AAV-Mediated Expression of miR-17 Enhances Neurite and Axon Regeneration In Vitro.

Neurodegenerative disorders, including traumatic injuries to the central nervous system (CNS) and neurodegenerative diseases, are characterized by early axonal damage, which does not regenerate in the adult mammalian CNS, leading to permanent neurological deficits. One of the primary causes of the loss of regenerative ability is thought to be a developmental decline in neurons' intrinsic capability for axon growth. Different molecules are involved in the developmental loss of the ability for axon regeneration, including many transcription factors. However, the function of microRNAs (miRNAs), which are also modulators of gene expression, in axon re-growth is still unclear. Among the various miRNAs recently identified with roles in the CNS, miR-17, which is highly expressed during early development, emerges as a promising target to promote axon regeneration. Here, we used adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors to overexpress miR-17 (AAV.miR-17) in primary cortical neurons and evaluate its effects on neurite and axon regeneration in vitro. Although AAV.miR-17 had no significant effect on neurite outgrowth and arborization, it significantly enhances neurite regeneration after scratch lesion and axon regeneration after axotomy of neurons cultured in microfluidic chambers. Target prediction and functional annotation analyses suggest that miR-17 regulates gene expression associated with autophagy and cell metabolism. Our findings suggest that miR-17 promotes regenerative response and thus could mitigate neurodegenerative effects.

Evaluation of an Amplified ATP Bioluminescence Method for Rapid Sterility Testing of Large Volume Parenteral

The sterility test described in pharmacopoeial compendia requires a 14-day incubation period to obtain a valid analytical result. Therefore, the use of alternative methods to evaluate the sterility of pharmaceuticals, such as the BacT/Alert® 3D system, is particularly interesting, because it allows a reduced incubation period and lower associated costs. Considering that the BacT/Alert® 3D system offers several culture media formulations developed for this microbial detection system, the present study was aimed to evaluate and compare the performance of BacT/Alert® 3D with the pharmacopoeial sterility test. There was no significant difference between the ability of the culture media to allow detection of microbial contamination. However, the rapid sterility testing method allowed a more rapid detection of the challenge microorganisms, which indicates that the system is a viable alternative for assessing the sterility of injectable products.

Driving and visual deficits in stroke patients / Direção de automóveis e déficits visuais em pacientes com AVC

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of the present study was to conduct an exploratory assessment of visual impairment following stroke, and to discuss the possibilities of reintroducing patients to the activity of driving. Methods: The Useful Field of View test was used to assess visual processing and visual attention. Results: A total of 18 patients were included in the study, and were assigned to either the drive group (n = 9) or the intention group (n = 9). In the drive group, one patient was categorized as moderate-to-high risk; whereas, in the intention group, one patient was categorized as low-to-moderate risk. Additionally, two patients in the intention group were categorized as high risk. The patients did not perceive their visual deficits as a limitation. Conclusion: Visual attention is an interference factor in terms of the safe performance of driving after a stroke. All patients showed a high level of interest for the independence provided through being able to drive.

RESUMO Objetivo: O objeto deste estudo foi realizar uma avaliação exploratória de déficits visuais decorrentes do AVC e discutir possibilidades de retorno à direção de automóveis. Métodos: Estudo descritivo e observacional. O software UFOV foi utilizado para avaliar o processamento visual e atenção visual. Resultados: Um total de 18 pacientes foram incluídos no estudo, classificados em Grupo Direção - GD (n = 9) e Grupo Pretensão - GP (n = 9). No GD, um paciente foi classificado em moderado a alto risco de acidentes, e um paciente do GP em baixo a moderado risco. Especificamente, no grupo GP dois pacientes foram classificados em alto risco de acidentes. Pacientes não reconhecem os déficits visuais como dificuldades. Conclusão: Atenção visual é um fator de interferência no desempenho seguro da direção após o AVC. Todos os pacientes mostraram alto interesse na independência oferecida pela direção de automóveis.

Knockdown of NF-κB1 by shRNA Inhibits the Growth of Renal Cell Carcinoma In Vitro and In Vivo.

