RESUMO
Microcystis aeruginosa is one of the most predominant freshwater bloom-forming cyanobacterium found globally which is capable of producing toxic secondary metabolites including microcystins that might intoxicate animals and humans when contaminated water or food is ingested. Salvinia auriculata Aubl is one of the plants that might possess bioactive compounds capable of controlling growth and reproduction of M. aeruginosa. The present study aimed to determine the presence of bioactive compounds in S. auriculata extracts and determine alterations occurred in growth and reproduction of M. aeruginosa when exposed to these plant extracts. In addition, this investigation aimed to examine the influence of S. auriculata on antioxidant enzymes detected in M. aeruginosa. The results obtained demonstrated that the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of S. auriculata presented potential for control of cyanobacteria populations, exhibiting algicidal action on M. aeruginosa as well as interfering in antioxidant enzymes activities and parameters associated with oxidative stress. Phytochemical analyses demonstrated the presence of polyphenols and flavonoids content in both extracts. In addition, application of S. auriculata extracts did not produce cytogenotoxicity and/or mutagenicity utilizing Allium cepa test. Therefore, further studies are needed in order to identify and characterize the compounds responsible for these effects on M. aeruginosa and provide information regarding the possible application of S. auriculata in the treatment of drinking water.
Assuntos
Microcystis , Extratos Vegetais , Microcystis/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Sphaerospermopsis aphanizomenoides is a filamentous nitrogen-fixing and bloom-forming cyanobacterium, which biomass can fertilize natural water with nutrients, especially through nitrogen fixation. The Sphaerospermopsis aphanizomenoides strain BCCUSP55 was previously isolated from a water supply reservoir in the Brazilian semiarid region, and its draft genome assembly coupled with the gene contents are reported here. The obtained BCCUSP55 draft genome comprised 254 scaffolds with a genome size estimated of 6,096,273 bp. In addition, it has 5250 predicted coding sequences (CDS) and the G + C content is 38.5%. Further, the BCCUSP55 draft genome presented the putative nocuolin A gene complete cluster, a natural oxadiazine that triggers apoptosis in human cancer cells. Thus, our results contribute to extend the knowledge on the genus Sphaerospermopsis and reveal its biotechnological potential.
Assuntos
Cianobactérias , Composição de Bases , Cianobactérias/genética , Humanos , Família Multigênica , Fixação de NitrogênioRESUMO
Anthropogenic activities have led to the depletion of the ultraviolet radiation screening ozone layer, exposing aquatic biota to its harmful effects. Also, the rising applications of nanotechnology are resulting in the release and contamination of aquatic ecosystems with engineered nanometals like titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nTiO2). The rise in ultraviolet radiation interacts with nanometals, increasing their bioactivities to susceptible aquatic organisms such as algae and cyanobacteria. The effect of ultraviolet radiation B (UVB) and nTiO2 on Microcystis flos-aquae and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata during inter-specific interaction was investigated. The specific growth rate (d-1) of M. flos-aquae exposed to nTiO2 increased significantly under monoculture conditions but was suppressed during co-culture with P. subcapitata. Contrarily, UVB stimulated the growth of the cyanobacterium regardless of the presence or absence of the green microalgae. However, there was a general decline in the growth of P. subcapitata following cultivation with M. flos-aquae and exposure to UVB and nTiO2. The chlorophyll-a and total chlorophyll content of the monocultures of M. flos-aquae exposed to nTiO2 increased while other co-culture treatments significantly decreased these parameters. The experimental treatments, UVB, nTiO2, and UVB + nTiO2 had differential effects on the pigment content of P. subcapitata. The total protein content, intracellular H2O2, peroxidase (POD), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity of both M. flos-aquae and P. subcapitata increased at varying degrees as a function of the treatment condition. Microcystin content was highest in co-cultures exposed to UVB. The results of this study suggest that increasing levels of nTiO2 and UVB significantly alter the growth and cellular metabolic activity of M. flos-aquae and P. subcapitata, but the cyanobacterium will probably be favored by increasing UVB levels and its interaction with nanometals like nTiO2 in aquatic ecosystems.
