directivos en el establecimiento al que pertenecía el comité del que eran miembros; predominó la profesión médica (71,5 por ciento), seguida de personal de enfermería (11,9 por ciento). De los integrantes de los comités activos, 77,9 por ciento no había recibido entrenamiento en el campo de la ética. CONCLUSIONES: Puede esperarse que surjan conflictos legales, principalmente en los establecimientos cuyos comités se confieren la autoridad de dictaminar el curso apropiado de una acción. Se requiere un plan integral para estandarizar la composición y los procedimientos de los comités de ética clínica en México y mejorar la preparación de sus miembros.

OBJECTIVE: To identify ethics committees in medical practice in Mexico and possible implications stemming from their composition and functions. METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted from January-December 2005. A survey was sent by e-mail to the hospitals and family medicine centers with at 10 practices within the Mexican Institute for Social Security (Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social) (n = 437) and the Institute for Security and Social Services for State Employees (Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado) (n = 167) and to the Mexican Ministry of Health's most important health care centers (n= 15). The following items were analyzed: name of the committee, date of formation, current status, composition, functions, and level of authority. RESULTS: In all, 116 committees were identified, with various names. Of these, 101 (87.1 percent) were active. The committees were formed from 1985-2006, with a spike occurring in 2004-2005. Of the active committees, 59 (58.4 percent) were charged with ethical problems/dilemmas related to clinical practice as well as those related to research projects. Of the committee members, 357 (59.0 percent) held managing positions in the establishment to which the committee pertained; most were medical professionals (71.5 percent), followed by nursing staff (11.9 percent). Among the members of the active committees, 77.9 percent had not received training in ethics. CONCLUSIONS: Legal conflicts can be expected, mainly within the organizations whose committees have the authority to determine a course of action. An integrated plan is needed that will set standards for the composition and proceedings of Mexico's ethics committees and the improved training of committee members.

Analisis de decisiones en el primer nivel de atención / Decision analysis at the primary care level

El análisis de decisiones es un instrumento que utiliza el médico para identificar la decisión que tenga más valor en un caso dado. La utilidad de una prueba diagnóstica es multidimensional. La prueba diagnóstico de mayor utilidad es aquélla que cuesta menos dinero, cuya ejecución no ocasiona molestias al paciente, no lo pone en riesgo y proporciona datos significantivos. Dado que la utilidad de los resultados de una decisión médica tienen relación con el valor de esa decisión, nunca hay que olvidar que esta determinación conlleva una clara dimensión ética. Usar al dinero como unidad de referencia con respecto a la utilidad de una prueba diagnóstica es una tentación a la que el médico de familia no debe ceder