Estudo TransOdara: prevalência de HPV entre travestis e mulheres transexuais em situação de vulnerabilidade social em Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil / TransOdara study: HPV Prevalence among travestis and transsexual women in social vulnerability situation in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil

Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência do papilomavírus humano (HPV) e avaliar a indicação e completude da vacinação contra o HPV entre travestis e mulheres transexuais (TrMT) em situação de vulnerabilidade social, participantes de estudo transversal multicêntrico (TransOdara), em Manaus, Amazonas (2020-2021). Métodos: O recrutamento ocorreu no Ambulatório de Diversidade Sexual e Gênero da Policlínica Pam/Codajás, utilizando Respondent-Driven Sampling. A variável dependente foi o resultado positivo para HPV, analisado por meio do resultado do swab anal e swab genital. Resultados: Participaram 39 TrMT. Cerca de 50% tinham entre 20 e 29 anos, com até Ensino Fundamental incompleto/completo e 81,6% identificaram-se como pretas/pardas. Um total de 97,4% apresentou infecção anal pelo HPV e 53,8%, infecção genital. As prevalências foram significativamente maiores entre as imigrantes (88,9%) e em situação de rua (72,7%) do que entre as privadas de liberdade (26,3%) (p = 0,003). Conclusão: Para reduzir a alta prevalência de HPV entre TrMT em situação de vulnerabilidade social, é importante aprimorar as políticas públicas vigentes e estabelecer estratégias de prevenção (ampliação da cobertura de imunização/diagnóstico precoce) e tratamento oportuno para melhor qualidade de vida.

Objective: To estimate the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) and evaluate the indication and completeness of vaccination against HPV among 'travestis" and transsexual women (TrTW) in vulnerable social, participants of a multicenter cross-sectional study (TransOdara), in Manaus, Amazonas (2020-2021). Methods: Recruitment took place at the Sexual Diversity and Gender Outpatient Clinic of the Policlínica Pam/Codajás, using Respondent-Driven Sampling. The dependent variable was the positive result for HPV, analyzed through the result of the anal swab and genital swab. Results: 39 participated TrTW. About 50% were between 20 and 29 years old, with incomplete/complete Elementary School and 81.6% identified themselves as black/brown. A total of 97.4% had anal HPV infection and 53.8%, genital infection. Prevalences were significantly higher among immigrants (88.9%) and homeless (72.7%) than among those incarcerated (26.3%) (p = 0.003). Conclusion: To reduce the high prevalence of HPV among TrMT in socially vulnerable situations, it is important to improve current public policies and establish prevention strategies (expansion immunization coverage/early diagnosis) and timely treatment for better quality of life

Prevalência de hepatite B e hepatite C entre travestis e mulheres transexuais em situação de alta vulnerabilidade social participantes do estudo TransOdara - Manaus, Amazonas, 2020-2021 / Prevalence of hepatitis B and hepatitis C among travestis and transsexual women in vulnerable situation, participants of the TransOdara Study ­ Manaus, Amazonas, 2020-2021

Introdução: Travestis e mulheres transexuais (TrMT) apresentam taxas desproporcionalmente elevadas de IST em comparação com o restante da população. Este estudo objetiva estimar a prevalência de hepatites B e C (VHB e VHC ) entre TrMT de três subgrupos de alta vulnerabilidade social, advindas do estudo TransOdara, na cidade de Manaus, no período de novembro de 2020 a abril de 2021. Metodologia:O recrutamento ocorreu no Ambulatório de Diversidade Sexual e Gênero da Policlínica Pam/Codajás, utilizando-se Respondent-Drive Sampling. Resultados: Foram selecionadas 39 TrMT participantes, das quais 48,7% estavam em situação prisional, 28,2% em situação de área livre e 23,1% eram imigrantes. Apenas 2,5% das participantes foram diagnosticadas com VHB e 5,3% com VHC. Conclusão: Como as hepatites B e C são consideradas evitáveis, é necessário capacitar os profissionais da Rede Municipal de Saúde para reduzir o estigma e discriminação com que são tratadas e ampliar o acesso dessa população aos recursos de prevenção e tratamento disponíveis no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS)

Introduction: Travestis and transgender women (TrTW) have disproportionately high STI rates compared to the general population. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of hepatitis B and C (HBV and HBC) among TrTW of three subgroups of high social vulnerability, resulting from the study TransOdara, in the city of Manaus, from November 2020 to April 2021. Methods: Recruitment took place at the Sexual Diversity and Gender Outpatient Clinic of the Pam/Codajás Polyclinic, using Respondent-Drive Sampling. Results: 39 TrTW participants were selected, from which 48.7% were incarcerated, 28.2% were homeless and 23.1% were immigrants. Only 2.5% of participants were diagnosed with HBV and 5.3% with HCV. Conclusion: Since Hepatitis B and C are considered preventable, it is necessary to train professionals in the City Health Network to reduce the stigma and discrimination with which they are treated and expand access to this population to prevention and treatment resources available in the Unified Health System (SUS)

Prevalência de sífilis entre travestis e mulheres transexuais em situação vulnerável, participantes do estudo TransOdara ­ Manaus, Amazonas, 2020-2021 / Prevalence of syphilis among travestis and transsexual women in vulnerable situation, participants in the TransOdara study ­ Manaus, Brazil, 2020-2021

Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência de sífilis entre travestis e mulheres transexuais (TrMT) em situação de vulnerabilidade social. Métodos: Foram selecionadas TrMT residentes em Manaus, em situação de rua, privadas de liberdade e imigrantes, participantes do projeto multicêntrico TransOdara ­ Estudo de Prevalência da Sífilis e outras Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis entre TrMT no Brasil: Cuidado e Prevenção. Resultados: Foram incluídas 39 TrMT. A prevalência de sífilis, segundo resultado de teste rápido e VDRL, foi 64,1% (25/39), sendo aparentemente maior entre as TrMT em situação de rua (72,7%), seguidas das privadas de liberdade (63,2%) e das imigrantes (55,6%), porém sem diferença estatística entre os subgrupos. Cerca de 80% tinham entre 20 e 39 anos e se autorreferiram pretas/pardas. Discussão: Apesar do pequeno tamanho amostral, destaca-se a especificidade deste trabalho, que incluiu população vulnerável. Conclusão: Foi alta a prevalência de sífilis na população estudada, sendo necessário ampliar os serviços capacitados para atender essa demanda