Assuntos
Microcystis , Nanopartículas , Ecossistema , Peróxido de Hidrogênio , Titânio/toxicidade , Raios UltravioletaRESUMO
This work investigated the effects of co-occurring aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and microcystin (MC) in aquaculture, using immunohistochemistry and genotoxicity methods. Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were exposed to AFB1 by intraperitoneal and MC (cell extract of Microcystis aeruginosa) by intraperitoneal and immersion routes. The interaction of MC-AFB1 was evaluated co-exposing the intraperitoneal doses. Blood samples were collected after 8, 24, and 48h to analyze the micronucleus frequency and comet score. The interaction of MC-AFB1 showed a synergic mutagenic response by higher micronucleus frequency of co-exposed group. A slight genotoxic synergism was also observed in the comet score. Immunohistochemistry detected MC in al lthe fish liver tissues exposed to MC by intraperitoneal route, and only the immersed group with the highest dose of MC showed a positive response. Although MC was non-detectable in the edible muscle, the combination of immunohistochemistry with genotoxicity assay was an attractive biomonitoring tool in aquaculture, where the animals were frequently exposed to co-occurring synergic hazards.
RESUMO
The present study reports the phytoplankton abundance, dominance and co-existence relationships in the eutrophic Carpina reservoir, Pernambuco, Brazil. Sampling was carried out at six different depths bimonthly at a single reservoir spanning two climatic periods: dry season (January, September, and November 2006) and rainy season (March, May, and July 2006). Density, abundance, dominance, specific diversity and equitability of the community were determined, along with chlorophyll a, and physical and chemical variables of the environment. Eight species were considered abundant, and their densities corresponded to more than 90 percent of the total phytoplankton community quantified. Cyanobacteria represented more than 80 percent of this density. Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii was the only dominant taxon in the dry season, and was co-dominant in the rainy season. C. raciborskii, Planktothrix agardhii and Geitlerinema amphibium had the greatest densities and lowest vertical variation coefficients. The statistical analysis indicated relationships with vertical and seasonal variations in the phytoplankton community and the following variables: total dissolved solids, water temperature, electrical conductivity and pH. The changes in the environmental variables were discrete and regulated by the establishment of precipitation however, they were able to promote vertical and seasonal instability in the structure of the phytoplankton community.
O presente estudo remete às relações de abundância, dominância e co-existência fitoplanctônica no reservatório eutrófico de Carpina, Pernambuco, Brasil. Foram realizadas amostragens bimensalmente, em seis profundidades, em um único ponto do reservatório, contemplando dois períodos sazonais: seco (janeiro, setembro e novembro/2006) e chuvoso (março, maio e julho/2006). A densidade, abundância, dominância, diversidade específica e equitabilidade foram determinadas, além da clorofila a e algumas variáveis físicas e químicas do ambiente. Oito táxons foram considerados abundantes e suas densidades corresponderam a mais de 90 por cento do fitoplâncton total quantificado. As cianobactérias representaram mais de 80 por cento desta densidade. Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii foi o único táxon dominante durante o período seco e co-dominante no chuvoso. C. raciborskii, Planktothrix agardhii e Geitlerinema amphibium destacaram-se com as maiores densidades e os menores coeficientes de variação vertical. As análises estatísticas indicaram relação entre as alterações verticais e sazonais da comunidade fitoplanctônica e seguintes variáveis: sólidos totais dissolvidos, temperatura da água, condutividade elétrica e pH. As alterações observadas para as variáveis ambientais foram discretas e reguladas pelo estabelecimento das precipitações, no entanto foram capazes de promover instabilidade vertical e sazonal na estrutura da comunidade fitoplanctônica.
