[Physiological and biochemical in vivo study of polyphenols and 20-hydroxyecdisone from quinoa grains effect on resistance to physical exercise in Wistar rats].

Increasing the ability of the human body to adapt to physical stress is relevant from the standpoint of using foods for special uses containing functional food ingredients (FFI) with effectiveness proven in vivo. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of FFI from Chenopodium quinoa grains with a high content of polyphenols and phytoecdysteroids on the physical endurance of male Wistar rats. Material and methods. The experiment was carried out during 36 days using 50 weaned male Wistar rats. The animals were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=12): Control, Run and Run-FFI. Rats of the Control and Run groups received a standard semisynthetic diet during the experiment. Rats of the Run-FFI group received a semi-synthetic diet with the addition of FFI in an amount of 0.055±0.003%, containing phytoecdysteroids (50.4±0.6 mg/g) and polyphenols (212.0±2.0 mg/g). During the experiment, the rats were assessed for their neuromotor function (grip strength of front paws), memory, and behavioral reactions in the "Elevated Plus Maze" (EPM), "Conditioned Passive Avoidance Reflex" (CPAR) and "Open Field" (OF) tests. Once a week, animals from the Run and Run-FFI groups were subjected to moderate physical load on a "Treadmill". On the 36th day of the experiment, the animals of these groups were subjected to exhausting physical load. Immediately after running, the animals were placed in metabolic cages to collect daily urine. At the end of the experiment, the content of corticosterone, the activity of catalase, indicators of protein, lipid and mineral metabolism, indexes of the liver functional state and antioxidant defense system parameters were analyzed in the blood serum; the level of prostaglandin E2 and dopamine were determined in daily urine. Results. Physiological tests (CRAR, OF) showed that weekly exercise increased anxiety in laboratory animals. The FFI introduction into the diet led to normalization of the assessed parameters (EPM). As a result of 36-day consumption of FFI against the background of physical loads, a significant decrease by 22% in the main stress marker, corticosterone, was revealed in the blood of rats, as well as significant increase by 23% in the stress inhibitor - prostaglandin E2 urinary excretion, compared with animals of the Run group to the level not differed from the indicators of the control animals. There were no differences in endurance performance between the Run and Run-FFI groups on the results of the exhaustive exercise. Consumption of FFI prevented the formation of excess ammonia, significantly reducing the level of urea in the blood and normalizing its excretion to control levels in the urine, which was increased in the Run group by 19%. Conclusion. The results obtained demonstrated the adaptogenic properties of the developed FFI in response to stress caused by weekly moderate and acute exhaustive physical activity. The obtained data on the biological effect of the developed FPI on the adaptive potential of laboratory animals will serve as an experimental basis for its inclusion in the composition of specialized foods.

[Interaction assessment of polysaccharides and minor bioactive compounds in functional food ingredients of plant origin].

At present, the scientific based view of creation enriched, specialized and functional products based on bioactive compounds (BAC) of plant origin has been formed. Interactions between polysaccharides (hydrocolloids), macronutrients of the food system and minor BAC are a determining factor in their bioavailability and should be taken into account when developing formulations and evaluated accordingly. The objective of the research was to consider the theoretical aspects of the interaction of polysaccharides and minor BAC in functional food ingredients of plant origin, as well as to provide an overview of currently available methods for their evaluation. Material and methods. The search and analysis of publications were carried out using the eLIBRARY, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science databases, mainly in the last 10 years. Results. The main interaction mechanisms of the polysaccharides with minor BAC were determined using the example of the components of the polyphenol complex (flavonoids), ecdysteroids. These include: adsorption, the formation of an "inclusion complex", hydrogen bonding between OH-groups. The interaction of BAC with other macromolecules can occur with their significant modification as a result of the formation of complexes and cause a decrease in biological activity. The assessment of the degree of interaction of hydrocolloids with minor BAC can be carried out using both in vitro and in vivo methods. Most of these studies are carried out in vitro, do not take into account many factors that affect the bioavailability of BAC. Thus, it can be noted that, despite significant progress in the development of functional food ingredients based on medicinal plant materials, the studies of the interactions of BAC with polysaccharides using relevant models are not currently carried out to the extent necessary. Conclusion. Based on the data presented in the review, it can be concluded that plant polysaccharides (hydrocolloids) have a significant effect on the biological activity and availability of minor BAC (polyphenols, ecdysteroids). As an optimal technique for a preliminary assessment of the degree of interaction, it is recommended to use a model that includes the main enzymatic systems, which allows you to accurately reproduce the processes occurring in the gastrointestinal tract; at the final stage, it is necessary to confirm the biological activity in vivo.