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for approximately 2%-3% of human malignancies and is the most aggressive among urologic tumors. Biological heterogeneity, drug resistance, and chemotherapy side effects are the biggest obstacles to the effective treatment of RCC. The NF-κB transcription factor is one of several molecules identified to be responsible for the aggressive phenotype of this tumor. In the past decade, several studies have demonstrated the activation of NF-κB in RCC, and many have implicated NF-κB1 (p50) as an important molecule in tumor progression and metastasis. In the present study, a lentivirus was used to deliver shRNA targeting NF-κB1 into mouse RCC (Renca) cells. It was determined that the knockdown of the NF-κB1 gene led to a reduction in cell proliferation and late apoptosis/necrosis in vitro. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated G2/M arrest in the cells. In addition, immunoblotting analysis revealed a significant increase in cyclin B1 and Bax. In vivo experiments showed that Renca-shRNA-NF-κB1 cells have significantly diminished tumorigenicity. Moreover, immunohistochemical analysis revealed an increase in necrotic areas of Renca-shRNA-NF-κB1 tumors. Thus, this study indicates that downregulation of NF-κB1 can suppress RCC tumorigenesis by inducing late apoptosis/necrosis. Therefore, NF-κB1 may be a potential therapeutic target for RCC.

Preparation and characterization of metoprolol tartrate containing matrix type transdermal drug delivery system.

The present study aimed to develop matrix-type transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) of metoprolol tartrate using polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The transdermal films were evaluated for physical parameters, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), in vitro drug release, in vitro skin permeability, skin irritation test and stability studies. The films were found to be tough, non-sticky, easily moldable and possess good tensile strength. As the concentration of PVA was increased, the tensile strength of the films was also increased. Results of FTIR spectroscopy and DSC revealed the absence of any drug-polymer interactions. In vitro release of metoprolol followed zero-order kinetics and the mechanism of release was found to be diffusion rate controlled. In vitro release studies of metoprolol using Keshary-Chein (vertical diffusion cell) indicated 65.5 % drug was released in 24 h. In vitro skin permeation of metoprolol transdermal films showed 58.13 % of the drug was released after 24 h. In vitro skin permeation of metoprolol followed zero-order kinetics in selected formulations. The mechanism of release was found to be diffusion rate controlled. In a 22-day skin irritation test, tested formulation of transdermal films did not exhibit any allergic reactions, inflammation, or contact dermatitis. The transdermal films showed good stability in the 180-day stability study. It can be concluded that the TDDS of MPT can help in bypassing the first-pass effect and will provide patient improved compliance, without sacrificing the therapeutic advantages of the drugs.

Endostatin gene therapy inhibits intratumoral macrophage M2 polarization.

BACKGROUND: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a highly vascularized cancer resistant to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. RCC is frequently infiltrated with immune cells, with macrophages being the most abundant cell type. Alternatively activated M2 macrophages are known to contribute to tumor progression. Endostatin (ES) is a fragment of collagen XVIII that possesses antiangiogenic activity. In this study, we investigated the impact of ES gene therapy on the polarization of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in lung metastases from tumor-bearing mice. METHODS: BALB/c mice divided into three groups: Normal, Control and ES-treated. Tumor-bearing mice were treated with ES-transduced cells or control cells over ten days. At the end of the study, plasma was collected, and pulmonary macrophages were isolated and used for FACS or RT-PCR. ELISA tests were used to analyze plasma and cell culture supernatant cytokines. RESULTS: ES treatment significantly reduced the levels of anti-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic cytokines, including IL4, IL-10, IL-13 and VEGF. Gene expression of M2 markers, such as IL-10, Arg-1, VEGF and YM-1, declined significantly. Flow cytometry showed a reduction in the number of M2 F4/80+CD36+CD206+CD209+ macrophages and in IL-10 secretion by these cells. Reduced levels of IL-10 were also found in the culture supernatants of the ES-treated group. CONCLUSIONS: Our research corroborates previous observations that ES has an important anti-tumoral role. However, aside from promoting interferon-ɤ secretion and an effective T cell response, we show here that this switch is extended to TAMs, complicating the maintenance of pro-tumorigenic M2 macrophages and thus favoring tumor elimination.

Involvement of the NF-кB/p50/Bcl-3 complex in response to antiangiogenic therapy in a mouse model of metastatic renal cell carcinoma.