Assuntos
Biodiversidade , Biomassa , Monitoramento Ambiental , Fitoplâncton/classificação , Brasil , Água Doce , Densidade Demográfica , Dinâmica Populacional , Estações do AnoRESUMO
This study investigated the dynamics of cyanobacteria in two deep, eutrophic reservoirs in a semi-arid region of Brazil during periods of stratification and destratification. Four collections were carried out at each reservoir at two depths at three-month intervals. The following abiotic variables were analyzed: water temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, water transparency, total phosphorus, total dissolved phosphorus, orthophosphate and total nitrogen. Phytoplankton density was quantified for the determination of the biomass of cyanobacteria. The data were analyzed using CCA. Higher mean phytoplankton biomass values (29.8 mm³.L-1) occurred in the period of thermal stratification. A greater similarity in the phytoplankton communities also occurred in this period and was related to the development of cyanobacteria, mainly Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (>3.9 mm³.L-1). During the period of thermal destratification, this species co-dominated the environment with Planktothrix agardhii, Geitlerinema amphibium, Microcystis aeruginosa and Merismopedia tenuissima, as well as with diatoms and phytoflagellates. Environmental instability and competition among algae hindered the establishment of blooms more during the mixture period than during the stratification period. Thermal changes in the water column caused by climatologic events altered other physiochemical conditions of the water, leading to changes in the composition and biomass of the cyanobacterial community in tropical reservoirs.
Este estudo investigou a dinâmica das cianobactérias em dois reservatórios eutróficos e profundos localizados na região semi-árida do Brasil durante períodos de estratificação e desestratificação térmica. Quatro coletas foram feitas em cada reservatório em duas profundidades em intervalo de três meses. As variáveis abióticas analisadas foram: temperatura da água, oxigênio dissolvido, pH, turbidez, transparência da água, fósforo total, fósforo total dissolvido, ortofosfato e nitrogênio total. A densidade do fitoplâncton foi quantificada para a determinação da biomassa de cianobactérias. Os dados foram analisados usando ACC. Elevados valores médios de biomassa fitoplanctônica (29,8 mm³.L-1) ocorreram no período de estratificação. A maior similaridade das comunidades fitoplanctônicas também ocorreu neste período e foi relacionada ao desenvolvimento de cianobactérias, principalmente Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (>3,9 mm³ .L-1). Durante o período de desestratificação térmica, esta espécie co-dominou o ambiente com Planktothrix agardhii, Geitlerinema amphibium, Microcystis aeruginosa e Merismopedia tenuissima, bem como com diatomáceas e fitoflagelados. Instabilidade ambiental e competição entre as algas dificultaram o estabelecimento de blooms durante o período de mistura quando comparado com o período de estratificação. Modificações na condição térmica da coluna d'água, causadas por eventos climatológicos, alteraram as demais condições fisicoquímicas da água e ocasionaram mudanças na composição e biomassa da comunidade de cianobactérias em reservatórios tropicais.
Assuntos
Biomassa , Cianobactérias/classificação , Água Doce/química , Fitoplâncton/classificação , Brasil , Cylindrospermopsis , Cianobactérias/fisiologia , Monitoramento Ambiental , Eutrofização , Água Doce/microbiologia , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Microcystis , Nitrogênio/análise , Oxigênio/análise , Densidade Demográfica , Fosfatos/análise , Fósforo/análise , Fitoplâncton/fisiologia , Estações do Ano , TemperaturaRESUMO
The escalating occurrence of cyanobacterial toxic blooms demands a better understanding of genetic variability as an auxiliary expedient in species identification, collaborating with the monitoring of water destined to public supply. This study aimed at the unraveling of genetic polymorphism in the toxic and nontoxic strains of Microcystis (Cyanobacteria) species, isolated from diverse Brazilian localities through the RFLP-PCR technique applied to the c-phycocyanin encoding operon and its intergenic spacer (cpcBA-IGS). Eighteen strains belonging to M. aeruginosa, M. panniformis, M. protocystis and M. wesenbergii, plus two other unidentified strains, were analyzed by means of the morphological and molecular data. The molecular data constituted three groups with low similarity values unrelated to the geographical origin, toxicity or morphospecies. A high genetic variability among the studied populations was unveiled by the results. Brazilian populations of Microcystis spp. displayed high genetic diversity when compared to those from Australia, Japan, United States and Europe. This ample genetic diversity could be observed through the diverse eletrophoretic profiles obtained among the strains from a single species. The presence of toxic and non-toxic strains was observed in the same species, as M. aeruginosa.