Objective: To estimate the prevalence of syphilis among travestis and transsexual women (TrTW) in situations of social vulnerability. Methods: TrTW residents in Manaus, homeless, incarcered and immigrants, participants of the multicenter project TransOdara - Prevalence Study of Syphilis and other Sexually Transmitted Infections among TrMT in Brazil: Care and Prevention were selected. Results: 39 TrMT were included. The prevalence of syphilis, according to the result of the rapid test and VDRL, was 64.1% (25/39), being apparently higher among homeless TrMT (72.7%), followed by those incarcereted (63.2 %) and immigrants (55.6%), but with no statistical difference between the subgroups. About 80% were between 20 and 39 years old and self-reported as black/brown. Discussion: Despite the small sample size, the specificity of this work stands out, which included a vulnerable population. Conclusion:The prevalence of syphilis in the studied population was high, and it is necessary to expand the services trained to meet this demand.

Prevalência de clamídia e gonorreia entre travestis e mulheres transexuais em situação vulnerável participantes do Estudo TransOdara ­ Manaus, Amazonas / Prevalence of Chlamydia and Gonorrhea among travestis and transsexual women in vulnerable situation, participants of the TransOdara Study ­ Manaus, Amazonas

Introdução: Infecções bacterianas por Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) e Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) estão entre as de transmissão sexual mais prevalentes no mundo. Objetivos: Estimar a prevalência de CT eNG edescrever características sociodemográficas de travestis e mulheres transexuais (TrMT), participantes do estudo multicêntrico TransOdara, de três subgrupos de vulnerabilidade social, residentes em Manaus, Amazonas (2020 a 2021). Metodologia:O recrutamento ocorreu no Ambulatório de Diversidade Sexual e Gênero da Policlínica Pam/Codajás, utilizando Respondent-Drive Sampling. A variável dependente foi o resultado reagente para CT eNG (urina e swab anal e orofaringe). Foram considerados casos positivos as que tiveram resultado positivo em pelo menos um dos três testes. As variáveis foram descritas por meio de frequências relativas e absolutas, estratificadas nos três subgrupos para CT e NG. O teste de hipótese utilizado foi o Qui quadrado de Pearson e o Exato de Fisher. Nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. Resultados: Participaram 39 TrMT [19 (48,7%) em situação prisional; 11 (28,2%) em situação de rua e 9 (23,0%) imigrantes]. 48,7% tinham entre 20 e 29 anos; 46,2%, ensino fundamental; e 81,6% eram pretas/pardas. As maiores proporções de casos confirmados para CT eNG foram entre as TrMT imigrantes (22,2% e 44,4%, respectivamente). Conclusão: Novas pesquisas com TrMT são necessárias para identificar estratégias de prevenção e práticas de rastreio mais efetivas para essas infecções.

Introduction: Bacterial infections by Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) are among the most prevalent sexually transmitted infections in the world. Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of CT and NG and to describe sociodemographic characteristics of travestis and transgender women (TrTW), participants of the multicenter study TransOdara, from three subgroups of social vulnerability, living in Manaus, Amazonas (2020 to 2021). Methods: Recruitment took place at the Sexual Diversity and Gender Outpatient Clinic of Policlínica Pam/Codajás, using Respondent-Drive Sampling. The dependent variable was the reagent result for CT and NG (urine and anal and oropharyngeal swab). Those with a positive result in at least one of the three tests were considered positive cases. Variables were described using relative and absolute frequencies, stratified into the three subgroups for CT and NG. The hypothesis test used was Pearson's Chi square and Fisher's Exact. The significance level adopted was 5%. Results: 39 TrMT participated. [19 (48.7%) in prison; 11 (28.2%) on the streets and 9 (23.0%) immigrants]. 48.7% were between 20 and 29 years old; 46.2% elementary school; 81.6% black/brown. The highest proportio ns of confirmed cases for CT and NG were among immigrant TrMT (22.2% and 44.4%, respectively). Conclusion: Further research with TrMT is needed to identify more effective prevention strategies and screening practices for these infections.

Prevalência de HIV entre travestis e mulheres transexuais em situação de vulnerabilidade social ­ Manaus, Amazonas, 2020-2021 / HIV prevalence among travestis and transsexual women in vulnerable situation ­ Manaus, Amazonas, 2020-2021

Introdução: É alta a prevalência de HIV entre travestis e mulheres transexuais (TrMT). Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência do HIV nessa população e descrever as características socioeconômicas de TrMT de três subgrupos com alta vulnerabilidade social. Metodologia: Estudo descritivo, com dados de participantes recrutadas em Manaus, de novembro de 2020 a abril de 2021, pelo estudo multicêntrico ­ TransOdara. Foram realizadas entrevistas estruturadas e teste rápido para HIV. As variáveis foram descritas em frequências absolutas e relativas. Resultados: Participaram 39 TrMT (48,7% em situação prisional; 28,2% em situação de rua; e 23,1% imigrantes). Cerca de 50% das participantes tinham entre 20 e 29 anos, com até 8 anos de estudo, e 81,6% eram pretas ou pardas. A prevalência de HIV foi 23,1% (9/39), sem diferença estatística entre os subgrupos analisados (p = 0,090). Conclusão: A alta prevalência de HIV entre as TrMT selecionadas requer o aprimoramento de estratégias direcionadas para ampliar o acesso dessa população à saúde.

