Early Exercise Through Telerehabilitation After Bariatric Surgery: Is It Feasible?

PURPOSE: The feasibility of early telerehabilitation after bariatric surgery is unknown. The objective of this study was to assess the feasibility and perception of engaging in the online exercise protocol in patients during the first month after bariatric surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 67 patients, enrolled in a telerehabilitation program following bariatric surgery, completed a survey assessing their perception of the intensity, discomfort, and safety during exercise sessions. RESULTS: Forty percent of participants began exercising between 5 and 10 days after surgery. Seventy-one percent of patients did not experience discomfort during the first month of exercise, and those who reported discomfort mainly mentioned dizziness and abdominal pain. No significant differences were found in the presence of discomfort among different types of surgeries performed. There was a significant difference in the presence of discomfort between patients who started exercising before and after 15 days of surgery, with less discomfort reported in the group that started after 15 days. Ninety-eight percent of patients felt safe during online exercise sessions. Most participants perceived the intensity of the sessions as moderate. The most frequently mentioned benefits of exercise were increased energy, mood, and feeling more active. CONCLUSION: Telerehabilitation conducted during the first month after bariatric surgery was feasible and well tolerated by patients, providing a safe alternative for those patients who face difficulties with in-person interventions.

Metabolic Bariatric Surgery Across the IFSO Chapters: Key Insights on the Baseline Patient Demographics, Procedure Types, and Mortality from the Eighth IFSO Global Registry Report.

INTRODUCTION: The International Federation for Surgery for Obesity and Metabolic Disorders (IFSO) Global Registry aims to provide descriptive data about the caseload and penetrance of surgery for metabolic disease and obesity in member countries. The data presented in this report represent the key findings of the eighth report of the IFSO Global Registry. METHODS: All existing Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery (MBS) registries known to IFSO were invited to contribute to the eighth report. Aggregated data was provided by each MBS registry to the team at the Australia and New Zealand Bariatric Surgery Registry (ANZBSR) and was securely stored on a Redcap™ database housed at Monash University, Melbourne, Australia. Data was checked for completeness and analyzed by the IFSO Global Registry Committee. Prior to the finalization of the report, all graphs were circulated to contributors and to the global registry committee of IFSO to ensure data accuracy. RESULTS: Data was received from 24 national and 2 regional registries, providing information on 502,150 procedures. The most performed primary MBS procedure was sleeve gastrectomy, whereas the most performed revisional MBS procedure was Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Asian countries reported people with lower BMI undergoing MBS along with higher rates of diabetes. Mortality was a rare event. CONCLUSION: Registries enable meaningful comparisons between countries on the demographics, characteristics, operation types and approaches, and trends in MBS procedures. Reported outcomes can be seen as flags of potential issues or relationships that could be studied in more detail in specific research studies.

Evolving Technique of Laparoscopic Vertical Gastric Clip Placement.

INTRODUCTION: Laparoscopic BariClip gastroplasty (LBCG) will address a similar tubular restriction than the one achieved with the laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) at the level of the gastric fundus, while maintaining the advantage of simplicity and anatomic preservation. The purpose of the current study was to analyze the risk of slippage and to present the evolving technique by adding gastro-gastric plication of the gastric wall covering the BariClip at those areas where the gastric wall "slips" between the limbs of the clip. METHODS: All patients undergoing LBCG with the evolving technique of gastric plication around the device associated with antral gastroplasty from January 2021 to May 2022 were included in the study group (group A). A control group (group B) was designed with patients who underwent previous LBCG technique between May 2017 and June 2019. This is a case-controlled group with patients matched by gender and BMI. We have analyzed the postoperative complications and more notably the slippage. RESULTS: One hundred seventy-six patients (44 male and 132 female) with a mean age of 33 years (± 11) underwent evolving technique of LBCG. A control group of 67 patients who underwent previous technique of LBCG was included. All procedures were completed by laparoscopy with no intraoperative complication. For the study group, we have recorded a number of 5 slippages (2.8%). The diagnosis occurred during the first 6 months after the operation. The management consisted of repositioning-3 cases-and BariClip removal-2 cases. For the control group, we have recorded a number of 3 slippages (4.3%). All three patients underwent BariClip removal, with no repositioning. CONCLUSIONS: We reported a new technique of placement of the BariClip with additional gastric plication anterior, posterior, and volume reduction in the antrum to potentially reduce the rate of slippage and improve weight loss outcomes.