[Squid fat as a promising source of polyunsaturated fatty acids].

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFA) are substances that play an important role in human metabolism. They are essential nutritional factors and can improve the functioning of individual systems and the body as a whole. The main source of ω-3 PUFA has long been fish fat, which contains PUFA in the triglyceride form. A fairly new and promising alternative to fish fat is the liver fat of the Commander squid (Berryteuthis magister), which additionally contains alkylglycerols, contains PUFA in the phospholipid form and can be obtained from squid fishery waste. The objective of the research was to carry out an analysis of scientific data, including the results of studies of the biological activity of squid fat, as well as its components that are part of other similar raw materials, and evaluate the prospects for its use in medical practice. Material and methods. During the study, various sources were analyzed, including scientific literature from electronic databases eLibrary, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and electronic search engines Google Academy from 2000 to 2022. Results. It is noted that squid fat has a pronounced biological activity. Its components increase innate immunity, have antitumor potential, improve the state of the body under stress, have hypolipidemiс and hypotensive effect, improve memory and attention, and also positively affect the composition and rheological parameters of blood. In addition to these effects, a positive effect of ω-3 PUFA and alkylglycerols on spermatogenesis, sperm quality and the female reproductive system has been noted. In a number of studies, alkylglycerol esters increased the permeability of the blood-brain barrier and, due to their structure, are able to form vesicles, therefore, they can be considered as raw materials for the production of new dosage forms for targeted therapy of brain tumors. In the available literature, in the case of the use of squid fat and its components, undesirable side effects have not been identified. Conclusion. Squid fat is a complete source of ω-3 PUFA and alkylglycerols, therefore it can be recommended as a dietary supplement, especially in a diet low in ω-3 PUFA.

[Influence of antioxidants in native and micelled forms on the shelf life of the emulsion fat product].

Emulsion fat products due to the presence of the aqueous phase are more prone to oxidative damage than pure oils and fats, which requires the use of antioxidants. Based on a social request for the use of natural antioxidants in the food industry, tocopherols, their mixtures, as well as ascorbic acid are widespread. However, most natural antioxidants (vitamins, plant extracts) have lower antioxidant activity in fats than synthetic ones and require more incorporation into the product, which can negatively affect its organoleptic properties and the cost of the finished emulsion fat product. One way to solve this problem is to use new micellized forms of antioxidants. The micellization of various types of waterand fat-soluble antioxidants can increase their specific activity, which is apparently associated with an increase in the relative interaction surface in the product. The development of emulsion fat products using new technological forms of natural antioxidants in order to increase their shelf life is relevant and practically significant for the food industry. The aim of the study was a comparative assessment of the effectiveness of natural antioxidants in native and micellized forms in the margarine formulation. Material and methods. Antioxidants (tocopherols, rosemary extract and ascorbic acid) in the native and micellized forms were selected as objects of the study for their introduction into margarine with a mass fraction of fat of 82%. Peroxide Value and p-anizidin Value were determined in dynamics during storage of margarine in its fatty phase. Results. Experimental data have been obtained on the action of the studied antioxidants in various technological forms on the formation of primary and secondary oxidation products in margarine during storage at the temperature 23±3 °Ð¡. It was determined that the introduction of micellized forms of various antioxidants into margarine at a concentration of 0.015-0.03% most effectively slows down the formation of oxidation products compared to using their native forms in an amount equivalent to the active substances. Conclusion. It has been experimentally established that the use of micellized forms of tocopherols, ascorbic acid and rosemary extract allows more efficient creation of emulsion fat products with an extended shelf life.

[Biological value of fruits and berries of Russian production].