Introduction: The prevalence of HIV among travestis and transgender women (TrTW) is high. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of HIV in this population and describe the socioeconomic characteristics of TrTW in three subgroups with high social vulnerability. Methods: Descriptive study, with data from participants recruited in Manaus, from November 2020 to April 2021, by the multicenter study - TransOdara. Structured interviews and a rapid HIV test were carried out. Variables were described in absolute and relative frequencies. Results: 39 TrMT participated (48.7% incarcereted, 28.2% in homeless, and 23.1% immigrants). About 50% of the participants were between 20 and 29 years old, with up to 8 years of study, and 81.6% were black or brown. HIV prevalence was 23.1% (9/39), with no statistical difference between the analyzed subgroups (p = 0.090). Conclusion: The high prevalence of HIV among the selected TrMT requires the improvement of targeted strategies to expand this population's access to health.

Behavioral factors associated with multiple-type HPV genital infections: data from a cross-sectional study in young women in Brazil.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the pattern of multiple human papillomavirus (HPV) infections and associated factors in young women who access the Brazilian public health care system to better understand the characteristics of multiple HPV infections, a critical issue in this era of multivalent vaccines. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional, multicenter study with sexually active unvaccinated women (16-25 years old) from 119 primary Brazilian healthcare centers between September 2016 and November 2017. Cervical samples were collected by trained health professionals, and HPV detection was performed in a central laboratory by Linear Array. RESULTS: Of the 5268 women, 33.00% (95% CI 31.07-34.92) had multiple infections. At least one type of high-risk HPV was present in 85.50% of all multiple infections. All HPV types were detected more frequently in association with other types than alone. Young individuals who were single or in a casual relationship and those who had more than one sexual partner in the past year were more likely to have multiple infections. CONCLUSIONS: In this work, a high rate of multiple HPV infections among unvaccinated young adults tended to increase due to certain risk factors. Such data can provide insight for decision makers in the development of public policies regarding HPV prevention.

Understanding the characteristics of multiple infections is critical in the era of HPV multivalent vaccines for the prevention of cervical carcinomas. Therefore, in this cross-sectional study, we aimed to investigate the pattern of multiple HPV infections and associated factors in 5,268 sexually active unvaccinated women (16­25 years old) who access the Brazilian public health care system. Cervical samples were collected by trained health professionals, and HPV detection was performed in a central laboratory by Linear Array. A total of 33.00% (95% CI 31.07­34.92) had multiple infections (60.43% of the HPV-positive sample). The number of HPV types in a multiple infection ranged from 2 to 14 different types. The viral types more frequently identified were HPV 16 and 52. All HPV types were detected more frequently in association with other types than alone. The incidence of multiple infections was 1.29 times higher in single than in married or cohabitating participants. Women who had two or more partners in the last year also had higher rates of multiple infections than those who had fewer than two sexual partners. In conclusion, a high prevalence of multiple infections prior to the national HPV immunization program was observed, especially with the increase in less safe behavior factors.

Protocolo Brasileiro para Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis 2020: sífilis adquirida / Brazilian Protocol for Sexually Transmitted Infections 2020: acquired syphilis / Protocolo Brasileño para Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual 2020: sífilis adquirida

O Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas para Atenção Integral às Pessoas com Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis, publicado pelo Ministério da Saúde do Brasil em 2020, contempla a atualização sobre sífilis adquirida. O documento apresenta a utilização de testes rápidos, a segurança e a eficácia da administração da benzilpenicilina benzatina, o seguimento dos casos, o manejo clínico e laboratorial da neurossífilis, a abordagem de parcerias sexuais, a assistência e o acompanhamento de gestantes diagnosticadas e as especificidades da coinfecção sífilis e HIV, além de uma síntese sobre a notificação dos casos. É necessário capacitar gestores e profissionais de saúde de forma contínua, com vistas à integração entre assistência e vigilância, ao fortalecimento de ações efetivas de controle da sífilis, à abrangência da busca de parcerias sexuais e ao amplo acesso de populações mais vulneráveis aos serviços de saúde.

The Clinical Protocol and Therapeutic Guidelines for Comprehensive Care for People with Sexually Transmitted Infections, published by the Ministry of Health of Brazil in 2020, includes the update on acquired syphilis. The document comprises rapid tests use, safety and efficacy of the administration of benzathine benzylpenicillin, follow-up of cases, clinical and laboratory management of neurosyphilis, approach to sexual partnerships, assistance and monitoring of diagnosed pregnant women, and specificities of syphilis and HIV co-infection, as well as a summary of the notification of cases. It is necessary to train health managers and professionals on a continuous basis, with a view to integrating care and surveillance, strengthening effective syphilis control actions, increasing the search for sexual partnerships, and expanding the access of the most vulnerable populations to health services.

El Protocolo Clínico y Directrices Terapéuticas para Atención Integral a las Personas con Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual, publicado por el Ministerio de Salud de Brasil en 2020, incluye la actualización sobre la sífilis adquirida. El documento comprende las pruebas rápidas, la seguridad y eficacia de la administración de bencilpenicilina benzatina, el seguimiento de casos, el manejo clínico y de laboratorio de la neurosífilis, el enfoque de las parejas sexuales, la asistencia y seguimiento de embarazadas diagnosticadas y las especificidades de la coinfección sífilis y VIH, bien como un resumen de la notificación de casos. Es necesario capacitar a los gestores y profesionales de la salud de manera continua, con miras a integrar la atención y la vigilancia, a fortalecer las acciones efectivas de control de la sífilis, a expandir la búsqueda de las parejas sexuales y a ampliar el acceso de las poblaciones más vulnerables a los servicios de salud.

Protocolo Brasileiro para Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis 2020: sífilis adquirida / Brazilian Protocol for Sexually Transmitted Infections 2020: acquired syphilis / Protocolo Brasileño para Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual 2020: sífilis adquirida

Resumo O Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas para Atenção Integral às Pessoas com Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis, publicado pelo Ministério da Saúde do Brasil em 2020, contempla a atualização sobre sífilis adquirida. O documento apresenta a utilização de testes rápidos, a segurança e a eficácia da administração da benzilpenicilina benzatina, o seguimento dos casos, o manejo clínico e laboratorial da neurossífilis, a abordagem de parcerias sexuais, a assistência e o acompanhamento de gestantes diagnosticadas e as especificidades da coinfecção sífilis e HIV, além de uma síntese sobre a notificação dos casos. É necessário capacitar gestores e profissionais de saúde de forma contínua, com vistas à integração entre assistência e vigilância, ao fortalecimento de ações efetivas de controle da sífilis, à abrangência da busca de parcerias sexuais e ao amplo acesso de populações mais vulneráveis aos serviços de saúde.