Defining Global Benchmarks in Elective Secondary Bariatric Surgery Comprising Conversional, Revisional, and Reversal Procedures.

OBJECTIVE: To define "best possible" outcomes for secondary bariatric surgery (BS). BACKGROUND: Management of poor response and of long-term complications after BS is complex and under-investigated. Indications and types of reoperations vary widely and postoperative complication rates are higher compared to primary BS. METHODS: Out of 44,884 BS performed in 18 high-volume centers from 4 continents between 06/2013-05/2019, 5,349 (12%) secondary BS cases were identified. Twenty-one outcome benchmarks were established in low-risk patients, defined as the 75th percentile of the median outcome values of centers. Benchmark cases had no previous laparotomy, diabetes, sleep apnea, cardiopathy, renal insufficiency, inflammatory bowel disease, immunosuppression, thromboembolic events, BMI> 50 kg/m2 or age> 65 years. RESULTS: The benchmark cohort included 3143 cases, mainly females (85%), aged 43.8 ±â€Š10 years, 8.4 ±â€Š5.3 years after primary BS, with a BMI 35.2 ±â€Š7 kg/m2. Main indications were insufficient weight loss (43%) and gastro-esophageal reflux disease/dysphagia (25%). 90-days postoperatively, 14.6% of benchmark patients presented ≥1 complication, mortality was 0.06% (n = 2). Significantly higher morbidity was observed in non-benchmark cases (OR 1.37) and after conversional/reversal or revisional procedures with gastrointestinal suture/stapling (OR 1.84). Benchmark cutoffs for conversional BS were ≤4.5% re-intervention, ≤8.3% re-operation 90-days postoperatively. At 2-years (IQR 1-3) 15.6% of benchmark patients required a reoperation. CONCLUSION: Secondary BS is safe, although postoperative morbidity exceeds the established benchmarks for primary BS. The excess morbidity is due to an increased risk of gastrointestinal leakage and higher need for intensive care. The considerable rate of tertiary BS warrants expertise and future research to optimize the management of non-success after BS.

Defining Global Benchmarks in Bariatric Surgery: A Retrospective Multicenter Analysis of Minimally Invasive Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Sleeve Gastrectomy.

OBJECTIVE: To define "best possible" outcomes for bariatric surgery (BS)(Roux-en-Y gastric bypass [RYGB] and sleeve gastrectomy [SG]). BACKGROUND: Reference values for optimal surgical outcomes in well-defined low-risk bariatric patients have not been established so far. Consequently, outcome comparison across centers and over time is impeded by heterogeneity in case-mix. METHODS: Out of 39,424 elective BS performed in 19 high-volume academic centers from 3 continents between June 2012 and May 2017, we identified 4120 RYGB and 1457 SG low-risk cases defined by absence of previous abdominal surgery, concomitant procedures, diabetes mellitus, sleep apnea, cardiopathy, renal insufficiency, inflammatory bowel disease, immunosuppression, anticoagulation, BMI>50 kg/m and age>65 years. We chose clinically relevant endpoints covering the intra- and postoperative course. Complications were graded by severity using the comprehensive complication index. Benchmark values were defined as the 75th percentile of the participating centers' median values for respective quality indicators. RESULTS: Patients were mainly females (78%), aged 38±11 years, with a baseline BMI 40.8 ±â€Š5.8 kg/m. Over 90 days, 7.2% of RYGB and 6.2% of SG patients presented at least 1 complication and no patients died (mortality in nonbenchmark cases: 0.06%). The most frequent reasons for readmission after 90-days following both procedures were symptomatic cholelithiasis and abdominal pain of unknown origin. Benchmark values for both RYGB and SG at 90-days postoperatively were 5.5% Clavien-Dindo grade ≥IIIa complication rate, 5.5% readmission rate, and comprehensive complication index ≤33.73 in the subgroup of patients presenting at least 1 grade ≥II complication. CONCLUSION: Benchmark cutoffs targeting perioperative outcomes in BS offer a new tool in surgical quality-metrics and may be implemented in quality-improvement cycle.ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT03440138.