A ocorrência de florações de cianobactérias tóxicas demanda um melhor entendimento da variabilidade genética como um instrumento auxiliar na identificação de espécies colaborando, assim, com o monitoramento de águas destinadas ao abastecimento público. Este estudo objetivou o conhecimento do polimorfismo genético de linhagens tóxicas e não tóxicas de espécies de Microcystis (Cyanobacteria), isoladas de diversas localidades brasileiras, utilizando a técnica molecular RFLP-PCR para o operon que codifica para a c-ficocianina e seu espaçador intergênico (cpcBA-IGS). Foram analisadas dezoito linhagens pertencentes as espécies Microcystis aeruginosa, M. panniformis, M. protocystis, M. wesenbergii e duas outras não identificadas através de dados morfológicos e moleculares. Os resultados moleculares formaram três agrupamentos com baixos valores de similaridade entre si os quais não foram relacionados à origem geográfica, toxicidade ou morfoespécies. As populações brasileiras de Microcystis spp. apresentaram alta diversidade genética quando comparadas com as da Austrália, Japão, Estados Unidos e Europa. Esta ampla diversidade genética pode ser vislumbrada através de diversos perfis eletroforéticos obtidos entre linhagens de uma mesma espécie. Nós encontramos a presença de linhagens tóxicas e não tóxicas em uma mesma espécie, como em M. aeruginosa.
RESUMO
The aim of the present study was to investigate the structure and dynamics of the phytoplankton in the Botafogo reservoir-PE-Brazil. Phytoplankton assemblages were identified from current literature and density was estimated using an inverted microscope. Concurrently to the sampling of biotic variables, measurements of abiotic parameters, such as water temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH, were determined using field probes and transparency was determined with a Secchi disk. Total phosphorus and total nitrogen concentrations were determined in laboratory. A total of 24 taxa were identified. Chlorophyta presented the greatest number of species. Species diversity in the reservoir was low throughout the study period. Principal component analysis revealed that Trachelomonas volvocina, Chlorella vulgaris, Euglena sp. and Peridinium gatunense were directly correlated with oxygen, turbidity and total nitrogen; Planktosphaeria gelatinosa, P. gatunense and Euglena sp. were directed correlated with total nitrogen; rainfall explained the occurrence of Monoraphidium arcuatum and Chlorella vulgaris.
O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar a estrutura e dinâmica do fitoplâncton no reservatório de Botafogo-PE-Brasil. A comunidade fitoplanctônica foi identificada com literatura atualizada e a densidade estimada usando microscópio invertido. Concomitantemente as coletas das variáveis bióticas, foram medidos alguns parâmetros abióticos como temperatura da água, oxigênio dissolvido, condutividade e pH usando sondas de campo e transparência com disco de Secchi. Concentrações de fósforo total e nitrogênio total foram determinados em laboratório. Vinte e quatro táxons foram identificados tendo Chlorophyta apresentado maior número de espécie. A diversidade de espécie no reservatório foi baixa durante todo o período de estudo. A análise de componentes principais mostrou que Trachelomonas volvocina, Chlorella vulgaris, Euglena sp. e Peridinium gatunense esteve diretamente correlacionada com oxigênio dissolvido, turbidez e nitrogênio total. P. gelatinosa, Peridinim gatunense e Euglena sp. estiveram diretamente relacionada com nitrogênio total; a chuva explicou a ocorrência de Monoraphidium arcuatum e Chlorella vulgaris.
RESUMO
A deterioração da qualidade de água pela piscicultura associa-se à eutrofização, com florescimento de cianobactérias. Microcystis aeruginosa destaca-se como principal produtora de microcistinas (MCs), grupo de hepatotoxinas com potencial promotor de tumor. No presente trabalho desenvolveu-se método imunoistoquímico para a detecção de MC em tilápias (Oreochromis niloticus) submetidas à injeção intraperitoneal (i.p.) ou imersão em extrato de M. aeruginosa BCCBUSP 262, empregando anticorpo monoclonal anti-MC (M8H5) e sistema polímero-peroxidase. As tilápias (N=42) foram submetidas a sete tratamentos, sendo três grupos inoculados i.p. com 2,0x105, 4,0x105 e 1,0x106 cels.Kg-1 de M. aeruginosa BCCBUSP 262 e quatro submetidos à imersão em diferentes concentrações do extrato da cianobactéria (variando de 1,0x104 a 1,0x105cel.mL-1). Analisando fígado e tecido muscular pelo ensaio imunoistoquímico, não se detectou marcação em tecido muscular. Todos os animais inoculados i.p. apresentaram marcação positiva para MC no fígado, mas em teste de imersão, apenas os expostos a maior dose (1,0x105 cels.mL- 1) apresentaram marcação positiva. Embora MC não seja detectada em tecido muscular, assim como no fígado de animais imersos em extrato de M. aeruginosa CCBUSP 262 em concentrações menores que 1,0x105 cels.mL-1, os resultados constituíram-se base para o desenvolvimento metodológico objetivando a aplicação da imunoistoquímica no diagnóstico rápido no controle de qualidade de pescados.