Abstract The Clinical Protocol and Therapeutic Guidelines for Comprehensive Care for People with Sexually Transmitted Infections, published by the Ministry of Health of Brazil in 2020, includes the update on acquired syphilis. The document comprises rapid tests use, safety and efficacy of the administration of benzathine benzylpenicillin, follow-up of cases, clinical and laboratory management of neurosyphilis, approach to sexual partnerships, assistance and monitoring of diagnosed pregnant women, and specificities of syphilis and HIV co-infection, as well as a summary of the notification of cases. It is necessary to train health managers and professionals on a continuous basis, with a view to integrating care and surveillance, strengthening effective syphilis control actions, increasing the search for sexual partnerships, and expanding the access of the most vulnerable populations to health services.

Resumen El Protocolo Clínico y Directrices Terapéuticas para Atención Integral a las Personas con Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual, publicado por el Ministerio de Salud de Brasil en 2020, incluye la actualización sobre la sífilis adquirida. El documento comprende las pruebas rápidas, la seguridad y eficacia de la administración de bencilpenicilina benzatina, el seguimiento de casos, el manejo clínico y de laboratorio de la neurosífilis, el enfoque de las parejas sexuales, la asistencia y seguimiento de embarazadas diagnosticadas y las especificidades de la coinfección sífilis y VIH, bien como un resumen de la notificación de casos. Es necesario capacitar a los gestores y profesionales de la salud de manera continua, con miras a integrar la atención y la vigilancia, a fortalecer las acciones efectivas de control de la sífilis, a expandir la búsqueda de las parejas sexuales y a ampliar el acceso de las poblaciones más vulnerables a los servicios de salud.

Prevalence of HPV infection among sexually active adolescents and young adults in Brazil: The POP-Brazil Study.

For Brazil, there are no nationwide data on HPV prevalence against which the impact of the HPV immunization program can be measured in the future. Therefore, we aim to evaluate the prevalence of genital HPV infection among adolescents and young adults in Brazil. A cross-sectional, multicentric, nationwide survey was conducted between September 2016 and November 2017. Sexually active unvaccinated women and men aged 16 to 25 years old were recruited from 119 public primary care units, including all 26 state capitals and the Federal District. All participants answered a face-to-face interview and provided biological samples for genital HPV analysis. We used an automated DNA extraction method and HPV genotyping was performed using the Linear Array genotyping test (Roche). Of 7,694 participants, 53.6% (95% CI 51.4-55.8) were positive for any HPV type. The prevalence of high-risk HPV types was significantly higher in women (38.6% vs. 29.2%, P < 0·001). The HPV types included in the quadrivalent vaccine were detected in 1002 (14.8%) specimens, with a different pattern of HPV infection between sexes. Characteristics associated with overall HPV detection included female gender, self-declaration of race as brown/pardo, lower socioeconomic class, single or dating, current smoking and having 2 or more sex partners in the past year. We found a high prevalence of HPV, with significant differences between regions. Our data provide information that may be considered when developing HPV prevention policies and constitute a baseline against which the impact of the HPV immunization program in Brazil can be measured in future years.

Adequacy of prenatal care, diagnosis and treatment of syphilis in pregnancy: a study with open data from Brazilian state capitals / Adequação de atendimento pré-natal, diagnóstico e tratamento da sífilis gestacional: um estudo com dados abertos de capitais brasileiras / Adecuación de la atención prenatal, diagnóstico y tratamiento de la sífilis en el embarazo: un estudio con datos abiertos en siete capitales brasileñas

Abstract: To assess the adequacy of prenatal care offered in the Brazilian capital cities and the diagnosis of gestational syphilis through public data from health information systems. The modified Kotelchuck index for adequacy of prenatal care was built using Brazilian Information System on Live Births (SINASC) data. Data on gestational syphilis, congenital syphilis, estimated population coverage by the Family Health Strategy (FHS), the Municipal Human Development Index (MHDI) and data from National Program for Access and Quality Improvement in Primary Care (PMAQ-AB) were accessed in public sites. The profile of pregnant women associated with inadequate care was assessed by logistic regression. In total, 685,286 births were analyzed. Only 2.3% of women did not attend prenatal appointments. The mean adequacy was 79.7%. No correlation was found between adequacy of prenatal care and FHS coverage (p = 0.172), but a positive correlation was found with the MHDI (p < 0.001). Inadequacy of prenatal care was associated with age below 20 years old, schooling less than 4 years, non-white skin color and not having a partner. Among the congenital syphilis cases, 17.2% of mothers did not attend prenatal care. Gestational syphilis more often affected vulnerable women, including a higher proportion of adolescents, women with low schooling, and women of non-white color. The PMAQ-AB showed a median availability of 27.3% for syphilis rapid tests, 67.7% for benzathine penicillin, and 86.7% for benzathine penicillin administration by health teams. The use of public data showed a low adequacy of prenatal care in Brazilian capitals, denoting insufficient quality for the diagnosis and treatment of gestational syphilis, despite the availability of supplies. Continuous monitoring can be carried out using public data, indicating to local strategies to eliminate congenital syphilis.