Rol de la cirugía bariátrica/metabólica en el manejo de la diabetes mellitus 2. Consenso SOCHED/SCCBM / Consensus statement of the Chilean endocrinological society on the role of bariatric surgery in type 2 diabetes

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and obesity are a public health problem in Chile. Bariatric surgery is the most effective treatment alternative to achieve a significant and sustained weight reduction in patients with morbid obesity. The results of controlled clinical trials indicate that, compared to medical treatment, surgery for obese patients with DM2 allows a better control of blood glucose and cardiovascular risk factors, reduces the need for medications and increases the likelihood for remission. Consensus conferences and clinical practice guidelines support bariatric surgery as an option to treat DM2 in Class III Obesity (Body Mass Index (BMI) > 40) regardless of the glycemic control and the complexity of pharmacological treatment and in Class II Obesity (BMI 35-39,9) with inadequate glycemic control despite optimal pharmacological treatment and lifestyle. However, surgical indication for patients with DM2 and BMI between 30-34.9, the most prevalent sub-group, is only suggested. The Chilean Societies of Endocrinology and Diabetes and of Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery decided to generate a consensus regarding the importance of other factors related to DM2 that would allow a better selection of candidates for surgery, particularly when weight does not constitute an indication. Considering the national reality, we also need a statement regarding the selection and characteristics of the surgical procedure as well as the role of the diabetologist in the multidisciplinary team.

[Consensus statement of the Chilean endocrinological society on the role of bariatric surgery in type 2 diabetes]. / Rol de la cirugía bariátrica/metabólica en el manejo de la diabetes mellitus 2. Consenso SOCHED/SCCBM.

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and obesity are a public health problem in Chile. Bariatric surgery is the most effective treatment alternative to achieve a significant and sustained weight reduction in patients with morbid obesity. The results of controlled clinical trials indicate that, compared to medical treatment, surgery for obese patients with DM2 allows a better control of blood glucose and cardiovascular risk factors, reduces the need for medications and increases the likelihood for remission. Consensus conferences and clinical practice guidelines support bariatric surgery as an option to treat DM2 in Class III Obesity (Body Mass Index (BMI) > 40) regardless of the glycemic control and the complexity of pharmacological treatment and in Class II Obesity (BMI 35-39,9) with inadequate glycemic control despite optimal pharmacological treatment and lifestyle. However, surgical indication for patients with DM2 and BMI between 30-34.9, the most prevalent sub-group, is only suggested. The Chilean Societies of Endocrinology and Diabetes and of Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery decided to generate a consensus regarding the importance of other factors related to DM2 that would allow a better selection of candidates for surgery, particularly when weight does not constitute an indication. Considering the national reality, we also need a statement regarding the selection and characteristics of the surgical procedure as well as the role of the diabetologist in the multidisciplinary team.

Simulation-trained junior residents perform better than general surgeons on advanced laparoscopic cases.

BACKGROUND: Multiple simulation training programs have demonstrated that effective transfer of skills can be attained and applied into a more complex scenario, but evidence regarding transfer to the operating room is limited. OBJECTIVE: To assess junior residents trained with simulation performing an advanced laparoscopic procedure in the OR and compare results to those of general surgeons without simulation training and expert laparoscopic surgeons. METHODS: Experimental study: After a validated 16-session advanced laparoscopy simulation training program, junior trainees were compared to general surgeons (GS) with no simulation training and expert bariatric surgeons (BS) in performing a stapled jejuno-jejunostomy (JJO) in the OR. Global rating scale (GRS) and specific rating scale scores, operative time and the distance traveled by both hands measured with a tracking device, were assessed. In addition, all perioperative and immediate postoperative morbidities were registered. RESULTS: Ten junior trainees, 12 GS and 5 BS experts were assessed performing a JJO in the OR. All trainees completed the entire JJO in the OR without any takeovers by the BS. Six (50 %) BS takeovers took place in the GS group. Trainees had significantly better results in all measured outcomes when compared to GS with considerable higher GRS median [19.5 (18.8-23.5) vs. 12 (9-13.8) p < 0.001] and lower operative time. One morbidity was registered; a patient in the trainees group was readmitted at postoperative day 10 for mechanical ileus that resolved with medical treatment. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated transfer of advanced laparoscopic skills acquired through a simulated training program in novice surgical residents to the OR.

Effect of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and diet-induced weight loss on diabetic kidney disease in the Zucker diabetic fatty rat.

