Renal Embolization and Urothelial Sclerotherapy for Recurrent Obstructive Urosepsis and Intractable Haematuria from Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma.

Management of intractable haematuria and obstructive urosepsis from upper tract urothelial carcinoma can be problematic in patients not suitable for surgery, chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Interventional radiology techniques provide alternative approaches in this setting, such as complete kidney embolization to cease urine output, percutaneous nephrostomy, antegrade injection of sclerotherapy agents and sterilisation of the upper collecting system. Related approaches have been successfully employed to sclerose renal cysts, lymphoceles, chyluria and intractable lower tract haemorrhage. No reports of percutaneous, antegrade sclerotherapy in the upper urinary tract have previously been published. We present a case of recurrent haematuria and obstructive urosepsis caused by invasive upper tract urothelial carcinoma in a non-operative patient, which was treated with renal embolisation and percutaneous upper tract urothelial sclerotherapy.

Percutaneous Placement of Permanent Metallic Stents in the Cystic Duct to Treat Obstructive Cholecystitis.

This report presents a series of five patients unsuitable for surgery who had nonretrievable self-expanding metallic stents deployed along the cystic duct as treatment for benign and malignant causes of gallbladder obstruction. Techniques are described for draining cholecystitis, removing gallstones, bypassing gallbladder obstructions, and inserting metallic stents across the cystic duct to restore permanent antegrade gallbladder drainage in acute and chronic cholecystitis. Symptoms resolved in all cases, and stents remained patent for as long as 22 months. This procedure may be an effective alternative to cholecystectomy or long-term gallbladder drainage for patients in inoperable condition.

Sonographically guided biopsy of focal lesions: a comparison of freehand and probe-guided techniques using a phantom.

OBJECTIVE: A phantom model of lesions in the human liver with simulated ribs was used to test an ultrasound probe-guided sonographic biopsy technique. The aim of the experiment was to compare biopsy time and sample quality between freehand and probe-guided methods of sonographic biopsy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten operators with a range of clinical biopsy experience were tested. Each operator was given two phantoms containing four targets. Each target was biopsied with both biopsy methods. Data collected included procedure time and sample quality in the biopsy specimen. Analyses were stratified by level of operator experience. RESULTS: Median biopsy time was 23 sec with the ultrasound probe guide and 32 sec freehand. Differences between probe-guided and freehand pairs of measurements approximately followed a normal distribution. The mean time difference between probe-guided and freehand times to complete biopsy was -20 sec (95% confidence interval, -35 to -5 sec; p = 0.01). Analysis of sample quality across all operators showed no difference. CONCLUSION: The ultrasound probe-guided technique of sonographic biopsy could be used in a complex phantom model, and there was a statistically significant time benefit with the use of probe guides compared with the freehand biopsy technique. This benefit was greatest for inexperienced operators. There was no difference in sample quality between the probe-guided and freehand techniques.