Resumo: O estudo buscou avaliar a adequação do atendimento pré-natal oferecido nas capitais brasileiras e o diagnóstico da sífilis gestacional através de dados públicos dos sistemas de informação de saúde. Foi construído o indicador de Kotelchuck modificado para adequação do atendimento pré-natal, usando dados do Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos (SINASC). Foram acessados em sites públicos os dados sobre sífilis gestacional, sífilis congênita, estimativa da cobertura populacional pela Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF), Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) municipal e dados do Programa Nacional de Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade da Atenção Básica (PMAQ-AB). O perfil das gestantes associado ao atendimento inadequado foi avaliado com base na regressão logística. Foram analisados um total de 685.286 nascimentos. Apenas 2,3% das mulheres não receberam atendimento pré-natal. A taxa média de adequação foi de 79,7%. Não foi encontrada correlação entre a adequação do pré-natal e a cobertura pela ESF (p = 0,172), mas houve correlação com o IDH municipal (p < 0,001). A inadequação da assistência pré-natal mostrou associação com a idade < 20 anos, escolaridade < 4 anos, raça/cor não-branca e situação conjugal sem companheiro. Entre os casos de sífilis congênita, 17,2% das mães não haviam recebido atendimento pré-natal, e a sífilis gestacional afetava mais as gestantes vulneráveis, incluindo uma proporção maior de adolescentes, mulheres com baixa escolaridade e mulheres não brancas. O PMAQ-AB mostrou uma disponibilidade mediana de 27,3% de testes rápidos para sífilis, 67,7% para penicilina benzatina e 86,7% para administração de penicilina benzatina pela equipe de saúde. O uso de dados públicos revelou baixa adequação do atendimento pré-natal nas capitais brasileiras, denotando qualidade insuficiente para o diagnóstico e tratamento da sífilis gestacional, apesar da disponibilidade de insumos. O monitoramento contínuo pode ser realizado com o uso de dados públicos, indicando estratégias locais para eliminar a sífilis congênita.

Resumen: El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido evaluar la adecuación de la atención prenatal que se ofreció en capitales brasileñas, y el diagnóstico de sífilis gestacional, mediante datos públicos de los sistemas de información de salud. El indicador modificado de Kotelchuck para la adecuación de la atención prenatal se construyó usando datos del Sistema de Información sobre Nacidos Vivos (SINASC). La información sobre sífilis gestacional, sífilis congénita, así como la cobertura de población estimada por la Estrategia Salud de Familia (ESF), Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH) municipal y datos del Programa Nacional para el Acceso Mejorado y Calidad de la Atención Básica (PMAQ-AB) se recabaron de sitios web públicos. El perfil de las mujeres embarazadas asociado con el cuidado inadecuado fue evaluado mediante regresión logística. En total, se analizaron 685.286 nacimientos. Solamente un 2,3% de las mujeres no atendieron a citas prenatales. La adecuación media fue de un 79,7%. No se encontró correlación entre la adecuación del cuidado prenatal y la cobertura de la ESF (p = 0,172), pero se encontró una correlación positiva con el MHDI (p < 0,001). La inadecuación del cuidado prenatal estuvo asociada con una edad < 20 años, escolaridad < 4 años, raza no blanca y no tener pareja. Entre los casos de sífilis congénita, un 17,2% de las madres no asistieron a la atención prenatal. La sífilis gestacional afectó más a menudo a las mujeres vulnerables, incluyendo una más alta proporción de adolescentes, mujeres con baja escolaridad, y mujeres de color no blanco. La PMAQ-AB mostró un promedio de disponibilidad de un 27,3%, en el caso de test rápidos de sífilis, un 67,7% para la penicilina benzatínica, y un 86,7% para la administración penicilina benzatínica por equipos de salud. El uso de los datos públicos mostró una baja adecuación del cuidado prenatal en capitales brasileñas, denotando una insuficiente calidad para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la sífilis gestacional, a pesar de la disponibilidad de suministros. La supervisión continua se puede llevar a cabo usando datos públicos, apuntando a estrategias locales para eliminar la sífilis congénita.

Impact on mortality of being seropositive for hepatitis C virus antibodies among blood donors in Brazil: A twenty-year study.

INTRODUCTION: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major health problem associated with considerable risk of mortality in different regions of the world. The purpose of this study was to investigate the contribution of HCV infection on all-cause and liver-related mortality, in a large cohort of blood donors in Brazil. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study of blood donors from 1994 to 2013, at Fundação Pró-Sangue-Hemocentro de São Paulo (FPS). This cohort included 2,892 and 5,784 HCV antibody seropositive and seronegative donors, respectively. Records from the FPS database and the Mortality Information System (SIM: a national database in Brazil) were linked through a probabilistic record linkage (RL). Mortality outcomes were defined based on ICD-10 (10th International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems) codes listed as the cause of death on the death certificate. Hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated for outcomes using Cox multiple regression models. RESULTS: When all causes of death were considered, RL identified 209 deaths (7.2%) among seropositive blood donors and 190 (3.3%) among seronegative blood donors. Donors seropositive for HCV infection had a 2.5 times higher risk of death due to all causes (95% CI: 1.76-2.62; p<0.001). When only liver-related causes of death were considered, RL identified 73 deaths among seropositive blood donors and only 6 among seronegative blood donors. Donors seropositive for HCV infection had a 23.4 times higher risk of death due to liver related causes (95% CI: 10.2-53.9; p<0.001). Donors seropositive for HCV had a 29.5 (95%CI: 3.9-221.7), 2.8 (95% CI: 1.4-5.5) and a 1.9 (95% CI: 1.2-3.0) times higher risk of death due to hepatocellular carcinoma, infection or trauma, respectively, compared to seronegative donors. CONCLUSIONS: All-cause and liver-related mortality rate was increased among blood donors seropositive for HCV compared with the mortality rate among seronegative blood donors. Our data confirms HCV as a relevant cause of death in Brazil and also suggest that interventions directed at following patients even after access to specific drug treatment are urgent and necessary.

Hepatitis B and C prevalence and risk factors among young men presenting to the Brazilian Army: A STROBE-compliant national survey-based cross-sectional observational study.