BACKGROUND: Reductions in urinary protein excretion after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery in patients with diabetic kidney disease have been reported in multiple studies. OBJECTIVES: To determine the weight loss dependence of the effect of RYGB on urinary protein excretion by comparing renal outcomes in Zucker diabetic fatty rats undergoing either gastric bypass surgery or a sham operation with or without weight matching. SETTING: University laboratories. METHODS: Zucker diabetic fatty rats underwent surgery at 18 weeks of age. A subgroup of sham operated rats were weight matched to RYGB operated rats by restricting food intake. Urinary protein excretion was assessed at baseline and at postoperative weeks 4 and 12. Renal histology and macrophage-associated inflammation were assessed at postoperative week 12. RESULTS: Progressive urinary protein excretion was attenuated by both RYGB and diet-induced weight loss, albeit to a lesser extent by the latter. Both weight loss interventions produced equivalent reductions in glomerulomegaly, glomerulosclerosis, and evidence of renal macrophage infiltration. CONCLUSION: Weight loss per se improves renal structure and attenuates renal inflammatory responses in an experimental animal model of diabetic kidney disease. Better glycemic control post-RYGB may in part explain the greater reductions in urinary protein excretion after gastric bypass surgery.

Allowing New Opportunities in Advanced Laparoscopy Training Using a Full High-Definition Training Box.

INTRODUCTION: Simulated laparoscopy training is limited by its low-quality image. A high-definition (HD) laparoscopic training box was developed under the present necessity of simulating advanced surgery. OBJECTIVE: To describe and test a new HD laparoscopic training box for advanced simulation training. METHODS: We describe the features and image quality of the new training box. The simulator was tested and then evaluated by a group of 76 expert surgeons using a 4-item questionnaire. To assess the effectiveness of training using this simulation box, 15 general surgery residents were trained to perform a laparoscopic jejuno-jejunostomy in a validated simulation program. They were assessed with objective rating scales before and after the training program, and their results were compared with that of experts. RESULTS: The training box was assembled using high-density fiberglass shaped as an insufflated abdomen. It has an adapted full-HD camera with a LED-based illumination system. A manually self-regulated monopod attached to the camera enables training without assistance. Of the expert surgeons who answered the questionnaire, 91% said that the simulation box had a high-quality image and that it was very similar to real laparoscopy. All residents trained improved their rating scores significantly when comparing their initial versus final assessment ( P < .001). Their performance after completing the training in the box was similar to that of experts ( P > .2). CONCLUSIONS: This novel laparoscopic training box presents a high-resolution image and allows training different types of advanced laparoscopic procedures. The simulator box was positively assessed by experts and demonstrated to be effective for laparoscopy training in resident surgeons.

Novel treatments for complications after bariatric surgery.

Bariatric surgery has been considered one of best treatments for obesity. As every surgical procedure-and any medical intervention, it is not exempt of complications, among which leaks, strictures, acute hemorrhages and fistulae highlight. Leaks are more common in the gastro-jejunal anastomosis (GJA) in the case of Roux-en-y Gastric Bypass (RYGB), while in Sleeve Gastrectomy (LSG) they locate in the stapler line. Stenosis can be seen in the gastro-jejunostomy in the RYGB and in the gastric tube in case of the LSG. For each of these complications, many innovative solutions have been developed, including new surgical devices. In spite of promising good results, evidence regarding utility and safeness of these technologies is still scarce. Self-expandable endoscopic stents have been used to treat leaks, with an overall success rate of 80-90 % and a migration rate of 15-35 %. The bear trap-like over-the-scope (Ovesco) clips have been used to treat GI hemorrhages, leaks and even fistulae, with a 70-80 % success rate, although more endoscopic sessions may be needed. Overstitch, an endosurgical suture devices, have been used to treat leaks, fistulae and perforations. Overall, technical success achievement approaches to 90 %, while clinical success ranges from 80 to 90 %, except for leaks closure, where a lower success rate has been observed. Despite of all of these advances, early diagnosis and treatment remains the main strategy to achieve success. In summary, novel therapies for complication management can be very useful, though further studies with larger series are still needed in order to confirm their efficacy and safeness.

Bariatric surgery in 1119 patients with preoperative body mass index<35 (kg/m(2)): results at 1 year.

