Combining Zeolites with Early-Maturing Annual Legume Cover Crops in Rainfed Orchards: Effects on Yield, Fatty Acid Composition and Polyphenolic Profile of Olives and Olive Oil.

Under climate change threats, there is a growing need to adapt the conventional agronomic practices used in rainfed olive orchards by sustainable practices, in order to ensure adequate crop yield and olive oil quality and to preserve soil health. Therefore, for two years, the effects of conventional tillage practice (T) and two sustainable soil management strategies, a leguminous cover crop (LC) and its combination with natural zeolites (ZL), on the yield, fatty acid composition, polyphenolic profile and quality indices of olive fruits and oil were evaluated. Crop yield was significantly increased by LC and ZL in the first year. Although in the second year no significant differences were verified, the cumulative yield increased significantly by 31.6% and 35.5% in LC and ZL trees, respectively. LC enhanced the moisture and size of olives, while ZL increased, in general, the concentrations of oleuropein, verbascoside, caffeic acid and epicatechin, as well the oleic/linoleic ratio in fruits and the levels of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol, tyrosol, verbascoside and caffeic acid in olive oil. Despite the higher concentration of total phenols in the fruits and oil from T trees in the warmer and dryer year, the quality of the oil decreased, mainly when compared with ZL, as evidenced by the peroxide value and K232 and K270 coefficients. In short, both sustainable soil management strategies appear to be promising practices to implement in olive orchards under rainfed conditions, but the innovative strategy of combining zeolites with legume cover crops, first reported in the present study, confers advantages from a nutritional and technological point of view. Nevertheless, studies subjected to the long-term use of these practices should be conducted to ensure the sustainability of the crop yield and olive oil quality.

Olive Yield and Physicochemical Properties of Olives and Oil in Response to Nutrient Application under Rainfed Conditions.

The effects of mineral fertilizers on the physicochemical properties of olives and oil under rainfed conditions is scarce. In this three-year study, the results of a nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and boron (B) fertilization trial carried out in a young rainfed olive grove and arranged as a nutrient omission trial are reported. The control consisted of the application of N, P, K and B (NPKB) and four other treatments corresponded to the removal of one of them (N0, P0, K0 and B0). Olive yield and several variables associated with the physicochemical properties of olives and oil were evaluated. The NPKB treatment increased olive yield compared to the treatment that did not receive N (N0). Although dependent on the climate conditions of the crop season, the NPKB treatment increased fruit weight and the pulp/pit ratio and its fruits tended to accumulate more oil than K0. However, the phenolics concentrations on fruits and oil tended to be lower. All olive oil samples were classified in the "extra virgin" category and all showed a decrease in its stability between 3 and 15 months of storage, regardless of treatment, especially in N0, P0 and B0 treatments. The results of the sensorial analysis indicate that all the oils fell into the medium fruitiness and greenly-fruity category. Only in P0 and B0 were defects detected, namely muddy sediment. Thus, this study seems to indicate the importance of N application, but also a balanced nutrient application and that further studies are needed, given the difficulty in finding clear trends in the response of measured variables to fertilizer treatments.

Zeolites and Biochar Modulate Olive Fruit and Oil Polyphenolic Profile.

Soil degradation processes and climate change threaten the sustainability of Mediterranean rainfed olive orchards, with repercussions on crop yield and quality of olives, olive oil and olive by-products. Using soil amendments can enhance soil fertility for sustained environmental quality and plant performance. For two years, we evaluated, under rainfed conditions, the effects of a fertilizer compound (FC) and its combination with zeolites (ZL) and biochar (BC) amendments on soil moisture, yield, fruit and oil polyphenols and quality indices. The polyphenolic composition was strongly influenced by treatments, although no effects were observed on crop yield. ZL improved soil moisture (average increase of 26.3% compared to FC), fruit fatty acid composition (increase of 12.4% in oleic/linoleic ratio in 2018) and oil quality, BC enhanced the concentrations of polyphenols with high nutritional value (average annual increase of 25.6, 84.8 and 11.6% for 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol, oleuropein and rutin, respectively). In contrast, olive oil from FC fruits showed the poorest quality, with oxidation and hydrolytic breakdown signals. The applied soil amendments appear to be a promising sustainable strategy to implement in olive rainfed orchards.

Avaliação da influência da cirrose hepática e da encefalopatia hepática mínima na qualidade de vida / Assessment of the influence of liver cirrhosis and minimal hepatic encephalopathy on quality of life

RESUMO INTRODUÇÃO: A encefalopatia hepática mínima (EHM) tem sido associada a alterações na capacidade de condução de veículos, ao aparecimento da forma explícita de encefalopatia hepática e a um pior prognóstico. Contudo, o seu real impacto na qualidade de vida (QV) permanece controverso. Com o desenvolvimento das normas de aplicação e cotação da Pontuação Psicométrica da Encefalopatia Hepática (PPEH) para diagnóstico da EHM para a população portuguesa, este estudo tem como objetivo determinar o efeito desta perturbação neurocognitiva na QV dos pacientes. MÉTODOS: A amostra é composta por dois grupos: Grupo Controle (GC; n = 8) e Grupo Cirrose Hepática (GCH; n = 8). Dos oito pacientes pertencentes ao GCH, quatro revelaram presença de EHM, diagnosticada de acordo com os critérios da PPEH. A QV foi avaliada através do Medical Outcomes Study, Short Form-36 (SF-36). RESULTADOS: Em comparação com o GC, o GCH apresentou pontuações significativamente mais baixas em todos os domínios do SF-36, com exceção da sub-dimensão dor física. Quando se compara os pacientes com e sem EH não se observam diferenças significativas em nenhum dos domínios do SF-36. CONCLUSÕES: Os pacientes com cirrose hepática apresentam uma pior QV em relação aos indivíduos saudáveis; a EHM não afeta a QV. Estudos com maior número de pacientes são necessários para confirmação destes achados

INTRODUCTION: Minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) has been associated with changes in the ability to drive, with the onset of the explicit form of hepatic encephalopathy and with a worse prognosis. However, the impact of MHE on quality of life (QoL) remains controversial. With the standardization of the Psychometric Hepatic Encephalopathy Score (PHES) for the diagnosis of MHE in the Portuguese population, this study aimed to determine the effect of this neurocognitive disorder on the patients' QoL. METHODS: The sample consisted of two groups: the control group (CG, n = 8) and the liver cirrhosis group (LCG, n = 8). Of the eight patients in the LCG, four presented with MHE, diagnosed according to PHES criteria. QoL was assessed using the Medical Outcomes Study, Short Form 36 (SF-36). RESULTS: Compared with the CG, the LCG had significantly lower scores in all domains of the SF-36, except for the physical pain subdomain. When patients with and without HE were compared, no significant differences were found in any of the SF-36 domains. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with liver cirrhosis have a worse QoL when compared with healthy controls; EHM does not affect QoL. Further studies with a higher number of patients are required to confirm these findings