Viral hepatitis is caused by different etiological agents with distinct epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory characteristics accounting for significant worldwide morbidity and mortality. Since 1996, the Brazilian Department of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs), Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and Viral Hepatitis (DIAHV) in collaboration with the Ministry of Defense has been conducting periodic serosurveys of conscripts enlisted for the Brazilian army to assess STI prevalence and obtain data on knowledge and risk factors pertaining to STIs. This article aims to present the hepatitis B (hepatitis B surface antigen - HBsAg) and C (anti-HCV) seroprevalence estimates and risk factors as per the 8th edition of the Conscript Survey performed in 2016.This cross-sectional study was conducted among conscripts across Brazil aged 17 to 22 years from August to December 2016. It included a self-reported questionnaire and blood testing for syphilis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and hepatitis B and C.In total 38,247 conscripts were enrolled; after applying exclusion criteria, 37,282 conscripts were included. The estimated HBsAg and anti-HCV prevalence rates were 0.22% and 0.28%, respectively. Higher HBsAg and anti-HCV prevalence rates were observed in the North Region (0.49%) and in the Central-west Region (0.65%), respectively. Regarding hepatitis B vaccination, 23.5% (n = 8412) of the individuals reported being unvaccinated and 47.4% (n = 16,970) did not know if they had been vaccinated. Among the anti-HCV positive conscripts, 53% (n = 51, 0.56%, P = .049) reported that they had never had sexual intercourse. Regarding self-reported STI status, most of the positive anti-HCV (n = 100, 0.29%, P < .01) and positive HBsAg (n = 76, 0.22%, P = .205) conscripts reported not having a STI. From those who tested positive for HBsAg, 89% (n = 42, 0.28%, P = .005) reported not making consistent use of condoms with steady partners.Our data suggest a low prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections among Brazilian young men, and relatively low rates of self-reported HBV immunization. History of STIs, higher number of partners, inconsistent use of condoms, and lack of awareness of routes of transmission were significantly associated with HBV and HCV infections. To achieve the World Health Organization's goal of viral hepatitis elimination, access to hepatitis information, testing, and surveillance need to be improved.

Factors associated with HPV and other self-reported STI coinfections among sexually active Brazilian young adults: cross-sectional nationwide study.

OBJECTIVES: To analyse factors associated with genital human papillomavirus (HPV) and other self-reported sexually transmitted infection (STI) coinfections among women and men aged 16-25 years from Brazil. DESIGN: A cross-sectional, nationwide, multicentre study. SETTING: 119 primary healthcare centres between September 2016 and November 2017. PARTICIPANTS: 6388 sexually active young adults were enrolled by trained health professionals. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURE: Genital HPV and other self-reported STI coinfections. RESULTS: Of 3512 participants with valid data for genital HPV and (STI)-positive status, 276 (9.60%, 95% CI 7.82% to 11.36%) had HPV/STI coinfection. Among men, HPV/STI coinfection was more prevalent than HPV infection alone. Among HPV-positive participants, the percentage of subjects who reported having another STI was highest for gonorrhoea at 4.24% (95% CI 2.67% to 5.81%), followed by syphilis, herpes and HIV. Smoking, drug use and ever having a same-sex sexual experience were risk factors that were uniquely associated with HPV/STI coinfection compared with HPV infection alone. CONCLUSIONS: The results identified a low prevalence of self-reported STIs, but in participants with at least one STI, the prevalence of HPV was high. These results reinforce the importance of implementing strategies to prevent risky behaviours among Brazilian young adults.

Hepatitis C disease burden and strategies for elimination by 2030 in Brazil. A mathematical modeling approach

ABSTRACT Introduction and aim: Hepatitis C is a key challenge to public health in Brazil. The objective of this paper was to describe the Brazilian strategy for hepatitis C to meet the 2030 elimination goal proposed by World Health Organization (WHO). Methods: A mathematical modeling approach was used to estimate the current HCV-infected Brazilian population, and to evaluate the relative costs of two different scenarios to address HCV disease burden in Brazil: (1) if no further changes are made to the HCV treatment program in Brazil; (2) where the WHO targets for 2030 elimination are met through diagnosis and treatment efforts peaking before 2024. Results: An anti-HCV prevalence of 0.53% was calculated for the total population. It was estimated that the number of HCV-RNA+ individuals in Brazil in 2017 was 632,000 (0.31% of the population). Scale-up of treatment and diagnosis over time will be necessary in order to achieve WHO targets beginning in 2018. Direct costs (diagnostic, treatment and healthcare costs) are projected to increase significantly during the scale-up of treatment and diagnosis in the initial years of the intervention scenario, but then fall below the base case on an annual basis by 2025-2036, once HCV is eliminated, due to health sectors savings from the prevention of HCV liver-related morbidity and mortality. Conclusion: Achieving the WHO targets is technically feasible in Brazil with a scale-up of treatment and diagnosis over time, beginning in 2018. However, elimination of hepatitis C requires policy changes to substantially scale-up prevention, screening and treatment of HCV, together with public health advocacy to raise awareness among affected populations and healthcare providers.

Program for Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of Syphilis and HIV in Brazil: missed opportunities / Programa de prevenção da transmissão materno-infantil de sífilis e HIV no Brasil: oportunidades perdidas

While antenatal screening for HIV and syphilis is part of the national policy in Brazil, screening and treatment coverage remain inadequate in many parts of the country. This study aimed to describe missed opportunities concerning mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) from the point-of-view of pregnant women, health professionals, and health care managers. A semi-structured interview was conducted in six Brazilian states. Pregnant women, health professionals, and health care managers were interviewed to identify failures in the process of care for pregnant women and MTCT of syphilis or HIV. The project had a quantitative approach but included open-ended questions to capture the views of participants regarding the feasibility of strategies adopted for controlling MTCT. The sample consisted of 109 women, 62 health professionals, and 34 health care managers. The median age of women was 24 (range: 15­46) years, and the median schooling was 8 years. Eighty percent of those interviewed received prenatal care. Among those who attended antenatal visits, the median was 6.43 (range: 1­20) visits. Managers and health professionals had a median of 10 (range: 4­25) working years. In the interviews, the managers declared that they had provided tests and treatment for these infections, but health professionals stated that they did not have tests or treatment available to offer, and most women complained about the difficulties of receiving treatment. Organizing the logistics and breaking down barriers related to care in Brazil is challenging. An adequate health care system and policy factors that address this situation can help to eliminate MTCT by implementing strategies adopted to control these infections in the country.