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) represents approximately 2-3% of human malignancies. Nuclear transcription factor кB (NF-кB) is composed of a family of transcription factors that have been associated with the development and progression of RCC. Endostatin (ES) is a fragment of collagen XVIII that possesses antiangiogenic activity. In this study, we evaluated the expression of NF-кB in metastatic tumor cells from animals treated with ES. Balb/c-bearing Renca-EGFP cells were treated with NIH/3T3-LendSN or NIH/3T3-LXSN cells as a control. At the end of the in vivo experiment, plasma Renca-EGFP-sorted cells and tissue lung samples were collected. A real-time PCR array for NF-κB target genes revealed that ES therapy led to down regulation of Bcl-3 (P<0.031), NF-кB1 (P<0.001) and c-Rel (P<0.004) in the ES-treated group. Using an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), we observed a reduction in NF-kB binding activity in ES-treated Renca-EGP cells. Furthermore, a supershift assay showed a clear shift of the NF-кB DNA band in samples incubated with a p50 antibody. By immunohistochemistry analysis, ES treatment resulted in a significant reduction in expression of p50. (ES vs. control P<0.05). The immunoprecipitation experiments confirmed the presence of a p50/Bcl-3 complex in nuclear extracts from cells of metastatic lung tissues. Our findings indicate that p50 and Bcl-3 plays a regulatory role in gene transcription in RCC.

Nickel oral hyposensitization in patients with systemic nickel allergy syndrome.

BACKGROUND: This is the first randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (EUDRACT No. 2009-013923-43) evaluating nickel oral hyposensitizing treatment (NiOHT) in patients with "systemic nickel allergy syndrome" (SNAS), characterized by Ni-allergic contact dermatitis and systemic reactions after eating Ni-rich food. METHODS: Adults with positive Ni-patch test, who reported symptoms suggesting SNAS, which improved after Ni-poor diet, and were positive to Ni-oral challenge were eligible. Patients were randomly assigned to three treatments (1.5 µg, 0.3 µg, or 30 ng Ni/week) or placebo for a year, with progressive reintroduction of Ni-rich foods form the 5(th) month. Out of 141 patients randomized, 113 completed the trial. Endpoints were efficacy and tolerability of treatment. RESULTS: During Ni-rich food re-introduction, the 1.5 µg Ni/week group had a mean VAS score significantly higher than placebo (p = 0.044), with significant improvement of gastrointestinal symptoms (p = 0.016;) and significantly fewer rescue medications. Cutaneous manifestations also improved but without reaching statistical significance. After the treatment, oral challenge with higher Ni doses than at baseline were needed to cause symptoms to flare-up in significantly more patients given 1.5 µg Ni/week than placebo (p = 0.05). Patients reported no side-effects. CONCLUSIONS: NiOHT is effective in SNAS, in particular on gastrointestinal manifestations, with trend toward improvement of cutaneous symptoms.

Vascular endothelial growth factor as a biomarker for endostatin gene therapy.

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is characterized by high vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production and, consequently, excessive angiogenesis. Several strategies have been developed to target angiogenesis as a method for treating metastatic RCC (mRCC). Endostatin (ES) is a C-terminal fragment of collagen XVIII that has antiangiogenic activity. The aim of this study was to investigate the predictive value of circulating VEGF-A in a murine model of mRCC after ES gene therapy. ES therapy did not affect the levels of collagen XVIII/ES or ES in the tissue. The circulating level of ES was increased in the control and ES-treated groups (normal vs. control, P<0.05 and ES-treated vs. control, P<0.001), and the intratumoral vessels were significantly decreased (ES-treated vs. control, P<0.05). ES therapy decreased the VEGF mRNA levels. The tissue and circulating levels of VEGF in the control group were significantly higher than normal (P<0.01 and P<0.05, respectively). Treatment with ES significantly reduced the VEGF concentrations in both compartments (P<0.001 for tissue and P<0.05 for plasma). Our findings indicate that in addition to the directly targeted tumor vessels, ES exerts its antitumor effect by down-regulating VEGF gene expression in renal tumor cells. Additionally, our findings point to the predictive value of VEGF for ES therapy.

