Management of CRSwNP in Latin America: A multidisciplinary consensus from an expert working group.

Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is an inflammatory condition of the nasal and paranasal tissues, characterized by the presence of bilateral nasal polyps. While etiology and pathogenetic mechanisms are heterogeneous and complex, in most patients, disease is mediated predominantly through type 2 inflammatory processes. Clinical management is challenging, and a multidisciplinary approach is preferred. Principal treatment approaches are the use of local/systemic corticosteroids and sinonasal surgery, although outcomes can be unsatisfactory. Recent availability of biological therapies targeting underlying inflammatory processes can offer effective treatment options in uncontrolled disease. Specialist guidelines greatly assist clinical decision-making, although as these are chiefly written from a global/international perspective, they may not wholly accommodate disease patterns and clinical practice at a regional level. An expert panel of specialists from Latin America was convened to develop regional guidance on the management of CRSwNP through a consensus approach. The present article presents the chief observations and recommendations which can provide guidance for clinicians in the Latin American region.

Endoscopic maxillectomy: anatomo-radiological description of the "double" maxillary sinus window.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: To present a modified endoscopic medial maxillectomy (MEMM) approach to control maxillary sinus pathologies. METHODS: MEMM was completed in 13 fresh-frozen specimens. An MEMM includes cutting the nasolacrimal duct, inferior meatus flap, and repositioning the inferior turbinate (IT). The following measurements were obtained: length of IT, height from the nasal floor to valve of Hasner, height of the IT at the level of valve of Hasner, height of the IT at the insertion of the middle turbinate, and distance from the piriform aperture to the posterior wall of maxillary sinus and to the posterior border of palatine bone. Similar measurements were also performed on craniofacial computed tomography (CT) scans (n = 50). The surgical technique was performed in a case series (n = 8). RESULTS: The mean of the specimens was 82 (range 70-95) years old. The average area of the harvested inferior meatus flap area was 9.6 ± 1.0 cm2. In the radiologic study, the mean maximum antrostomy area was 8.8 ± 1.7 cm2 and the IT area overlapping the antral window was 5.8 ± 1.1 cm2, the area allowing a double window control was 3.1 ± 1.9 cm2, the posterior IT insertion length was 0.7 ± 0.4 cm, and the inferior meatus flap covering the inferior meatotomy had an area measuring 6.7 ± 1.7 cm2. Eight patients underwent MEMM for various benign conditions showing no recurrence after 26 month follow-up. CONCLUSION: The proposed modifications of MEMM provide a "double" window maxillary sinus control with access to all maxillary walls and preservation of the IT.

Conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas respecto a la bartonelosis aguda (fiebre de la Oroya) en los pobladores del distrito de Ollantaytambo, provincia de Urubamba, en el Valle Sagrado de los Incas, Cusco, Perú / Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices regarding acute Bartonellosis (Oroya fever`s) in Persons Living in Ollantaytambo District, Urubamba Province in the Sacred Valley of the Incas, Cusco, Peru

Introducción: la bartonelosis humana por Bartonella bacilliformis (BHxBb) o enfermedad de Carrión (EC) es una enfermedad prevalente de los valles interandinos del Perú, tradicionalmente en zonas endémicas reconocidas como Ancash, Cajamarca, Junín y Amazonas. Sin embargo, en los últimos años se han identificado nuevas zonas endémicas como el Valle Sagrado de los Incas, en el Cusco. Objetivo: describir los conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas sobre la bartonelosis aguda (BA) o fiebre de la Oroya (FO), en pobladores del distrito de Ollantaytambo, provincia de Urubamba, Valle Sagrado de los Incas, en el departamento del Cusco en julio del año 2004. Material y método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo de conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas (CAP), utilizando como instrumento una encuesta. Ésta se aplicó a 280 pobladores de diez comunidades en riesgo para bartonelosis aguda o fiebre de la Oroya. Se elaboró una clave de respuestas para determinar el nivel de conocimientos que se clasificó en tres niveles. Resultados: encontramos que, 151/280 (53,94%) pobladores pertenecían al nivel III (avanzado); en caso de presentar sintomatología, 228/242 (94,21%) acudirían a la posta médica; y que 32,02% (92/242) no realiza ninguna medida preventiva. Conclusiones: más de la mitad reconoce de manera óptima aspectos elementales sobre la bartonelosis y el vector que la transmite. La población en su mayoría desconoce qué medidas preventivas son efectivas para evitar la enfermedad, por lo tanto no las practica. Paralelamente la población tiene actitudes favorables para prevenir la enfermedad.