Embora o rastreamento para HIV e sífilis no pré-natal faça parte da política nacional no Brasil, a cobertura do rastreamento e tratamento permanece inadequada em muitas partes do país. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever as oportunidades perdidas de transmissão materno-infantil (TMI) do ponto de vista de gestantes, profissionais de saúde e gestores de saúde. Uma entrevista semiestruturada foi realizada em seis estados brasileiros. Foram entrevistadas gestantes, profissionais de saúde e gestores dos serviços de saúde, com o objetivo de identificar falhas no processo de atendimento às gestantes e à TMI de sífilis ou HIV. A abordagem do projeto foi quantitativa, mas perguntas abertas foram incluídas para capturar as opiniões dos participantes sobre a viabilidade das estratégias adotadas para o controle da TMI. Participaram do estudo 109 mulheres, 62 profissionais de saúde e 34 gestores. A mediana de idade das mulheres foi de 24 (intervalo:15-46) anos e a mediana de escolaridade foi de 8 anos. Oitenta por cento dos entrevistados fizeram consultas de pré-natal. Entre as que participam de consultas pré-natais, a mediana foi de 6,43 (intervalo: 1 a 20). Gestores e profissionais de saúde tiveram uma mediana de 10 anos de trabalho (intervalo: 4-25). Nas entrevistas, os gestores disseram que haviam fornecido testes e tratamento para essas infecções, mas os profissionais de saúde disseram que nem sempre tinham testes ou tratamentos disponíveis para oferecer às pacientes e a maioria das parturientes reclamou das dificuldades em receber tratamento. Organizar a logística e derrubar barreiras de cuidado ainda representam um desafio no Brasil. O sistema de saúde com funcionamento adequado e uma ação política de enfrentamento da situação podem ajudar a eliminar a TMI, quando atuam na aplicação das estratégias adotadas pelo país no controle dessas infecções.

The 12 city HIV Surveillance Survey among MSM in Brazil 2016 using respondent-driven sampling: a description of methods and RDS diagnostics / Inquérito sobre o HIV entre HSH no Brasil em 2016 usando respondent-driven sampling (RDS): descrição dos métodos e dos diagnósticos do RDS

ABSTRACT: Introduction: This paper details the methods used in the second national Biological and Behavioral Surveillance Survey (BBSS) of HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis B and C among men who have sex with men in Brazil. Methods: Respondent-driven sampling (RDS) was used in 12 cities in 2016. The targeted sample size was initiated with five to six seeds in each city. HIV, syphilis, and Hepatitis B and C rapid tests were offered to participants. RDS Analyst with Gile's successive sampling (SS) estimator was used to adjust results as recommended and a weight for each individual was generated for further analysis. Data for the 12 cities were merged and analyzed using Stata 14.0 complex survey data tools with each city treated as its own stratum. Results: Duration of data collection varied from 5.9 to 17.6 weeks. 4,176 men were recruited in the 12 cities. Two sites failed to achieve targeted sample size due to a six-month delay in local IRB approval. No city failed to reach convergence in our major outcome variable (HIV). Conclusion: The comprehensive BBSS was completed as planned and on budget. The description of methods here is more detailed than usual, due to new diagnostic tools and requirements of the new STROBE-RDS guidelines.

RESUMO: Introdução: Este artigo detalha os métodos utilizados na segunda Pesquisa Nacional de Vigilância Biológica e Comportamental (BBSS) do HIV, sífilis e hepatite B e C entre os homens que fazem sexo com homens no Brasil. Métodos: O método Respondent-driven Sampling (RDS) foi utilizado em 12 cidades em 2016. A amostra foi iniciada com cinco a seis sementes em cada cidade. Testes rápidos para o HIV, sífilis e Hepatite B e C foram oferecidos aos participantes. O software RDS Analyst com o estimador de amostragem sucessiva (SS) de Gile foi utilizado para ajustar os resultados como recomendado, gerando um peso para cada indivíduo para análises. Osdados das 12cidades foram unidos em um único banco e analisados usando as ferramentas de dados complexos do Stata 14.0, com cada cidade sendo tratada como seu próprio estrato. Resultados: A duração da coleta de dados variou de 5,9 a 17,6 semanas e 4.176 homens foram recrutados nas 12 cidades. Dois sites não alcançaram o tamanho da amostra alvo devido a uma demora de seis meses na aprovação local do Comitê de Ética. Todas as cidades atingiram a convergência na principal variável estudada (HIV). Conclusão: O BBSS foi representativo e concluído conforme planejado e dentro do orçamento. A descrição dos métodos aqui é mais detalhada do que o habitual, devido às novas ferramentas e requisitos de diagnóstico das novas diretrizes do STROBE-RDS.

Syphilis prevalence and risk factors among young men presenting to the Brazilian Army in 2016: Results from a national survey.