Endostatin neoadjuvant gene therapy extends survival in an orthotopic metastatic mouse model of renal cell carcinoma.

Despite recent advances in targeted therapy, renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remains one of the most lethal urologic malignancies. Approximately 30% of patients with localised RCC will develop metastases after curative surgery. Presurgical therapy has been explored for treatment of localised RCC. Endostatin (ES) is a fragment of collagen XVIII that possesses antiangiogenic activity. In this study, we examined the potential use of an antiangiogenic agent as a neoadjuvant therapy in an orthotopic metastatic mouse model of RCC. BALB/c mice bearing Renca cells were treated before nephrectomy with NIH/3T3-LendSN cells. At the end of the experiment, ES serum levels were measured. Primary and metastatic tumour area and microvascular area were determined. In the survival studies, mice were monitored daily until they died. ES serum levels in treated mice were higher in the control group (P<0.05). The median primary tumour area and the mean microvascular area were significantly lower in the ES-treated group compared to control group (P<0.05). The proliferation of Renca cells in the ES-treated group was significantly reduced compared with the control group (P<0.01). ES therapy led to a significant reduction in the number of pulmonary metastatic nodules compared with the control group (P<0.01). Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed that the probability of survival was significantly higher in mice receiving ES therapy (P=0.0243, Log-Rank test). Our results indicated that neoadjuvant ES gene therapy has the potential to decrease tumour burden, extend survival, and may have clinical benefit in the management of RCC.

Endostatin- and interleukin-2-expressing retroviral bicistronic vector for gene therapy of metastatic renal cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) is one of the most treatment-resistant malignancies. Despite all new therapeutic advances, almost all patients develop resistance to treatment and cure is rarely seen. In the present study, we evaluated the antitumor effect of a bicistronic retrovirus vector encoding both endostatin (ES) and interleukin (IL)-2 using an orthotopic metastatic RCC mouse model. METHODS: Balb/C-bearing Renca cells were treated with NIH/3T3-LendIRES-IL-2-SN cells. In the survival studies, mice were monitored daily until they died. At the end of the in vivo experiment, serum levels of IL-2 and ES were measured, the lung was weighed, and the number of metastatic nodules, nodule area, tumor vessels and proliferation of tumor-infiltrating Renca cells were determined. RESULTS: Inoculation of NIH/3T3-LendIRES-IL-2-SN cells resulted in an increase in ES and IL-2 levels in the treated group (p < 0.05). There was a significant decrease in lung wet weight, lung nodule area and tumor vessels in the treated group compared to the control group (p < 0.001). The proliferation of Renca cells in the bicistronic-treated group was significantly reduced compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed that the probability of survival was significantly higher for mice submitted to bicistronic therapy (log-rank test, p = 0.0016). Bicistronic therapy caused an increase in the infiltration of CD4, CD4 interferon (IFN)γ-producing, CD8, CD8 IFNγ-producing and natural killer (CD49b) cells. CONCLUSIONS: Retroviral bicistronic gene transfer led to the secretion of functional ES and IL-2 that was sufficiently active to: (i) inhibit tumor angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation and (ii) increase the infiltration of immune cells.

A Enfermeira no cuidado à mulher em situação de violência sexual / The nurse in care of women in sexual violence situation

Esta pesquisa é de natureza exploratória e qualitativa, que tomou como objeto de estudo a atuação da enfermeira no cuidado à mulher em situação de violência sexual. Os objetivos foram: a) caracterizar o cuidado da enfermeira à mulher em situação de violência sexual; b) discutir as propostas de atuação da enfermeira no cuidado à mulher em situação de violência sexual; c) analisar as possibilidades do cuidado da enfermeira nas instituições estudadas face à Teoria do Cuidado Holístico Ecológico. Os campos de pesquisa escolhidos foram duas maternidades governamentais do Rio de Janeiro, pioneiras no cuidado à mulher em situação de violência sexual...

