Nipple Reconstruction: A Regenerative Medicine Approach Using 3D-Printed Tissue Scaffolds.

IMPACT STATEMENT: This work provides a comprehensive overview and critique of nipple reconstruction techniques to date. It then explores different tissue engineering concepts and how these may improve clinical outcomes for patients undergoing nipple reconstruction. A novel technique is proposed, whereby a three-dimensional-printed tissue-engineered construct is used as an autologous graft to assist nipple reconstruction.