BACKGROUND: The use of body mass index (BMI) as the only criterion to indicate bariatric surgery is currently under discussion. There is growing evidence that supports bariatric surgery in carefully selected patients with lower BMI. OBJECTIVES: To report our experience in bariatric surgery in>1000 patients with BMI<35 kg/m(2) and their results at 1 year. SETTING: University hospital (censored). METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed in patients who underwent laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) or sleeve gastrectomy (SG) with preoperative BMI<35 kg/m(2) from January 2008 to December 2011. Demographic and anthropometric data, preoperative co-morbidities, and perioperative variables were retrieved. Weight loss and co-morbidities progression were analyzed 1 year after surgery and compared among procedures. A P value<.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: We identified 1119 patients: mean age 38.8±11.4, 951 (85%) women, preoperative weight 87.5±9.3 kg and BMI 33.1 (31.9-34.1) kg/m(2). Preoperatively, 11.7% had type 2 diabetes mellitus, 25.9% arterial hypertension, 55.6% insulin resistance, and 53.2% dyslipidemia. In total, 283 patients (25.2%) underwent LRYGB and 836 (74.8%) SG. One year after surgery (follow-up: 66.67%) patients reached 24.5 (22.8-26.4) BMI and the percentage of excess of weight loss (%EWL) was 107.9±36.6%. Diabetes, hypertension, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia remission/improvement rates were 54/39%, 58/29%, 72/17%, and 54/30%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Bariatric surgery in selected class I obesity patients can safely be performed. We have observed good results in terms of weight loss and co-morbidity improvement/remission. Long-term follow-up is required.

Effectiveness of learning advanced laparoscopic skills in a brief intensive laparoscopy training program.

BACKGROUND: Intensive training programs arose from limitations in access to simulation centers. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect and associated factors involved in an intensive course for learning advanced laparoscopic skills, which include validated teaching techniques. METHODS: General surgeons and final-year residents were analyzed after completing an intensive 5-session advanced laparoscopy course. Initial (IA) and final assessment (FA) consisted in performing a jejunojejunal anastomosis in a live porcine model, measured using objective structured assessment of technical skill (OSATS) (GRS and SRS, that is, global rating scale and specific rating scale, respectively) and operative time (OT). The 3-session training was structured in a bench model with an ex vivo bowel. For the demographic analysis, 3 groups were defined according to the presentation of relevant changes in OSATS and in OT between IA and FA: group A, no changes; group B, change in 1 variable; and group C, change in both variables. RESULTS: After the course, all 114 participants presented a significant improvement in OT (37 vs 24.6min, p < 0.001) and in OSATS; global rating scale (10.5 vs 16 points; p < 0.001) and Specific Rating Scale (8.5 vs 12.7 points; p < 0.001). In the IA, 70 (61%) participants completed the jejunojejunal anastomosis and 105(92%) in the FA (p < 0.01). In the FA, 56% of participants presented relevant changes in both variables (group C). This group was significantly younger (34 vs 45 vs 40y old; p < 0.001), had fewer years of surgical experience (2 vs 9 vs 5y; p < 0.001), and had a proportionally higher concentration of residents (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: This intensive course is set out as a viable alternative to teach basic skills in advanced laparoscopy in a short period of time, which is ideal for surgeons with difficult access to training centers. It remains necessary to establish the participant profile for which this type of course is most beneficial.

Effect of Early Use of Covered Self-Expandable Endoscopic Stent on the Treatment of Postoperative Stapler Line Leaks.

BACKGROUND: Postoperative leaks are a dreaded complication after bariatric surgery (BS). Its treatment is based on nutritional support and sepsis control by antibiotics, collections drainage and/or prosthesis, and/or surgery. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to report our experience with coated self-expandable endoscopic stents (SEES) for leaks treatment. SETTING: This study was performed in a University Hospital, (censored). METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of our BS database from January 2007 to December 2013. All patients with leak after BS treated with SEES were included. RESULTS: We identified 29 patients; 17 (59%) were women, with median age of 37 (19-65) years, and preoperative body mass index of 40 (28.7-56-6) kg/m(2). Nineteen (65.5%) patients had a sleeve gastrectomy and 10 (34.5%) a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. All patients had a leak in the stapler line. Median time from surgery to leak diagnosis was 7 (1-51) days, and SEES were installed 8 (0-104) days after diagnosis. Twenty-one (72%) patients also had abdominal exploration. Median length of SEES use was 60 (1-299) days. Patients who had SEES as primary treatment (with or without simultaneous reoperation) had a shorter leak closure time (50 [6-112] vs 109 [60-352] days; p = 0.008). Twenty-eight (96.5%) patients successfully achieved leak closure with SEES. There were 16 migrations in 10 (34%) patients, 1 (3%) stent fracture, 1 opening of the blind end of alimentary limb (3%), and 5 patients (17%) required a second stent due to leak persistence. CONCLUSIONS: SEES is a feasible, safe, and effective management of post BS leaks, although patients may also require prosthesis revision and abdominal exploration. Primary SEES placement is associated with a shorter leak resolution time.