Cuidado de enfermagem ao cliente supostamente sadio: descobrindo a hipertensão arterial / Nursing studentes care to supposed healthy client: uncovering hypertension / Cuidado al cliente supuestamente sano: descubriendo a la hipertensión arterial

Este estudo é um relato de experiência de alunos do terceiro período de graduação em enfermagem da EEAN/UFRJ, no 1. período de 2000. Teve os objetivos de identificar o cliente hipertenso, fornecer informações colhidas à luz de referencial bibliográfico, a acadêmicos de enfermagem que prestam consulta a essa clientela e oferecer orientações à mesma. Os sujeitos foram pessoas que transitavam na estação de trem D. Pedro II (Central do Brasil), no município do Rio de Janeiro, e concordassem em ser consultados por acadêmicos de enfermagem que aplicavam um formulário preestruturado para consulta. Foram encontrados setenta e sete vírgula quarenta e dois por cento do total de 31 entrevistados com pressão arterial acima dos valores normais....

Efeitos de inibidores da biossíntese do ergosterol, de proteínas quinases e do citoesqueleto em Trypanosoma cruzi / Effect of sterol biosynthesis inhibitors, of kinases proteins and the cytoskeleton in Trypanosoma cruzi

Trypanosoma cruzi é o agente etiológico da doença de Chagas. Novos compostos vêm sendo desenvolvidos tendo como alvo a biossíntese e função de esteróis, já que T. cruzi requer esteróis endógenos específicos para o crescimento e sobrevivência. Inibidores da biossíntese do ergosterol (SBIs) são drogas comumente usadas contra doenças fúngicas... Ambas as drogas inibiram a multiplicação dos parasitos, com IC50/72 h de 24,3 and 4,5 mM, respectivamente. O segundo grupo de drogas estudadas neste trabalho foram WSP 413, WSP 414, WSP 415, WSP 488, WSP 501 e WSP 561, inibidores específicos da D24(25)-esterol metiltransferase. Todas as drogas inibiram a multiplicação dos parasitos a concentrações muito baixas, com valores de IC50/72 h de 0,53, 0,59, 0,53, 0,48, 0,44 e 0,48 mM, respectivamente. Os dois inibidores da SQS e WSP 488, WSP 501 e WSP 561 induziram mudanças morfológicas drásticas nos parasitos incluindo (a) destacamento de um dos folhetos da membrana, formando bolhas, (b) destacamento da membrana do corpo celular e do flagelo dos microtúbulos subpeliculares e axonemais, respectivamente, (c) aumento da bolsa flagelar, (d) aparecimento de um vacúolo localizado próximo à bolsa flagelar, que parece corresponder ao vacúolo contrátil, (e) inchaço da mitocôndria, com o aparecimento de estruturas concêntricas formadas pelas invaginações da membrana mitocondrial interna, (f) alterações no núcleo de algumas células, onde a cromatina aparece em grumos, como descrito para células apoptóticas, e (g) bloqueio do processo de divisão celular... WSP 414 e BPQ-OH foram testados em células infectadas com amastigotas intracelulares de T. cruzi. WSP 414 a 1 mM praticamente eliminou a infecção das células, e os parasitos sobreviventes não se diferenciaram em tripomastigotas. BPQ-OH teve pouco efeito sobre a infecção. Ambas as drogas causaram alterações morfológicas nos parasitos sem afetar a célula hospedeira. O terceiro grupo de drogas testadas neste trabalho foram inibidores de proteínas quinases. Staurosporina, genisteína e wortmanina inibiram o crescimento dos parasitos... O quarto e último grupo de drogas testadas foram os inibidores de polimerização e despolimerização de actina e microtúbulos. Foram testadas três drogas: jasplakinolida, citocalasina D e nocodazol. Todas as três drogas inibiram o crescimento dos parasitos e a divisão celular, mas tiveram poucos efeitos sobre a ultraestrutura dos parasitos.