The Conscripts Survey has been conducted periodically by the Brazilian Department of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs), AIDS, and Viral Hepatitis (DIAHV) in collaboration with the Brazilian Ministry of Defense for over 2 decades. It aims to assess the syphilis prevalence and obtain data on knowledge regarding STIs and their risk factors among conscripts enlisted for the Brazilian Army.This cross-sectional study was conducted among conscripts across Brazil aged 17 to 22 years from August to December 2016. It included a self-reported questionnaire and blood testing for syphilis, HIV, and hepatitis B and C.In total 38,247 conscripts were enrolled; after exclusion due to a lack of information, 37,282 (93.2%) conscripts were included. The estimated syphilis prevalence rates were: 1.63%, 1.09%, and 0.62% for screened, confirmed, and active syphilis, respectively. Among those with active syphilis, 81.1% reported not having syphilis infection in their lifetime. Higher confirmed syphilis prevalence rates were observed in the South region, followed by North and Southeast regions. Independent factors associated with confirmed syphilis infection were: self-reported STIs in one's lifetime (odds ratio [OR] = 7.24; P < .001), same-sex sexual relationships (OR = 3.43; P = .001), and having the 1st sexual intercourse encounter before 15 years of age (OR = 2.62; P = .04). The proportion of conscripts who reported having sex with other men (MSM) was 4.3%, and the estimated syphilis prevalence in this group was 5.23%, 4.61%, and 3.60% for screened, confirmed, and active syphilis, respectively. The sexual behaviors most frequently associated with confirmed syphilis were: sexual relationship with casual partners in the last year (P < .001), same-sex sexual relationships (P < .001), more than 10 partners (P = .006), and having sexual intercourse before 15 years of age (P = .003). Although not significant, only 25.4% of the conscripts who had a confirmed syphilis reported the use of condoms with steady partners, 32.4% with casual partner, and 24.3% with any partner.We found that syphilis is on the rise among the young Brazilian male population. The increase in its prevalence, particularly among MSM, highlights the need for urgent public health interventions, action plans, and implementation of risk reduction strategies aimed at this population.

Sexual behavior across the transition to adulthood and sexually transmitted infections: Findings from the national survey of human papillomavirus prevalence (POP-Brazil).

The sexual behaviors of 15- to 24-year-olds increase the risk of this population to acquire sexually transmitted infections (STIs). The present study aimed to describe the sexual behavior in the transition to adulthood Brazilian population and its association with STI history.We analyzed cross-sectional data collected from 8562 sexually active women and men who participated in the National Survey of Human Papillomavirus Prevalence (POP-Brazil). This large-scale survey enrolled participants from 26 Brazilian capitals and the Federal District. Professionals from primary care facilities were trained to collect data utilizing a standardized questionnaire with questions on sociodemographic, sexual behavior, and drug use. We constructed a Poisson model with robust variance for both crude and adjusted analysis to investigate the associations between the variables. To adjust the distribution of the sample to the study population, we weighted the measures by the population size in each city and by gender.There were differences in several aspects from sexual behavior between genders. The majority of men reported an early sexual initiation, more sexual partners, and a different practice in sexual positions when compared with women. Women reported use of contraception more frequently than men (P < .001). The use of alcohol and drugs and the use of drugs before sexual intercourse impact in STIs equally between the genders. Exclusive for women, the presence of any STI was associated with the practice of vaginal sex and other types of intercourse (adjusted prevalence ratio [APR] 1.43, 95% CI 1.08-1.88). For men, the number of sexual partners in the last year (APR 1.02, 95% CI 1.01-1.04), not having vaginal sex (APR 3.25, 95% CI 1.78-5.92) and sexual experience with someone of the same sex (APR 4.05, 95% CI, 2.88-5.70) were associated with a higher presence of STIs.This is the first report regarding sexual behavior in a nationally representative population sample in Brazil. This study provides more valid estimates of sexual behavior and associated STIs, identifying important differences in sexual behavior and identifying predictors for referred STIs among females and males.

POP-Brazil study protocol: a nationwide cross-sectional evaluation of the prevalence and genotype distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) in Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is associated with the development of genital warts and different types of cancer, including virtually all cervical cancers and a considerable number of penile, anal and oropharyngeal cancers. Data regarding the prevalence of HPV infection in Brazil are limited and fragmented. We aim to determine HPV prevalence in sexually active women and men aged 16-25 years and to investigate regional differences in virus prevalence and types. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This is a nationwide, multicentric, cross-sectional, prospective study that will include participants aged 16-25 years from all Brazilian capital cities. Recruitment will occur in primary health units by trained health professionals who will be responsible for collecting biological samples and interviewing the volunteers. After signing informed consent, all participants will answer a questionnaire that will collect sociodemographic and behavioural data. All samples will be processed in a certified central laboratory, and strict quality control will be performed by many different procedures, including double data entry, training and certification of primary care health professionals responsible for data collection, simulation of interviews, and auditing and monitoring of visits. The sample size will be standardised based on the population distribution of each capital using SAS and R statistical software. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The project was approved by the research ethics committee of the main institution and the corresponding ethics committees of the recruitment sites. This will be the first Brazilian nationwide study to determine overall HPV prevalence and to examine regional differences and social, demographic and behavioural factors related to HPV infection. Critical analysis of the study results will contribute to epidemiological knowledge and will set a baseline for future evaluation of the impact of the National HPV Vaccination Program.

HIV prevalence among men who have sex with men in Brazil: results of the 2nd national survey using respondent-driven sampling.

This paper reports human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) prevalence in the 2nd National Biological and Behavioral Surveillance Survey (BBSS) among men who have sex with men (MSM) in 12 cities in Brazil using respondent-driven sampling (RDS).Following formative research, RDS was applied in 12 cities in the 5 macroregions of Brazil between June and December 2016 to recruit MSM for BBSS. The target sample size was 350 per city. Five to 6 seeds were initially selected to initiate recruitment and coupons and interviews were managed online. On-site rapid testing was used for HIV screening, and confirmed by a 2nd test. Participants were weighted using Gile estimator. Data from all 12 cities were merged and analyzed with Stata 14.0 complex survey data analysis tools in which each city was treated as its own strata. Missing data for those who did not test were imputed HIV+ if they reported testing positive before and were taking antiretroviral therapy.A total of 4176 men were recruited in the 12 cities. The average time to completion was 10.2 weeks. The longest chain length varied from 8 to 21 waves. The sample size was achieved in all but 2 cities.A total of 3958 of the 4176 respondents agreed to test for HIV (90.2%). For results without imputation, 17.5% (95%CI: 14.7-20.7) of our sample was HIV positive. With imputation, 18.4% (95%CI: 15.4-21.7) were seropositive.HIV prevalence increased beyond expectations from the results of the 2009 survey (12.1%; 95%CI: 10.0-14.5) to 18.4%; CI95%: 15.4 to 21.7 in 2016. This increase accompanies Brazil's focus on the treatment to prevention strategy, and a decrease in support for community-based organizations and community prevention programs.