High frequency of internal hernias after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.

BACKGROUND: Internal hernias (IH) after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) are a serious concern among surgeons and are often under-diagnosed due to heterogeneity of clinical manifestations. Our aim is to assess the frequency of IH after a RYGB in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of our bariatric surgery unit's database between 2001 and 2013 is obtained. Patients are surgically explored after RYGB due to acute bowel obstruction (ABO), intermittent abdominal pain (IAP), or being asymptomatic (during an elective cholecystectomy) in whom anatomical presence of IH was established. Also, we compared patients with retrocolic and antecolic technique. Statistical analysis with non-parametric tests and chi-square are used. RESULTS: Of the patients, 3,656 submitted to RYGB during this period, 81.9% (2,993) by laparoscopy and 26.3% (963) with retrocolic technique. Of the patients, 130 (3.5%) were surgically explored due to ABO, 27 patients (0.7%) due to IAP, and 93 patients (2.5%) submitted to an elective cholecystectomy with exploration for IH. IH was present in 75% of the obstructed patients, and in 69%, it was the cause of obstruction. Patients with IAP showed 59% of IH, but only 15% have herniated bowel. In asymptomatic patients, 25% showed IH and none of them have herniated bowel. Retrocolic technique showed a higher risk of whole causes of ABO and IH than the antecolic technique, with a relative risk of 1.53 (1.07-2.17) and 1.62 (1.06-2.47), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: A high frequency of IH exists in all operated patients of this series. All members of the bariatric team should be aware of the symptoms related to IH and actively pursue it during follow-up.

Laparoscopic hand-sewn revisional gastrojejunal plication for weight loss failure after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.

BACKGROUND: Revisional surgery has become a widely accepted alternative for weight loss failure/regain after bariatric surgery. However, it is associated to higher morbi-mortality and lesser weight loss than primary bariatric procedure. Our aims are to present a novel technique for weight loss treatment after failed laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) and to report its short-term results. METHODS: This is a retrospective analysis of patients submitted to a revisional hand-sewn double-layer gastrojejunal plication (GJP) for treatment of weight loss failure/regain after LRYGB. Analysis of demographics, body mass index (BMI), and percentage of excess weight loss (%EWL) at the 6th month complications, and financial costs involved was included. RESULTS: Four patients were submitted to revisional GJP. Three patients were female and the mean age at revision was 30 ± 9 years (21-44). The median time interval between LRYGB and GJP was 51 months (24-120). The median BMI at the moment of GJP and the 3rd and 6th month was 35.6 kg/m2 (32.0-37.8), 32.2 kg/m2 (29.7-34.1), and 30.7 kg/m2 (28.1-32.1), respectively. The median %EWL at the 3rd and 6th month was 35.4% (13.6-38.9) and 46.2 % (45.1-55.5), respectively, reaching a cumulative (combined surgeries) %EWL of 62.9% (16.5-67.9) and 71.7% (65.1-77.6), respectively. There were no complications or mortality. Financial costs were significantly lower compared to revisional gastrojejunal stapled reduction (US $1400 cheaper). CONCLUSION: Revisional GJP is a feasible, safe, and cost-effective novel procedure for treatment of weight loss failure/regain after LRYGB. Mid- and long-term results are necessary in order to establish its real effectiveness.

Effect of bariatric surgery combined with medical therapy versus intensive medical therapy or calorie restriction and weight loss on glycemic control in Zucker diabetic fatty rats.