Introduction: Bartonellosis is a prevalent disease in Andean valleys of Peru, typically in endemic areas such as Ancash, Cajamarca, Junín, and Amazonas. However, in the past few years, new endemic areas have been identified, such as the Sacred Valley of the Incas in Cusco. Objective: To describe knowledge, attitude and practices regarding Bartonellosis in persons living in Ollantaytambo District, Urubamba Province in the Sacred Valley of the Incas, Cusco-Peru, July 2004. Materials and Methods: A knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) survey was conducted in 280 persons from ten communities identified as being at risk for Bartonellosis in Ollantaytambo. A score was used to identify knowledge levels in three categories. Results: We found that 151/280 persons (53.94%) had advanced (level III) knowledge, that in case of feeling sick, 228/242 (94.21%) residents would go to the health care center, and that 32.02% (92/242) do not practice any activity to prevent Bartonellosis. Conclusions: More than half of people living in the surveyed areas adequately recognize basic aspects regarding Bartonellosis and the vector involved in its transmission. Most people do not know preventive measures against; therefore, they do not practice such activities. However, they have a favorable attitude for preventing the disease.

Presencia de Strongyloides stercoralis en un estudio sobre enteroparasitosis en escolares del asentamiento humano "La Candelaria", distrito de Chancay, provincia de Huaral, departamento de Lima / Presence of Strongyloides stercoralis in a enteroparasites study in school students of "La Candelaria", district of Chancay, province of Huaral, department of Lima

Introducción: la parasitosis intestinal es un problema de salud pública en el Perú siendo la Strongyloidosis la infección producida por el nemátode Strongyloides stercoralis, la cual es endémica en nuestro medio. Se han realizado en el Perú estudios que demuestran su alta prevalencia en comunidades de la selva y en menor grado en la sierra y ha sido poco estudiada en comunidades costeras. Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia de Strongyloides stercoralis entre los enteroparásitos en una comunidad de la costa peruana. Materiales y Métodos: se recolectó una muestra de heces de todos los asistentes a una campaña de salud que se realizó en el colegio público "Virgen de la Candelaria" en el asentamiento humano "La Candelaria", distrito de Chancay provincia de Huaral, las cuales fueron procesadas mediante 5 exámenes coprológicos: examen directo, técnica sedimentación espontánea en tubo, método de Baermann modificado en copa por Lumbreras, técnica de Kato, técnica de sedimentación rápida de Lumbreras, para la búsqueda de Strongyloides stercoralis y otros enteroparásitos. Resultados: fueron recolectadas un total de 173 muestras. La prevalencia de cualquier parásito fue de 98% y 76% tuvo algún parásito patógeno. La prevalencia de Strongyloides stercoralis fue de 1,1% (2 alumnos). Conclusiones: este estudio revela que existe alta enteroparasitosis en general y específicamente Strongyloides stercoralis en una comunidad costera en el Perú.

Introducction: the intestinal parasitoses are public health problems in Perú. Strongyloidiasis is the intestinal infection produced by the nematode Strongyloides stercoralis; it is endemic in Perú, with proven high prevalences in jungle and andean communities; its presence has been barely studied in coastal communities. Objetives: to determine the prevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis among the human enteroparasites in a coastal community in Perú. Materials and methods: a fecal sample was obtained from all willing participants in a health campaign that took place at the public school "Virgen de la Candelaria" at the community of "La Candelaria", Chancay district, Huaral province. The samples were processed using 5 coprologic methods: direct examination, spontaneous tube sedimentation, rapid sedimentation technique modified by Lumbreras, Kato test, and Baermann technique modified by Lumbreras, to evaluate the presence of Strongyloides stercoralis and other enteroparasites. Results: 173 samples where collected. The prevalence of enteroparasitosis (any parasite or commensal) was 98%; that of pathogenic enteroparasites was 76%. S. stercoralis was found in 2 schoolchildren (1.1%). Conclusion: this study shows the high frequency of enteroparasites in general and indicates the presence of S. stercoralis in a coastal community of Perú.