Fruits and berries are the most important sources of a wide range of biologically active substances, including vitamin C, carotenoids, flavonoids, anthocyanins. In order to replenish and update data on the content of food and biologically active substances in the tables of the chemical composition of food products, a study of the content of mono- and disaccharides, dietary fiber was carried out; vitamins C, B1, B2 and E, minerals and trace elements; flavonoids (in terms of rutin), anthocyanins; organic and hydroxycinnamic acids, stilbenoids in various varieties of 16 fruit and berry crops. Material and methods. The material for the study was the fruits of promising varieties and selected forms of pome fruit (apple, pear), stone fruit (cherry, plum, apricot), berry (garden strawberry, raspberry, black currant, red currant, gooseberry), non-traditional crops (actinidia, honeysuckle, cornelian cherry, viburnum, sea buckthorn, rosehip) - a total of 208 samples grown at the I.V. Michurin Federal Scientific Center. The B vitamins were determined by the fluorometric method, and vitamin E, organic and hydroxycinnamic acids, carbohydrates, and stilbenoids were determined by HPLC. The amount of anthocyanin pigments was determined by pH differential spectrophotometry, dietary fiber - by enzymatic-gravimetric method, flavonoids - spectrophotometrically. Results and discussion. The main carbohydrate of apricot is sucrose, black currants, cherries, raspberries and honeysuckle contain mainly fructose and glucose. Raspberries and currants are high in fiber. Comparison of the obtained data on the content of vitamins B1, B2, E, flavonoids and anthocyanins in the studied population of varieties in comparison with the published data of tables of the chemical composition of food products in the USA and Russia was carried out. By the content of vitamin C in descending order, the fruits are arranged in a row: black currant > sea buckthorn > honeysuckle > strawberry > red currant > viburnum > gooseberry > raspberry > apple. Berries, making a significant contribution to providing the body with vitamin C, are not an essential source of vitamins B and E. The inclusion of 100 g of fresh fruit in the diet provides about 10% of the recommended dietary intake for potassium (apricot, gooseberry, cherry and black currant), magnesium (apple, cherry, strawberry) and dietary fiber. Honeysuckle and black currant are high in anthocyanins; consumption of 100 g of these berries will ensure adequate intake of these micronutrients. Some varieties of strawberries, apples and pears are rich in hydroxycinnamic acids. The data obtained can be used to refine the indicators in the existing tables of the chemical composition of food products. Conclusion. The obtained data on the composition of fruit and berry products will make it possible to more correctly calculate the nutritional value of rations using questionnaire-survey methods. Combined analysis of the composition of biologically active substances in berries and fruits makes it possible to more reasonably make the choice of a particular product in the dietary correction of the ration of healthy and sick people.

[Polyphenolic compounds of the stilbenoid class: classification, representatives, content in plant raw materials, structural features, use in the food industry and pharmacy].

Nowadays, more than 300 representatives of stilbenoids are known - a group of natural, synthetic and semi-synthetic biologic active substances, according to the chemical structure belonging to the group of polyphenolic compounds - phenylpropanoids. Representatives of this group of compounds can be detected in such classes of plants as gymnosperms, angiosperms, bryophytes and pteridophyte. The main food sources are the fruits of grapes, blueberries, blueberries, peanuts, cocoa. The history of their detection is associated with the discovery of the protective functions of plants in response to the action of external stimuli. Further study revealed pronounced antioxidant properties. The mechanism of development of many diseases is associated with the processes of oxidation of free radicals, which can be interrupted by the effect of antioxidants. Possible mechanisms of antioxidant action of stilbenoids and their effect on diseases caused by excessive amounts of free radicals have been studied. Stilbenoids increase the tone and stability of the body to stress factors of the environment, improve the adaptive capacity of the nervous and immune systems, show antitumor, cardio-protective and lipid-lowering activities, inhibit lipid peroxidation. In this regard specialized products, food supplements and drugs containing stilbenoids have been developed. However, representatives of this group of compounds have low consumer properties, are sensitive to environmental factors and have low solubility and absorption. Therefore, solutions of these problems are important when developing new foods and drugs. Nowadays, auxiliary substances (solubilizers) are used, as well as such technological methods as microencapsulation, coacervation, polymerization, and others that can cope with problems of instability, poor solubility, low bioavailability, and unsatisfactory consumer qualities, which improve the effect of stilbenoids on the organism.

[Investigation of lignans and anthocyanins as the main biologically active polyphenols of Schizandra chinensis fruits].

For the first time the content and composition of dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans and anthocyanins in 10 samples of Chinese magnolia-vine fruits (Schizandra chinensis) collected in the Moscow Region, Khabarovsk and Primorsky Krai were studied. The determination of the profile of lignans was carried out according to the our original HPLC technique with diode-array spectrophotometric and mass spectrometric detection. The validation of the methodology for linearity, accuracy and precision was carried out. 11 characteristic for Schizandra chinensis lignans were found in all samples. In dried fruits the main lignan was schisandrine, in fresh-frozen fruits - angeloylgomizin O. The total content of lignans in fresh-frozen fruits was 5.50 mg/g, in dried fruits - from 12.50 to 18.95 mg/g. Anthocyanins of Chinese magnolia-vine were mainly represented by cyanidin glycosides, among which cyanidin-3-xylosylrutinoside was predominated. The total content of anthocyanins determined by pH-differential spectrophotometry was from 0.21 mg/g in fresh-frozen fruits to 0.35-0.72 mg/g in dried fruits. The results obtained can be used to identify and standardize the fruits of Chinese magnolia- vine and the products of their processing.