The deterioration of the water quality due to aquaculture is associated with eutrophication, with bloom of cyanobacteria. Microcystis aeruginosa is distinguished as main producer of microcystins (MCs), group of hepatotoxins with tumor promoter potential. In the present work immunohistochemical method for detection of MC in tilápia (Oreochromis niloticus), fish submitted to intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) or immersion in extract of M. aeruginosa BCCBUSP 262 was developed, using monoclonal antibody anti- MC (M8H5) and polymer peroxidase system. The tilápias (N=42) had been submitted to the seven treatments, three groups inoculated i.p. with 2.0x105, 4.0x105 and 1.0x106 cells. Kg-1 of M. aeruginosa BCCBUSP 262 and four groups exposed to the immersion in different extract concentrations of cyanobacterium. Analyzing liver and muscular tissue for immunohistochemical assay, muscular tissue was not stained. All the animals inoculated i.p. presented positive marking for MC in the liver, but in immersion test, only the ones exposed in the highest dose (1,0x105 cels.mL-1) presented positive marking. Although MC was not detected in muscular tissue, as well as in the liver of animals immersed in extract of M. aeruginosa BCCBUSP 262 in concentrations less than 1.0x105 cels.mL-1, the results would constitute in the base for the methodological development aiming the application of the immunohistochemistry in the rapid diagnosis in quality control of fish.
Assuntos
Ciclídeos , Cianobactérias , Microcystis , PesqueirosRESUMO
The aim of this work was to study the phytoplankton community composition at limnetic environment in Pernambuco, Brazil. Samplings were carried out from April/2001 to March/2002. Samples to analyses the biotic variables were taken using a recipient with a large overture, at the subsurface and with a Van Dorn bottle at the bottom. The rainfall data were recorded and the water transparency was used to calculate the light attenuation coefficient, photic zone and the determination of trophic state index. The concentrations of total phosphorus and total nitrogen were determined in a typical dry and rainy month. Equitability, also the, similarity and diversity indexes and the densities and correlation of total densities among depths were calculated. Forty-five taxa were identified in Chlorophyta (21spp), Cyanophyta (17spp) and Bacillariophyta (7spp), while flagellates were quantified in groups without identification. Cyanophyta presented highest diversity at both the depths and Planktothrix agardhii was the highest density species. Significant differences were not observed between subsurface and bottom densities. Results showed that the reservoir was eutrophicated and presented high densities of Cyanophyta.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi o estudo da comunidade fitoplanctônica em ambiente limnético de Pernambuco, Brasil. As amostras foram coletadas de abril/2001 a março/2002. As amostras para análises abióticas foram coletadas na superfície da água e destinadas às análises bióticas foram coletadas na subsuperfície e no fundo, sendo fixadas com solução de lugol e quantificadas usando microscópio invertido. Equitatividade, índices de similaridade e diversidade foram calculados, bem como correlação entre as profundidades. 45 táxons foram identificados, pertencentes as Chlorophyta (21spp), Cyanophyta (17spp) e Bacillariophyta (7spp). Os flagelados foram apenas quantificados, mas não foram identificados. Cyanophyta apresentou a mais alta diversidade em ambas as profundidades e Planktothrix agardhii foi a espécie que apresentou a maior densidade. Diferenças significativas quanto às densidades não foram observadas entre subsuperfície e fundo. O reservatório encontra-se eutrofizado, sendo encontradas altas densidades de Cyanophyta durante todo o período de estudo.