Bariatric surgery rapidly improves Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Our objective was to profile and compare the extent and duration of improved glycemic control following Roux-en-Y gastric (RYGB) bypass surgery and vertical sleeve gastrectomy (SG) and compare against calorie restriction/weight loss and medical combination therapy-based approaches using the Zucker diabetic fatty rat (ZDF) rodent model of advanced T2DM. Male ZDF rats underwent RYGB (n = 15) or SG surgery (n = 10) at 18 wk of age and received postsurgical insulin treatment, as required to maintain mid-light-phase glycemia within a predefined range (10-15 mmol/l). In parallel, other groups of animals underwent sham surgery with ad libitum feeding (n = 6), with body weight (n = 8), or glycemic matching (n = 8) to the RYGB group, using food restriction or a combination of insulin, metformin, and liraglutide, respectively. Both bariatric procedures decreased the daily insulin dose required to maintain mid-light-phase blood glucose levels below 15 mmol/l, compared with those required by body weight or glycemia-matched rats (P < 0.001). No difference was noted between RYGB and SG with regard to initial efficacy. SG was, however, associated with higher food intake, weight regain, and higher insulin requirements vs. RYGB at study end (P < 0.05). Severe hypoglycemia occurred in several rats after RYGB. RYGB and SG significantly improved glycemic control in a rodent model of advanced T2DM. While short-term outcomes are similar, long-term efficacy appears marginally better after RYGB, although this is tempered by the increased risk of hypoglycemia.

Long-term outcomes of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy as a primary bariatric procedure.

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) has been established as a reliable bariatric procedure, but questions have emerged regarding its long-term results. Our aim is to report the long-term outcomes of LSG as a primary bariatric procedure. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of patients submitted to LSG between 2005 and 2007 in our institution. Long-term outcomes at 5 years were analyzed in terms of body mass index (BMI), excess weight loss (EWL) and co-morbidities resolution. Surgical success was defined as %EWL>50%. Also, we compared long-term results according to preoperative BMI, using Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS: A total of 161 LSG were analyzed, and 114 patients (70.8%) were women. The median age was 36 years old (range 16-65), median preoperative BMI was 34.9 kg/m(2) (interquartile range [IQR], 33.3-37.5). A total of 112 patients (70%) completed 5 years of follow-up. At the fifth year, median BMI and %EWL was 28.5 kg/m(2) (IQR: 25.8-31.9) and 62.9% (IQR: 45.3-89.6), respectively, with a surgical success of 73.2% of followed patients. According to preoperative BMI, surgical success was achieved in 80% of patients with BMI<35 kg/m(2), 75% of BMI 35-40 kg/m(2), and 52.6% of BMI>40 kg/m(2), with significant lower %EWL in patients with BMI>40 kg/m(2) (P = .001 and .004). Dyslipidemia and insulin resistance resolution was 80.7% and 84.7%, respectively. A total of 26.7% of patients reported new-onset gastroesophageal reflux symptoms at 5 years. CONCLUSION: LSG as a primary procedure is a reliable surgery. We observed positive long-term outcomes of %EWL and co-morbidities resolution. In our series, best results are seen in patients with preoperative BMI<40 kg/m(2).

Metabolic surgery: roux-en-Y gastric bypass and variables associated with diabetes remission in patients with BMI <35.

Metabolic results of bariatric surgery have determined an expansion of its traditional indications, being increasingly performed in non-severely obese patients, especially in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Our aim is to determine the effectiveness of laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) in T2DM remission in patients with body mass index (BMI) below 35 kg/m(2) and the variables associated with T2DM remission after surgery. Retrospective analysis of diabetic patients with BMI <35 kg/m(2) who underwent LRYGB in our center between 2002 and 2010 was done. We analyzed patient's demographics, comorbidities, BMI, excess weight loss percentage (EWLp), complications, and metabolic results at 3 years. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine variables associated with T2DM remission. One hundred patients were included. Sixty patients (60 %) were women; median age was 48 years old (interquartile range (IQR) 42-54), and median preoperative BMI was 32.7 kg/m(2) (IQR 31.6-34.1). Median preoperative duration of T2DM was 4 years (IQR 2-7), with 49, 30, 2, and 18 % on treatment with one, two, and three hypoglycemic agents and insulin, respectively. Ninety-four percent achieved 36-month follow-up, and at this time, median EWLp was 93 % (IQR 67-121). A total of 53.2, 9.6, 25.5, and 11.7 % achieved a T2DM complete remission, partial remission, improvement, and no improvement, respectively. T2DM remission only was associated with non-insulin use in multivariate analysis, with an OR = 15.1 (2.8-81.2) and p = 0.002. LRYGB is a reliable and effective treatment in diabetic patients with a BMI <35 kg/m(2) at 3 years. T2DM remission's best results are observed in non-insulin diabetic patients.