[Antioxidant and antiradical properties of red grape wines].

The article presents the results of studies of the antioxidant and antiradical capacity of red table wines. It is shown that the antioxidant and antiradical properties of red wines due to the varieties of grapes and processing technologies. A correlation between the concentration of phenolic components of the complex and antiradical properties, as well as antioxidant and antiradical properties of red wines has been established. Antioxidant and antiradical properties were higher in variants with the highest concentration of the most important components of a phenolic complex--catechins and tannins. Their greatest content has been identified in the wine materials Saperavi made on technologies which can extract components polyphenol complex not only from grape skin, and grape seed (seed) containing ellagitannins and gallocatechin (using Vinificator company Padovan; prepared by fermenting mash irrigation heated mash, using a fermentation mash by Fludase). Depending on the grape varieties and production technology, the antioxidant activity varied by more than 30%. These data indicate that the technology can increase the production of wine intravarietal (for grapes) antioxidant activity of 10 to 20%.

[Oxidative and hydrolytic deterioration of palm oil and fat products based on it under various conditions of storage and transportation].

Studies have been conducted on the effect of storage conditions for refined deodorized palm oil on the quality and safety: in containers made of ferrous metals (mild steel) at unregulated temperature, in sealed plastic bags at the temperature -20 degrees C in stainless steel under stratification of nitrogen at the temperature of 40+/-1 degrees C. The choice of the objects of study determined by the normative documents of the Russian Federation governing the transportation and storage of vegetable oils and fat products based on them. All samples of palm oil with peroxide value of 1,0 to 1,5 meq O2/kg indicated the presence of a weak foreign taste, is not peculiar impersonalfat, the samples with peroxide value above 1,5 meq O2/kg were observed pronounced off-flavors and odors characteristic of stale oil. Rancidity was observed in samples having peroxide value of 2,0 meq O2/kg or more. Free acid value and anizidin value for the studied period changed to a lesser extent, from 0,06 to 0,1 mg KOH/g and from 1,2 to 1,4 respectively. It is proved that, transportation/storage of palm oil at the temperature above 50 degrees C without stratification of nitrogen greatly accelerates the process of oxidative damage. Based on these data we can recommend transportation/storage and management process with the least possible time of contact of melted palm oil with oxygen to produce high-quality final product (within 2-3 hours from the time of melting).

[Development of methods for determining acrylamide in food products by gas-liquid chromatography].

The method of determination of acrylamide in various food (milk powder, potato chips, instant coffee) by gas-liquid chromatography after pre-bromination was developed. Studies have shown the possibility of using bromination of acrylamide to give it the necessary properties for better extraction, purification and detection. Also revealed the possibility of qualitative and quantitative determine a acrylamide in food by gas-liquid chromatography with detection by electron capture detector.

[The detection short chain fatty acids in foods by gas-liquid chromatography method].

On the basis of gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) technique of quantitative determination in food, and biologically active additives (BAA) to food short-chain fatty acids: acetic, propionic, butyric, isobutyric, valeric and isovaleric. For this purpose, we used the method of GLC with a plasma-ionization detection, which allowed us to determine the amount of these acids in dietary supplements, prepared on the basis of bacterial.

[Comparative characteristics of the antioxidants of plant origin introduced in fat emulsion foods].

One of the methods of increasing the quality of fatty products is including in their composition antioxidants, which provide the time of their conservation and improvement of their biological value. From this point of view calls concern a new drug epigallocatechina gallate. On the basis of these studies the prospects of usage were shown epigallocatechina gallate in fatty products and the paths of further applying in creation of food products.

[Frequency of thyroid cancer in the presence of nodular formations, its diagnostic, growth and intraorganic distribution characteristics]. / Chastota raka shchitovidnoi zhelezy pri uzlovykh obrazovaniiakh v nei, osobennosti ego diagnostiki, rosta i vnutriorgannogo rasprostraneniia.

Among different thyroid abnormalities thyroid cancer was seen in 179 (15.8%) of 1127 operated patients. Cancer mainly occurred in patients with nodoseeuthyroid or combined goiter: in 111 (19.3%) of 573 patients. In 69 subjects cancer developed in the unaffected thyroid gland, 20 of them had multifocal lesions; 42 subjects had cancer coupled with hyperplastic process, multifocal tumor being diagnosed in 12 persons. The data obtained indicate high cancer incidence in the unaffected thyroid gland. Cancer-hyperplasia complex must be regarded as a specific pathological variety being the most difficult for diagnosis and treatment.