Necessidades e expectativas da parturiente no parto humanizado: a qualidade da assistência / Expectant mothers' need and expectations in humanized childbirth: the quality of care

A falta de conhecimento das intercorrências da evolução do trabalho de parto submete a parturiente às imposições e condutas da equipe profissional, o que a impede de questionar, de expressar ou realizar seus desejos e até de se movimentar na evolução do trabalho de parto na maternidade. Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar a percepção da parturiente quanto à assistência ao parto humanizado, frente às suas necessidades e expectativas. A pesquisa é qualitativa, com técnica de entrevista temática, semi-estruturada e observação participativa. O referencial teórico apóia-se na qualidade de assistência à saúde da mulher (MOURA, 1997). Participaram do estudo 20 mulheres no pós-parto imediato, garantindo-se seu anonimato e demais princípios éticos. Esta pesquisa, realizada em 2001, teve como cenário uma Maternidade do Município do Rio de Janeiro. Os resultados mostram o desconhecimento das parturientes sobre o parto humanizado e a necessidade de reconhecerem seus direitos na assistência. Suas expectativas estão diretamente voltadas para o acesso ao serviço de atendimento específico ao parto e para a assistência oferecida

Efeitos de níveis de privaçäo alimentar sobre a oogênese de Panstrongylus megistus / Effects of food deprivation levels on the oogenesis of Panstrongylus megistus

Os efeitos da privação alimentar sobre a oogênese de P. megistus foram estudados em laboratório. Imediatamente após a ecdise imaginária, foram formados seis grupos (GI a GVI) de 15 casais, que receberam alimentação da seguinte maneira: GI - no 5§ e no 25§ dias de jejum; GII - no 5§ e 35§ dias; GIII - no 5§ e no 45§ dias; GIV - no 20§ dia; GV - no 30§ dia; GVI - no 40§ dia de jejum. Após esses períodos, todos os grupos receberam alimentação a cada 15 dias. O grupo de controle foi formado por 15 casais, alimentados no 5§ dia após a ecdise imaginária e, subseqüentemente, a cada 15 dias. GI apresentou o maior número de acasalamentos, produziu mais ovos e maior fertilidade. GII teve maior vida média, maior fecundidade e maior número de eclosões. GIII apresentou o menor período de sobrevivência, baixas fecundidade, fertilidade e eclosões. GVI apresentou os resultados menos favoráveis em todos os parâmetros, exceto em relação ao período de pré-ovipostura. O grupo de controle apresentou os melhores resultados em todos os parâmetros

O exame da acuidade visual como medida preventiva: relato de experiência de alunos da graduaçäo / The virtual acuity test as a preventive measure: an experience report by undergraduate nursing students / El examen de acuidad visual como medida preventiva: relato de experiencia de estudiantes de graduación en enfermería

O presente artigo enfatiza a assistência primária prevenindo, através de um diagnóstico precoce da acuidade visual, futura pertubação na capacidade para captar nos mínimos matizes, os objetivos intelectuais, as distinções sutís que podem escapar ao comum das pessoas. O estudo surgiu no Programa Curricular Interdepartamental I, da EEAN/UFRJ, em uma primeira vivência em campo de prática junto a alunos do ensino fundamental, de um Colégio Federal do Município do Rio de Janeiro. Teve por objetivo identificar a deficiência visual no escolar de 5 a 13 anos, utilizando o exame físico simplificado de saúde através do Teste de Snellen. Dos 93 escolares examinados, foram encontrados 29 com deficiência visual, em maior incidência entre 5 e 7 anos. Considerando estes resultados, o exame da acuidade visual intervém na capacidade dos sentidos em perceber as sensações mais ou menos fracas e de distinguir duas percepções vizinhas em distância ou em qualidade

Life cycle and reproductive patterns of Triatoma rubrofasciata (De Geer, 1773) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), under laboratory conditions

The life cycle and reproductive patterns of Triatoma rubrofasciata were studied along laboratory conditions for the establishment of a prolific colony. The insects were divided into four groups: two of them were maintened at room temperature (20.5ºC to 33ºC and 85 per cent ñ 5 per cent of relative humidity), the other two in a climatic chamber (CC) (temperature: 29ºC, humidity: 80 per cent ñ 5 per cent). The groups were fed weekly or fortnighly on Swiss mice. The females from the group kept in the CC and fed weekly had longer life span, as well as a higher number of eggs, fertile eggs and hatching; the group kept in the CC and fed fortnighly had a shorter life span of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd instars and a lower mortality rate for all instars. It was concluded that a constant high temperature (CC at 29ºC) is the most suitable condition for the maintenance of a colony of T. rubrofasciata regardless of the interval between repasts.